Government college Of Engineering

Amravati

Electronics And Telecommunication

ETU 526
Electromagnetic Waves Lab

Name:- Vaibhav Hiranand Thakrani

ID :- 19004029
Batch :- 02

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 INDEX
SR. EXPERIMENT NAME PAGE
NO. NO.
1. To find and verify the vector law of 3-11
addition.

2. To Verify Columb’s Law. 12-18

3. To Study the Effect of Electric Field 19-26
Lines Due to Point Charges

4. To study the Effect of Faraday’s Law. 27-29

5. To Study of field patterns of various 30-35
modes inside a rectangular
waveguide.
6. To study and verify the effect of Biot 36-39
Savart Law.

7. To study and verify the effect of 40-47

Magnetic Flux Density on
electromagnet.

8. To study the Electromagnetic Waves. 48-49

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 EXPERIMENT NO.1

Aim:-To find and verify the vector law of addition.

Software Used:- PhET Simulator
Procedure:-
1. Open PhET simulator
2. Select Simulations
3. Select Math
4. Select vector addition

A. Explore 1D
1. Select explore 1D
2. Select and drag vector 𝑎̅ on the grid.
3. Observe the magnitude, vector components 𝑎̅x and
𝑎̅y, angle theta and sum on the screen
4. Select and drag vector b on screen. Observe
magnitude, vector components and theta.
5. Also Observe vector 𝑏̅'s effect on sum
6. Change the magnitude of either vector and observe
the effect on sum
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Explore 2D
1. Select explore 2D
2. Select vector 𝑎̅ and drag it to the grid. Set the
magnitude and angle by moving arrow head of vector𝑎̅
3. While moving arrow head, observe the change in the
x and y components, theta of the vector 𝑎̅.
4. Check 'Sum' box
5. Observe its magnitude, direction, component values
and angle
6. Select vector 𝑏̅ and drag it on grid.
7. Observe the effect of vector 𝑏̅ on sum

C. Equations
1. Select the equation
2. Change the magnitude of vector 𝑎̅ or 𝑏̅
3. Observe its effect on the vector 𝑐̅

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Output:- A) 1-D

B)2-D

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6
C)Equations

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8
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Calculations:-

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Conclusion:-
Thus, Vector Law of Addition is Verified.
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 EXPERIMENT NO.2

Aim:- To Verify Columb’s Law.

Software Used:- PhET Simulator
Procedure:-
1. Open PhET Simulator.
2. Select simulations.
3. Select Physics
4. Select Columb’s Law

A] For Macro Scale

1. Select Macro Scale.
2. Choose the values of charge Q1 and Q2.
3. Change or adjust the distance between two
charges by dragging onto the charge symbol and
placing it.
4. Observe the force on charge.
5. Verify the observations by calculating the force on
the charge by Columbs Law.

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B] For Atomic Scale
1 Select Atomic Scale.
2.Choose the values of charge Q1 and Q2.
3. Change or adjust the distance between two charges
by dragging onto the charge symbol and placing it.
4.Observe the force on charge.
5.Verify the observations by calculating the force on
the charge by Columb’s Law.

Output:- A] MACRO SCALE

1)Both positive

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2)Both negative

3)one positive and one negative

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B] Atomic scale
1) Both positive

2)Both negative

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3)one positive and one negative

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Calculations:-

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Conclusion:-
Thus, Columb’s Law is Verified

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 EXPERIMENT NO.3

Aim:-To Study the Effect of Electric Field Lines Due to

Point Charges
Software used:- PhET simulator
Procedure:-
1. Open PhET Simulator.
2. Select simulations.
3. Select Physics
4. Select Charges and Fields

A] Both Positive Charges

1. Select the two Charges.
2. Drag and Drop 2 Charges of+1nC and observe
the effect on Field Lines.
3. Drag the Voltmeter and observe the Voltage
between 2 charges and in between them.
B] Both Charges Negative
1. Select the two Charges.
2. Drag and Drop 2 Charges of -1nC and observe
the effect on Field Lines.
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 3. Drag the Voltmeter and observe the Voltage
between 2 charges and in between them.
C] One Charge Positive and One Charge Negative
1. Drag one Charge of +1nC and one Charge of –
1nC
2. Observe the effect on Field Lines.
3. Drag the Voltmeter and observe the voltage
near charges.
4. Check the point between two charges where
voltage is zero.

Output:-

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21
22
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Observation:-
The electric field of a point charge is, like any electric
field, a vector field that represents the effect that the
point charge has on other charges around it. The effect
is felt as a force, and when charged particles are not in
motion, this force is known as the electrostatic force.
The electrostatic force is, much like gravity, a force that
acts at a distance. Therefore, we rationalize this action
at a distance by saying that charges create fields
around them that have effects on other charges.
Given a point charge, or a particle of infinitesimal size
that contains a certain charge, electric field lines
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emanate radially in all directions. If the charge is
positive, field lines point radially away from it; if the
charge is negative, field lines point radially towards it.

Conclusion:- Thus, we have studied the effects on

electric Field Lines due to Point Charges.

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 EXPERIMENT NO.4

Aim:- To study the Effect of Faraday’s Law.

Software used:- PhET Simulator
Procedure:-
1. Open PhET Simulator.
2. Select simulations.
3. Select Physics
4. Select Faraday’s Law.
A] Single Solenoid
1. Slowly move the magnet towards and away from
the solenoid.
2. Observe the effect on Voltmeter.
3. Increase the rate at which magnet is moving.

B] Double Solenoid
1. Slowly move the magnet towards and away from
the solenoid.
2. Observe the effect on Voltmeter.
3. Increase the rate at which magnet is moving.

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Output:-

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Conclusion:- Faraday’s law states that the magnitude
of the emf induced in a circuit is proportional to the
rate of change of the magnetic flux that cuts across the
circuit. Thus, we have studied and verified the
Faradays Law the Faraday’s Law.

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 EXPERIMENT NO.5

Aim:- To Study of field patterns of various modes

inside a rectangular waveguide.
Software used:- Virtual Labs.
Procedure:-
1. Step 1: Select the frequency band in which you
wish to see the field pattern.
2. Step 2: Select the type of mode, i.e. either
Transverse Electric (TE) or Transverse magnetic
(TM).
3. Step 3: Select pattern:
 Electric Field: Select this to view the electric
field pattern of the given mode.
 Magnetic Field: Select this to view the
magnetic field pattern of the given mode.
 Surface Current: Select this option to view the
surface current density for TE10 mode.
4. Step 4: Enter the values of m and n to obtain the
field pattern, where m stands for number of half
waves of electric or magnetic intensity in the X-
direction, and n stands for number of half waves in
the y direction if the propagation of wave is in z
direction.
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 5. Step 5: Run the VI up to see the desired field
pattern in XY, YZ and XZ planes. In case, you wish
to see the other field pattern then click stop and
repeat steps 1-4 before running the program
again.

Output:-

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32
33
Note;-

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Observation:- From the experiment, we can observe
the field patterns of various modes inside a rectangular
waveguide in xy, yz and zx planes. This also shows the
current density variation in TE10 mode in all three
planes. Here, one can observe the field patterns for
various frequency bands. One can correlate the above
mentioned field equations with the field patterns of
various modes and can develop better understanding
of the modes of the rectangular waveguides.

Conclusion:- Thus, the field patterns of various

modes inside a rectangular waveguide have been
studied and observed.

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 EXPERIMENT NO.6

Aim:- To study and verify the effect of Biot Savart

Law.
Software used:- MATLAB
Program:-
% R=input (' Radius of the circuit [m]:');
r=0.1:0.01:2; % radius
u0=4*pi*1e-7; % Hm^-1.
I=1; % current 1A
%=linspace(0,1e-1,100);
B=(u0/2*pi) *((I*pi). /r);
figure, plot(r,B), xlabel('radius'),ylabel('Magnetic flux');
grid on;

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Output:-

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Conclusion:- Biot Savart law states that the magnetic
field due to a tiny current element at any point is
proportional to the length of the current element, the
current, the sine of the angle between the current
direction and the line joining the current element and
the point, and inversely proportional to the square of
the distance of that point. The direction of the
magnetic field is in the direction of dl cross r. Thus, we
have studied and verified the Biot Savart Law.

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 EXPERIMENT NO.7

Aim:- To study and verify the effect of Magnetic Flux

Density on electromagnet.
Software used:- MATLAB
Program:-
clc; % clear screen
clear; % clear all the variables
close all; % Close all the open figures
Bm = 1; % set Bm to 1
freq = 50; % Frequency in Hz
T=1/freq; % Time Period in aec
w = 2*pi*freq; % angular velocity (rad/s)
n=2; % Number of cycles to be plotted

% Three component magnetic fields

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t = 0: T/1200: n*T; % Time for five cycles of selected
frequency
Baa = Bm*sin(w*t). * (cos (0) + 1i*sin (0)); % Phase A
magnetic field along its axis aa'
Bbb = Bm*sin(w*t-2*pi/3).* (cos(2*pi/3) +
1i*sin(2*pi/3)); % Phase B magnetic field along its axis
bb'
Bcc = Bm*sin(w*t+2*pi/3). * (cos(-2*pi/3) + 1i*sin(-
2*pi/3)); % Phase C magnetic field along its axis cc'

% Calculate Bnet
Bnet = Baa + Bbb + Bcc; % Net Magnetic field

% Calculate a circle representing the expected

maximum value of Bnet
circle = 1.5 * (cos(w*t) + i*sin(w*t));

% Plot the reference circle

figure (1);
plot(circle,'k','LineWidth',2.0);
hold on;
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% Plot the reference vectors for the B-field
components
Baa_ref = 1.5.* (cos (0) + i*sin (0));
Bbb_ref = 1.5.* (cos(2*pi/3) + i*sin(2*pi/3));
Bcc_ref = 1.5.* (cos(-2*pi/3) + i*sin(-2*pi/3));

line ('XData',[0 real(Baa_ref)], ...

'YData',[0 imag(Baa_ref)], ...
'Color','k','LineStyle',':','EraseMode','xor');
line ('XData',[0 real(Bbb_ref)], ...
'YData',[0 imag(Bbb_ref)], ...
'Color','k','LineStyle',':','EraseMode','xor');
line ('XData',[0 real(Bcc_ref)], ...
'YData',[0 imag(Bcc_ref)], ...
'Color','k','LineStyle',':','EraseMode','xor');

% Add magnetic field annotations

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text (1.6 * cos (0), 1.6 * sin (0), '\bfB_{aa}');
text (1.6 * cos(2*pi/3) - 0.2, 1.6 * sin(2*pi/3) + 0.1,
'\bfB_{bb}');
text (1.6 * cos(-2*pi/3) - 0.2, 1.6 * sin(-2*pi/3),
'\bfB_{cc}');

% Plot the initial positions of the magnetic vector lines.

% Note that Baa is black, Bbb is blue, Bcc is magneta,
and Bnet is red.
ii = 1;
h1=line ('XData',[0 real (Baa(ii))], ...
'YData',[0 imag(Baa(ii))], ...
'Color','k','EraseMode','xor', ...
'Linewidth',2.0);
hold on;
h2=line ('XData',[0 real(Bbb(ii))], ...
'YData',[0 imag(Bbb(ii))], ...
'Color','b','EraseMode','xor', ...
'Linewidth',2.0);
h3=line ('XData',[0 real (Bcc(ii))], ...
'YData',[0 imag(Bcc(ii))], ...
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'Color','m','EraseMode','xor', ...
'Linewidth',2.0);
h4=line ('XData',[0 real(Bnet(ii))], ...
'YData',[0 imag(Bnet(ii))], ...
'Color','r','EraseMode','xor', ...
'Linewidth',2.0);

% Labels and annotations

title ('\bfThe Rotating Magnetic Field');
xlabel('\bfFlux Density (T)');
ylabel('\bfFlux Density (T)');
axis square;
axis ([-2 2 -2 2]);

% Now update the lines as a function of time.

for ii = 2: length(t)
set (h1,'XData', [0 real (Baa(ii))]);
set (h1,'YData', [0 imag(Baa(ii))]);
set (h2,'XData',[0 real(Bbb(ii))]);
set (h2,'YData', [0 imag(Bbb(ii))]);

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set (h3,'XData', [0 real (Bcc(ii))]);
set (h3,'YData', [0 imag(Bcc(ii))]);
set (h4,'XData', [0 real(Bnet(ii))]);
set (h4,'YData', [0 imag(Bnet(ii))]);
drawnow;
end
hold off;
figure (2);
title ('\bfMagnetic Fields in time Domain');
ylabel('\bfFlux Density (T)');
xlabel('\bfTime(sec)');
axis ([0 n*T -2 2]);
hold on;
grid on;
plot(t,Baa,'c');
plot(t,Bbb,'b');
plot(t,Bcc,'m');
plot(t,Bnet,'r');
legend('Baa','Bbb','Bcc','Bnet')
clc;

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Output:-

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Conclusion:- Thus, the effect of Magnetic Flux
Density on electromagnet has been verified.

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 EXPERIMENT NO.8

Aim:- To study the Electromagnetic Waves.

Software used:- EMANIM Simulation
Procedure:-
1. Set up two waves Wave 1 and Wave 2
2. Select the type of polarization.
3. Using the controls, the amplitudes and
wavelengths of the waves as well as their phase
difference (the phase of Wave 2 relative to Wave
1) can be adjusted.
4. The direction of Wave 1 can be reversed, to study
waves traveling in opposite directions.
5. Observe the direction of Electric field, Magnetic
Field and Direction of propagation of wave.

Output:-
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Conclusion:- Thus, we have studied the
Electromagnetic Waves.

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