INFORMATION COMMUNICATIONS UNIVERSITY

STUDENT NAME: DOREEN MUSONDA

SIN: 1906566021

COURSE NAME: DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS

LECTURER: GIVEN MUWOWO

DUE DATE: 22ND APRIL, 2022.

QUESTION 1

The sampling rate is rate at which sufficient number of discrete values at points on a waveform
that will define the shape of the waveform. In order to represent the analogy signal, the sampling
theorem states that the sampling frequency fsample, must be at least twice the highest frequency
component fa(max) of the analogy signal as shown below;

fSample > 2fa(max).

However, there are times when some components in the analogy signal exceeds the sampling
frequency or Nyquist frequency which leads to unwanted condition known as aliasing. This is a
signal produced when the sampling frequency is not twice the signal frequency. Therefore, the
relationship between the sampling rate and aliasing is that if the analog signal is sampled at a low
sampling frequency an aliasing will occur which is interference.

The following methods can be used to reduce aliasing

-The filter must at least eliminate all analog frequency above the minimum frequency in the
sampling spectrum.

-Sufficiently increasing the sampling frequency.

QUESTION 2

A block diagram of a single carrier digital transmitter and corresponding receiver for the
physical layer transmission of a bit stream over a wired or wireless channel.
QUESTION 3

The functions of a delta modulator

The delta modulator has a comparator quantizer and accumulator interconnected as indicated in
the diagram. The block labelled Z−1 inside the accumulator represents a limit delay which is
equal to one sampling period. The comparator computes the difference between its two inputs.
The quantizer consists of a hard limiter with an input relation that is a scaled version of the
signum function. The quantizer output is applied to an accumulator, producing the result.

Thus , at the sampling instant nT, the accumulator increments -∆ is applied to the approximation.
In this way, the accumulator does the best to track the input samples by one step at a time.

In the receiver, the staircase approximation mq(t) is reconstructed by passing the sequence of
positive and negative pulses, produced at the decoder output, through the accumulator in a
manner similar to the transmitter. The out-of-band quantization noise in the high frequency
staircase waveform is rejected by passing it through a low-pass filter, with a bandwidth equal to
the original message bandwidth.
Delta modulator- Receiver
QUESTION 4

Pulse modulation is a type of modulation in which the signal is transmitted in the form of pulses.
It can be used to transmit analogue information. In pulse modulation, continuous signals are
sampled at regular intervals. Pulse modulation is in two types, analog which an indication of
sample amplitude is infinitely variable and digital which Indicates sample amplitude at the
nearest predetermined level.
QUESTION 5

-When the filters are used in conjunction with switches, it offers low insertion loss and
performance increases.

-It is good for long distance transmission.

-There is a large number of modulation techniques are available.

References
Faraj, K. S., 2020. Digital Modulation Schemes || Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) part1. [Online]
Available at:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341550034_Chapter_7_Digital_Modulation_Schemes_Ampli
tude_Shift_Keying_ASK_part1
[Accessed 24 April 2022].

Floyd, T. L., 2015. Digital Fundamentals. 11th ed. New York: Pearson Education.

Haykin, S., 2001. Principles Communication Systems. 4th ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

John M. Wozencraft, I. M. J., 1965. Principles of Communication Engineering. Reprinted Edition ed. New
York: s.n.