AODOHOB IEH[OIOP EHAW @OM HJCEDO

DOLEOM IEH[OIOP EHAW DGFE@OMOM

([GLOV
([GLOVOB
OB DGF
DGFE@O
E@OMOM
MOM,, G^E
G^E[PG
[PGAJH
AJHJCE
JCE,, JMP
JMPJHJ
JHJCE
CE @OM
OD[EJHJCE @OHOA DGFE@OMOM)

JHGB <

[uke ^o`ao Vesomte

(?56>;;6>?5)

@J[GM AOPO DWHEOB <

^rji. `r. Mur Em`rowoty Hepjgtj, ^b@, [pCD

^VJCVOA [PW@E AOCE[PGV EHAW DGFE@OMOM

DGFE @OMOM

WMEYGV[EPO[ OM@OHO[ ^O@OMC

POBWM 6>6>
 

DOPO ^GMCOMPOV

^ule syudur
syudur doae ukopdom
ukopdom dgpo`o Ohhob [SP
[SP otos robaot `om dorumeo-Myo,
dorumeo-Myo, soyo
`opott agmyghg
`opo agmyghgsoe
soedom
dom aodo
aodohob
hob [gloro
[glorob
b Dgfe`
Dgfe`omo
omom,
m, Jmtj
Jmtjhjc
hjcee `om
`om Odsej
Odsejhjc
hjcee `ohoa
`ohoa
Dgfe
Dgfe`o
`omo
mom
m umtud
umtud agag
agagmub
mubee tuc
tucos
os Ie
Iehs
hsoi
oiot
ot Ehau `o
`om
m Hjce
Hjcedo.
do. Pe
Pe`o
`od
d hu
hupo
po pu
puho
ho,, so
soyo
yo
agmcukopdom tgreao doseb dgpo`o sgauo pebod yomc tghob agafomtu agafgredom
pgmcgtobuom `om sgaomcotmyo `ohoa agmyghgsoedom aodohob eme.
Peo`o co`emc yomc tod rgtod, doae agmyo`ore fgtuh fobwo aodohob eme fghuahob
sgapurmo. Dorgmo etu, dreted `om sorom odom sgmomteoso `etgreao umtud pgrfoedom `e aoso
`otomc.
[gajco aodohob eme `opot fgraomioot foce seopo solo yomc agafokomyo `om
sgdohecus `opot agmoafob wowosom.
^o`omc,
^o`omc, ?9 Opreh
Opreh 6>6>

^gmuhes

 
 @OIPOV E[E

DOPO ^GMCO
^GMCOMPOV
MPOV ................................................................ ........................ e

@OIPOV E[E ......................................................................................................

.............................................................. ........................................ ee

FOF E ^GM@OBWHWOM

O. Hotor Fghodomc
Fghodomc .............
...................
............
..............
...............
.............
.............
.............
..............
..............
.............
.............?
......?
F. Vuausom
Vuausom Aosohob
Aosohob .............
....................
.............
..............
..............
.............
.............
.............
..............
..............
.............
........ 6
K. Puluom.....................................................................
Puluom.................. ..................................................................................
............................... 6
FOF EE ^GAFOBO[OM

O. [glorob
[glorob `om Gpestgajhj
Gpestgajhjce
ce Dgfe`omom
Dgfe`omom .............
...................
............
..............
...............
.............
..........;
....;
?. [glorob
[glorob Dgfe`omom `e @umeo Emtgrmosejmoh..
Emtgrmosejmoh.........
.............
............
.............
...............
.......... ;
6. [glorob Dgfe`omom `e Fgfgropo Mgcoro..........................................
Mgcoro........................................ ..5
5
;. [glorob Dgfe`omom `e Em`jmgseo....................................................?7
F. Jmtjhjce `ohoa Dgfe`omom..................................................................6?
?. Jmtjhjce [gkoro Waua.................................................................6?
6. Hom`osom
Hom`osom Jmtjhjces
Jmtjhjces Foce @umeo Dgehauom .................................. 66
;. Hom`osom Jmtjhjces Ehau Dgfe`omom............................................6;
K. Odsejhjce `ohoa Dgfe`omom ................................................................ ;?
?. Odsejhjce [gkoro Waua ...............................................................
.............................................................. . ;?
6. Odsejhjce Dgfe`omom ....................................................................
................................................................ .... ;?
;. Dj`g Gted `om Dj`g Gted Dgfe`omom..........
Dgfe`omom................
.............
.............
..............
..............
........ ;;
0. Ophedose Odsejhjce `ohoa Dgfe`omom ........................................... ;0
FOF EEE ^GMWPW^

O. Dgseapuhom..................................................................................................;3
F. [orom ............................................................
............................................................................................................
................................................ ;3

@OIPOV ^W[PODO

ee

FOF E
^GM@OBWHWOM
 O. Hoto
Hotorr Fgh
Fghod
odom
omc
c
Iehsoiot agrupodom sgfuob stu`e yomc agafobos sgcoho igmjagmo yomc
o`o `ohoa dgbe`upom `om pgaederom aomuseo sgkoro dretes `om sdgptes `gmcom
agm`ohoae sgfof-sgfof tgr`ohoa, hohu `elofordom sgkoro tgjretes `om agm`osor.

Iehsoiot ehau sgfocoe sohob sotu kofomc iehsoiot agrupodom koro fgrieder ro`edoh
aomuseo `ohoa agmcgafomcdom `umeo dgehauom yomc fgraomioot foce aomuseo.
[tu`y ehau pgmcgtobuom fgrtuluom umtud agapgrjhgb bodedot lowofom tgrtgmtu,
agmccohe `om agapgrjhgb lowofom tgmtomc opo o`omyo foed syoreot aoupum
bodedot o`omyo sgsuotu tgmtomc dgfgro`oom sgsuotu foed djmdrgt aoupum ofstrod 
tgmtomc opo etu foboso `om sgfocoemyo.
Iehsoiot tgrfoce agmlo`e teco foceom yoetu gpestgajhjce, jmtjhjce `om
odsejhjce. Gpestgajhjce yoetu agafekorodom tgmtomc koro agapgrjhgb
pgmcgtobuom `om udurom dgfgmorom iehsoiot. Jmtjhjce agafekorodom ttc

dgfgro`oom sgsuotu yomc fgrseiot myoto `om djmdrgt. Odsejhjce agafekorodom

tgmtomc mehoe yomc `ebosehdom `ore suotu pgmcgtobuom. .
Ehau
Ehau dgfe`omo
dgfe`omom
m agrupodo
agrupodom
m kofomc
kofomc ehau
ehau dg`jdt
dg`jdtgro
grom
m yomc fgrbufumc
fgrbufumcom
om
`gmcom pgrsohemom,
pgrsohemom, boh-boh yomc agm`obuhuemyo
agm`obuhuemyo `om cgloho-cg
cgloho-cgloho
loho sesomyo. Ehau
Dgfe`omom tgrutoao agafobos tgmtomc igmjagmo `om pgmotohodsomoom
dgboaehom, pgrsohemom pugrpgreua foed po`o dgo`oom mjraoh aoupum ofmjraoh.
Ehau dgfe`omom luco agafobos sgcoho sgsuotu yomc tgrlo`e po`o sgpomlomc `our
be`up wometo `ore `eo hober soapoe agmemccoh.
Ehau dgfe`omom `ecumodom jhgb prjigse fe`om umtud aghodsomodom

tucosmyo. Dgfe`omom sgfocoe prjigse yomc aom`ere agagrhudom pgmcgtobuom

tgjretes yomc lghos `om `eruausdom `gmcom fgrpg`jaom dgpo`o iehsoiot ehau,
sgbemcco `opot agagmube kere otou dorodtgrested `om spgseiedose pgmcgtobuom
yomc fgr`eagmse
fgr`eagmse `om fgseiot ehaeob. Ehau dgfe`omom
dgfe`omom agaehede sglorob,
sglorob, jmtjhjces
jmtjhjces
`om odsejhjcemyo sgm`ere. Boh tgrsgfuthob yomc odom `efobos po`o aodohob eme.

F. Vuau
Vuauso
som
m Aoso
Aosoho
hob
b
?. Focoeaomodob
Focoeaomodob [glorob
[glorob `ore dgfe`omom :
 6. Focoeaomodob
Focoeaomodob pgmcdoleom jmtjhjces
jmtjhjces `ohoa dgfe`omom :
;. Focoeaomodob
Focoeaomodob pgmcdoleom odsejhjces
odsejhjces `ohoa dgfe`omom :

K. Puluom

?. Agmcgto
Agmcgtobue
bue sglorob
sglorob `ore dgfe`omo
dgfe`omom
m
6. Agmcgtobue
Agmcgtobue pgmcdoleom jmtjhjces
jmtjhjces `ohoa ehau dgfe`omom
;. Agmcgtobue
Agmcgtobue pgmcdoleom
pgmcdoleom odsejhjces
odsejhjces `ohoa ehau dgfe`omom
dgfe`omom

FOF EE
^GAFOBO[OM
 O. [glo
[gloro
rob
b `om
`om Gpestg
Gpestgaj
ajhj
hjce
ce Dgfe
Dgfe`o
`omo
mom
m
Gpestgajhjce fgr`osordom odor dotomyo gpestgag (pgmcgtobuom) `om hjcjs
(ehau yomc sestgaotes, tgjre). [gkoro tgraemjhjce, gpestgajhjce o`ohob tgjre otou
ehau pgmcgtobuom tgmtomc agtj`g `om `osor-`osor pgmcgtobuom..
pgmcgtobuom..
Gpetgajhjce `ohoa ehau dgfe`omom fgrdoetom `gmcom sglorob ehau
dgfe`omom etu sgm`ere. Ehau dgfe`omom su`ob o`o sglod zoaom dumj `eaomo ehau
tgrsgfut fgrdgafomc
fgrdgafomc sgeremc fgrlohommyo
fgrlohommyo wodtu,
wodtu, sgfocoeaomo
sgfocoeaomo yomc `elghosdom
sgfocoe fgredut <
?. [glorob
[glorob Dgfe`omom
Dgfe`omom `e
`e @umeo
@umeo Emtgrmosejmo
Emtgrmosejmohh
o. \oaom
\oaom Dumj
Dumj ([gfgh
([gfghua
ua Aosgbe
Aosgbe))
Kototom pohemc owoh dgfgro`oom aomuseo fgrese tgmtomc iodto
o`omyo pgafomtu dghoberom. ^gafomtumyo fgrosoh `ore dghuorco otou `e
huor dghuorco yomc agapumyoe pgmcohoaom `ohoa dghoberom. Boh eme
yomc agaumcdemdom pgrtoao dohemyo agapghjpjre o`omyo fe`om.
Agrgdo te`od agmgropdom foyorom tgtope agm`opodom bo`eob. Agmurut
o`ot esteo`otmyo otou dgfu`oyoom wometo yomc fjhgb agmjhjmc
pgrsoehemom o`ohob wometo yomc su`ob aghoberdom, te`od fjhgb hode-hode
^o`o zoaom eme prodtgd-prodtgd dgfe`omom yomc tro`esejmoh
aumcdem feso agmjhjmc agsdepum te`od sgsuoe `gmcom `osor-`osor ehaeob
?) Fomcs
Fomcsoo Agser
Agser
[gtghob dgfe`omom pgrtoao dohe `edgmoh `e`eredom `e Agser
`eaomo
`eaomo dgfe`o
dgfe`omom
mom etu o`oho
o`ohob
b suotu boh yomc
yomc pohemc
pohemc auheo,
auheo, `om
`efgredom jhgb `gwo. Fe`om-fe`ommyo tgrhoteb `gmcom foed `om
agaehede pgmcgtobuom omotjae iesejhjce, agaehede oturom `ohoa
agaeapem pgrsohemom ``om agrowot foye.
Agrgdo agapumyoe um`omc-um`omc `ohoa agmcjmtrjh prodtgd 
agrgdo `om borus agaomcceh osestgm `ore tofef djmsuhtom feho o`o
sghoao pgrsohemom. Fe`om luco tghob aghodudom serduasese po`o foye

6) Fomc
Fomcso
so Uob
Uobu`e
u`e
^grtjhjmcom pgrsohemom po`o fomcso Uobu`e fomyod agmkjmtjb
 po`o fomcso Agser, boh eme `efudtedom po`o pgrtgmcobom `om
pgm`e`edom dgfe`omom yomc `e`opotdom `ore fomcso Agser. Bycmg
agrupodom boh yomc pohemc utoao `ohoa agmjhjmc pgrsohemom,
tgraosud `e `ohoamyo agromcsomc pgrsohemom `gmcom fomtuom aomtro-

aomtro. ^growotom mgjmotgs fomcso Uobu`e aghepute agajtjmc tohe

pusot, agaom`edom foye, agmccjsjd fo`om foye `gmcom coroa `om
agafumc
agafumcdusmy
dusmyoo `gmcom fg`jmc
fg`jmcom.
om. Fe`om-
Fe`om- fe`om `e Uobu`e
Uobu`e tghob
agm`opotdom foyorom otos losomyo
;) Fomc
Fomcso
so Uumo
Uumome
me
Fomcso Uumome tghob o`o fe`om yomc `opot agmjhjmc pgrsohemom,
agrgdo borus tghob agapumyoe omod sgm`ere agrgdo feos omy `efoyor
otos pghoyomom yomc tghob `efgredom `om um`omc-um`omc yomc dgros
agmcjmtrjh prodtgd agrgdo.

Bepjkrotgs sgfocoe fopod pgmcjfotom po`o zoaom tghob

agrufob pom`omcom-pom`omcom sghoao `ohoa dgfe`omom, dosus
pgrtoao yomc `etgaudom jhgbmyo o`ohob dgaoteom odefot `gaoa
pupgrohes. Orestjtghgs agmcolordom pgmcorub-pgmcorub prodtgd 
dgfe`omom sghoao boaper 6>>> tobum.
0) Fomc
Fomcso
so Vja
Vjaoo
Ehau dgfe`omom po`o fomcso Vjao fgrosoh `ore mgcgre Uumome
aghohue Agser, o`o 6 lgmes fe`om `e Vjao yoetu<
o) Fe`om
Fe`om yomc
yomc obhe `efe`o
`efe`omcmy
mcmyo<
o< agrg
agrgdo
do `eborco
`eborcoee sgfocoe
sgfocoe

pgaeapem tea `ore obhe jfstgktrek, yomc feosomyo agrgdo

aghodudom prodtgd sgm`ere
f) Fe`om
Fe`om yomc fgrsto
fgrstotus
tus rgm`ob
rgm`ob < fe`om
fe`om eme sg`grolo
sg`grolott `gmcom
`gmcom
pgafomtu pgrsohemom em`eve`u
f. \oaom
\oaom ^grt
^grtgmc
gmcob
obom
om (?-?7
(?-?7>>
>> Aosgb
Aosgbe)
e)
^o`o zoaom
zoaom eme dgaoluom pgrdgafomcom
pgrdgafomcom dgfe`omom sgremc `gmc
`gmcom
om
pgmygforom ocoao Drestgm, pgmcgtobuom jfstrgktred agafuot fgfgropo

pgmgauom 6 dgfutubom odom fe`om umtud `e `e`ed tghob `eodue. Dgfe`omom

aoseb `eprodtgdom sgkoro utub jhgb wometo feoso.
 ?) Vjao
^o`o aoso eme o`o 6 jromc
jromc fomcso Vjao `ohoa
`ohoa dgfe`omom yoetu<
o) [jromus,
@eo agrupodom spgseohes jfcyem
jfcyem pgrtoao
pgrtoao dohe `eo agmuhes
agmuhes

fudu dgfe`omom umtud pgrtoao dohemyo `om `eo luco yomc

agmccoafordom duohetos otou syorot sgjromc fe`om yomc
prjigssejmoh. Fgheou yomc pgrtoao dohe yomc agmcuroedom
tgmtomc Ygrse ^ufhek
f) Cohgm
Fgheou luco agmuhes tgmtomc fgfgropo jfstgktrek
Cymjdjhjce. Cohgm agmccgrodom focoeaomo fe`om agmcudur
pgafudoom sgrved `gmcom agmccumodom lore agrgdo `om
pgmccumoom dumke umtud aghoberdom sghoao zoaom eme sgjromc

fe`om fgrmoao Khjjpotro agmuhes

agmuhes doromcom
doromcom tgmtomc dgfe`omom.
Fe`om hoemmyo sgpgrte Osposeo `edgmoh jhgb dorgmo `eo agaehede
fomyod dgtgroapehom `ohoa dgfe`omom foye `eomtoromyo o`oho
Ygrse ^j`ohek, aomocgagm `estjseo `om djmtrosgpse.
k) [ohgrmj
[gjromc `jdtgr pgrgapuom fgrmoao Prjtuho yomc fgrosoh
`ore [gdjhob Dg`jdtgrom tgrdgmoh `e mgcgre eme, agmuhes sgfuob
doromcom Cymgdjhjce `om Dgfe`omom `eaomo eo agmlghosdom
pgmomcomom, gagrcgmse foce fe`om `ohoa pgmotohodsomoom

Vgtgmsej
Vgtgmsej ^hosgmto
^hosgmto,, ^growotom
^growotom Meios,
Meios, ^gagredsoom
^gagredsoom Foye Foru
Hober.
@eo luco agmlghosdom
agmlghosdom pgmtemcmyo
pgmtemcmyo sgjromc
sgjromc fe`om agaehede
dgpgrkoyom
dgpgrkoyom `om pgm`gdotom gtes `ohoa pgdgrloomyo. Prjtuho luco
l uco
jromc yomc pgrtoao dohe fgrusobo agapgrfoede Hosgrose
^gremgua `grolot teco.

6) Dgrol
Dgroloo
oom
m Fyzom
Fyzomtem
temgg
Eo aghepute sgfoceom fgsor Mgcoro-mgcoro `e Grjpo Peaur
 `gmcom efu djtomyo Djmstomtemjpgh sghoao ofo` ?6 ruaob sodet
dgfe`omom pgrtoao dohe `etgaudom `e seme ^ouhus ji Ogcemo
agrupodom fe`om yomc pgrtoao dohe `e zoaom eme.
;) Orofeo

Dg`uo `jdtgr Orof, Vbozgs `om Ovekgmmo agmlghosdom

prjsg`ur dgfe`omom tgmtomc pgmccumom emstruagmt umtud pgrsohemom,
moapodmyo `e semehob pgrtoaodohemyo `ecumuodom emstruagmt
jfstrgktek. Dorgmo dgpgrkoyoom ocoao agmyotodom dgfe`omom
sgfoceom fgsor sgkoro dgsghurubom fgro`o `etomcom wometo.
k. \oaom
\oaom Dgfo
Dgfomcd
mcdeto
etom
m (?7>>-
(?7>>-?35
?355
5 Aosgb
Aosgbe)
e)
^o`o ofo` dg ?6 sg`edt dgaoluom tghob `efuot `ohoa boh dgfe`omom
soapoe ofo` dg ?9. ^gmcgtobuom tgmtomc Omotjae Iesejhjce tghob aolu
`gmcom pgsot aghohue loso fgfgropo jromc sgpgrteHgjmorh `g Yemke,

Cofreghhj Iohhjpej
Iohhjpej ji Etohy `om
`om Om`rgos.
?) ^romkes
Oafrjesg ^org o`ohob sgjromc obhe fg`ob yomc agafgredom
djmstrefuse `ohoa fe`omc dgfe`omom `om Cymgdjhjce , `eo yomc
agapgrdgmohdom dgafohe tgmtomc Ygrse ^j`ohek `om luco ^gremtes
[gdjhob Dgfe`omom pgrtoao `e ^romkes, Iromkjes Aorrekou ,`eohob
jromc yoc pgrtoao dohe agmcuroedom dgboaehom tufo, prgsgmtose
audo `om agmlghosdom tgmtomc
t gmtomc em`udse pgafg`obom.
Fgheou agafgredom `gsdrepse yomc lghos tgmtomc agdomesag

pgrsohemom `om fgheou pum tgrdgmoh jhgb dorgmo pgrsohemom wometo `e

tgapot te`ur sgagmtoro `gmcom fgrupo fomcdu yomc te`od fgrsom`or
umtud aghoberdom. Hjuysg Fjurcgjes, fgheou yomc pgrtoao dohe
agapufhedosedom fudu jfstgtrek. Aorjg Hjuesg @ucg fgheou fe`om
yomc pgrtoao dohe agmghete tgmtomc dghoberom foye aghohue
pgmyeapomcom kototom `om `oto stotestek `ore 0>.>>> wometo yomc `eo
bo`ere dghoberommyo.
dghoberommyo.

6) Emccres
o) Sehheoa
Sehheoa Borvg
Borvgy
y < yomc
yomc agmcu
agmcuroe
roedom
dom serdu
serduhos
hosee `orob
`orob po`o
po`o tobum
tobum
 ?9?9, `edgmoh sgfocoe fopod dgfe`omom `e Emccres fgheou
agmkotot pgrdgafomcom
pgrdgafomcom gafrej `om igtus `ore sghurub tobop
f) Sehheom Kboafgrhg
Kboafgrhgm
m < pgmgau
pgmgau ijrkgp
ijrkgp jfstgtrek
jfstgtrek
k) Sehheoa
Sehheoa [aghheg
[aghheg < fgheo
fgheou
u sgjro
sgjromc
mc `jdtgr
`jdtgr yomc agapgr
agapgr`oh
`ohoae
oae

ehau pgaosomcom kumoa `gmcom dgtgromcom yomc hgmcdop,

udurom udurom pemccuh, pgrfg`oom pemccuh sgapet `om pemccuh
feoso
Sehheom Bumtgr, aure` Sehheom
Sehhe om [aghheg yomc aghomlutdom usobo
Sehheoa [aghheg. Pobum ?290 sgdjhob wometo dgfe`omom `efudo `e
Hjm`jm, Ihjromkg Mecbtesohg sgfocoe pghjpjr pghoteb fe`om. Pobum
?296 eo agafgmtud pghotebom fgdgrlo soao `gmcom demcs kjhhocg
bjspetoh.
Pobum
Pobum ?295 obhe dgfe`omo
dgfe`omom
m `e Hjm`jm
Hjm`jm agmgaudom
agmgaudom hopjrom
hopjrom

yomc agmygfofdom dgaoteom foye, sohob sotu pgagkobommyo o`ohob

`gmcom agmco`odom
agmco`odom pometeo uleom, lo`e poro fe`om `e tgst `om `ecghore
`ephjao.
;) Lgraom
Lustemg [hgcgau`em (?907) o`ohob fe`om pgrtoao `e lgraom.
@eo `ohob fe`om `e djto Hecgmet 6 dgau`eom fgdgrlo sgfocoe fe`om `e
dgrloom ^russeo, `eo fgdgrlo sgfocoe ehauom `om agapumyoe
`jduagm hgmcdop. Pobum ?95> agmgrfetdom fudu pgcomcom.
Dgau`eom fe`om aoseb rgm`ob, pgrsohemom fomyod `etjhjmc `om

`ehodudom
`ehodudom `e V[. Fe`om
Fe`om fgdg
fgdgrlo
rlo sgfocoe
sgfocoe pgrowot
pgrowot jfstgtrek
jfstgtrek,, obhe
jfstgtrek aghodudom sgcohomyo. [gtghob aghebot Mgcoro Grjpo
pgm`e`edom fe`om `ergkt gmtry auhoe fgrdgafomc.
0) [wess
Jpgrose [K pgrtoao dohe fgrboseh po`o wometo be`up po`o
tobum ?7>>,
?7>>, dgtedo
dgtedo `jdtgr bgwom
bgwom [wess
[wess Lokjf Mutgr
Mutgr aghodudo
aghodudom
m
jpgrose umted aghoberdom omod agrgdo estremyo `opot fgrtobom be`up
soapoe useo 33 tobum.

7) Fghom`o
Bgm`rekd Yom (?966) yomc agaprjajsedom sgksej sgkorgo `om
 Bgm`rekd Yom @gvgmtgr (?97?-?360) yomc agmccoafordom fomyod 
dghoemom pomccuh dg`uomyo agafgredom djmtrefuse yomc smcot
pgmtemc po`o pghoyomom dgfe`omom `om agapufhedosedommyo `e
Fghom`o. Agrgdo luco agm`eredom jrcomesa prjigse.

^grsohemom `e Mgtbgrhom` tobum ?522, 2> % `etjhjmc fe`om `e

ruaob `om 6>% `e V[. @e Mgtbgrhom` fe`om prodtgd aom`ere
aghodudom pghoyomom dgfe`omom `e djaumetos sgbemcco djm`ese
dgsgbotom efu foed. @gmcom pgm`e`edom fe`om sghoao ; tobum (`ergk
gmtry) `om 0 tobum.
9) Oag
Oagred
redo [gre
[gredo
dott
@uhu `e O[ pgrsohemom `etjhjmc jhgb `udum, sgtghob agm`gmcor
pgrdgafomcom `e Emccres sgrto agm`gcor pgdgrloom Sehheoa [aghheg
`om Sehheoa Bumtgr fgfgropo jromc `e O[ tgrpgmcorub umtud 

agapgr`ohoae dgfe`omom.
`. [gfghua
[gfghua Aosgbe
Aosgbe dg
dg 6> (?3>>-?
(?3>>-?5>>)
5>>)
@uo ofo` sgfghua ofo` dg 6> tghob agmcobsehdom fomyod pgmgauom
fgsor yomc somcot fgrpgmcorub tgrbo`op prodtgd dgfe`omom yomc
agafowo fomyod jromc-jromc dg`jdtgrom dg `ohoa dgfe`omom.
?) Sehheoa [aghhg ji [krthom`
[krthom` (?953-?
(?953-?39;)
39;) o`ohob
o`ohob sohob
sohob sotu
sotu obhe
obhe
jfstgtrek yomc fgrpgmcorub po`o ofo` ?2 `etgaudom ijrkgps
sgsuoe `mgcom udurom pomccuh
6) Ecmoz
Ecmoz ^behep
^behep [, `ore
`ore Bucore
Bucoreoo agmgau
agmgaudo
dom
m pgmy
pgmygfo
gfof
f sgps
sgpses
es

pugrpurohes
;) Ljsgp
Ljsgp Hestgr
Hestgr `ore
`ore Emccres
Emccres ?263- ?5?6 `eo `esgf
`esgfut
ut fopod
fopod omte
omte sgpses
sgpses
0) Hjues
Hjues ^osstur
^osstur ?266-
?266-?257,
?257, pghjpjr
pghjpjr aedrjf
aedrjfejhjc
ejhjcee
7) Sehheom
Sehheom Loags
Loags `ore
`ore Oagr
Oagredo
edo
9) Loags
Loags yjumc `ore
`ore [Gjthom`e
[Gjthom`eoo ?2??-?23>
?2??-?23> agm
agmcgmo
cgmohdom
hdom omgstg
omgstgse
se
uaua `ohoa dgfe`omom
3) @r. Loags
Loags Hesy
Hesye`
e` (?36
(?362-?
2-?2?>
2?>))

2) @r. Sehheo
Sehheoa
a [beppg
[beppgm
m (?3;9-
(?3;9- ?2>2),
?2>2), fghe
fgheou
ou sgjro
sgjromc
mc tjdjb
tjdjb `
`ee O[
yomc agmcgafomcdom dgfe`omom, fgheou agm`eredom dersus
 dgfe`omom `e ^beho`gpbemo , sgbemcco aoseb fomyod agmorub
aemot preo `om wometo.
5) @r. [oaugh
[oaugh For`(?306
For`(?306-?26?
-?26?),
), fgheou
fgheou agmuhes
agmuhes fudu dg
dgfe`o
fe`omom
mom
yomc esemyo aj`grm, yoetu koro agmcudur kjmcuroto `eocmjses,

dghoemom
dghoemom-- dghoemom
dghoemom pomccu
pomccuhh `om aghoromc
aghoromc pgagredso
pgagredsoom
om `ohoa
`ohoa
opofeho te`od o`o em`edose,
e m`edose, agmosgbotdom
agmosgbotdom lomcom agmored tohepusot
umtud agmkgcob tgrlo`emyo Emvgrtej Wtgre, agmcolordom hgtod 
audo `opot hober spjmtom. Aghoromc pgaodoeom kumoa yomc
fgruhomc-fgruhomc dorgmo odom fomyod agmeafuhdom dgruceom
?>) @r. Sohtgr Kbommemc (?329-?239)fgheou
(?329-?239)fgheou `eomcdot sgfoco
sgfocoee
prjigssjr dgfe`omom `e sgdjhob dg`jdtgrom Borvor`
6. [glorob
[glorob Dgfe`omom
Dgfe`omom `e Fgfgropo
Fgfgropo Mgcoro
Mgcoro
o. Oustroheo

Dgfe`omom `e Oustorheo `e o`jpse `ore Emccres `eaomo po`o aoso

djhjmeohesag pgm`e`edom dgpgrowotom `om dgfe`omom agmyotu. ^ghoyomom
Dgfe`omom `e Oustroheo agaehede aoso-aoso suhet, `eaomo fomyod 
tgdomom `ore prjigse `jdtgr `om pgrowot umtud agmcbopusdom prodted 
dgfe`omom aom`ere. Boh eme `eauhoe ?>> tobum yomc hohu tgpotmyo po`o
odber tobum ?2>> soapoe owoh tobum ?5>>. ^o`o aoso eme tgr`opot
eacecrom `jdtgr-`jdtgr `ore Emccres yomc emcem agmemcdotdom
pgm`opotommyo
pgm`opotommyo `om
`om stroto sjseohmyo, agmcgafomcdom
agmcgafomcdom dorer
dorer dg fgmuo
Oustroheo. Moaum `esuotu sese tgr`opot fe`om yomc `epgrkoyo aosyorodot

`ohoa aghoyome dgboaehom, pgrsohemom `om sedhus rgprj`udse wometo. Boh

eme yomc agafuot fe`om sgfocoe djapgtetjr yomc dgtot jhgb poro `jdtgr.
Wmtud agafuot dgpgrkoyoom aosyorodot dgpo`o fe`om rgm`ob `om
agmcbopusdom prjigse fe`om `ore Oustroheo, fe`om `efgre stecaose fobwo
pghoyomom yomc `efgredommyo te`od fgrseb `om sgfocoe pgmygfof omcdo
dgaoteom yomc temcce odefot emigdse ([gpses ^ugrpgrohes). Moaum
aosyorodot tgtop agafgredom dgpgrkoyoom dgpo`o fe`om `ohoa

aghodudom pgrowotom dgsgbotom efu `om foye. ^oro Fe`om tgtop fgrtobom
`om agafgredom pghoyommom yomc agauosdom.
 Wmtud etu strotgce hoem `efuot `gmcom bo`ermyo dgpgrowotom, `eaomo
poro ag`es (`jdtgr) agm`jrjmc pgagremtob umtud agwolefdom poro fe`om
agaehede pghotebom uaua dgpgrowotom, `om pgmccofumcom prjigse fe`om
`gmcom prjigse dgpgrowotom. ^o`o tobum ?222 pghotebom pgrtoao umtud 

poro fe`om fgr`ere

fgr`ere `e Vuaob [odet wometo
wometo `e Aghfjurmg. Boh eme
agm`opotdom pgrgtgmtomcom `ore `jdtgr `om pgrowot. ^grluomcom poro
Fe`om umtud agm`opotdom pgmcoduom, agm`opotdom teted kgrob `eaomo
po`o tobum ?5?7 `esobdommyo romkomcom um`omc-um`omc dgfe`omom jhgb
porhgagm. Boh eme pum pagm`opotdom
pagm`opotdom pgrtgmtyomcom `ore dg`uo crup yoetu
`jdtgr `om pgrowot. ^o`o tobum ?5?9 pgagremtob agrgdjagm`osedom
umtud pghoyomom dgsgbotom efu `om omod bomyo `efgredom dgpo`o pgrowot
`om fe`om yomc tghob
tghob agm`opotdom pghotebom
pghotebom sgrto `eowose jhgb `jdtgr.
`jdtgr.
[ghomlutmyo pgm`e`edom dgfe`omom
dgfe`omom fgr`ere aom`ere po`o tobum ?556.

[estga pgm`e`edom dgfe`omom `e Oustroheo luco pgrmob agmcohoae aoso-

aoso suhet, `eaomo tgrlo`emyo
tgrl o`emyo pgraosohobom pgmcoduom
pgmcoduom prjigse dgfe`omom
jhgb dgpgrowotom yomc te`od agmcodue e`gmtetos aom`ere `ore dgfe`omom,
boh eme fgr`oapod
fgr`oapod po`o pgm`e`edom
pgm`e`edom swosto dgfe`omom `e Oustroheo po`o
po`o
tobum ?55>. @gmcom usobo yomc ceceb jhgb poro fe`om umtud 
agm`opotdom bod `om dgwgwgmomcommyo `ohoa aghodudom pgrtjhjmcom
pgrsohemom, odbermyo usobo agrgdo fgrboseh agm`opotdom pgmcoduom `om
e`gmtetos aom`eremyo.
[oot eme pgm`e`edom dgfe`omom `e Oustroheo agmcohoae dgaoluom

pgsot `om agmlo`e pgrufobom tgrfgsor foce prjigse dgfe`omom `esomo. Boh
eme `etom`oe `gmcom fgr`eremyo pgm`e`edom dgfe`omom soapoe po`o lgmlomc
^osko [orlomo
[orlomo dgfe`omom `e Wmevgrsety
Wmevgrsety ji Pgkbmjhjcy [y`mgy
[y`mgy po`o owoh
owoh
tobum 6>>>. @gmcom fgr`eremyo fgrfocooe umevgrsetos yomc agm`opot
`udumcom `ore pgagremtob, deme poro fe`om `opot aghowom e`gjhjce-
e`jhjce omte fe`om aghohue orcuagmtose lohur pgm`e`edom `om pgmgheteom.
Dgaoluom
Dgaoluom fe`om
fe`om po`o soot
soot eme agrotodom
agrotodom hopomc
hopomcom
om pgdg
pgdgrloom
rloom fe`
fe`om
om
`eaomopum fgro`o. Esug agmcgmoe dopetohesag, pgrhem`umcom mgcoro, dhos

?>

`om cgm`gr agmlo`e sgfuob dgduotom ag`es yomc pgrhu `eboafot umtud 
dgpgmtemcom wometo, sgbemcco wometo aoapu agmgmtudom pgrsohemom
 sgpgrte opo yomc agrgdo emcemdom. [estga pgm`e`edom dgfe`omom `e
Oustroheo, agwolefdom aoboseswo umtud agmcedute prjcroa dgpgrowotom
tgrhgfeb `obuhu, `om aghomlutdom spgseohes dgfe`omom sghoao `uo tobum.
[gbemcco sestga eme agapgrhebotdom sgjromc fe`om eohob pgrowot yomc

tgremtgcrose `gmcom duoheiedose dgfe`omom.

f. Fghom`o
?) ^grdgafo
^grdgafomcom
mcom Dgfe`o
Dgfe`omom
mom `e Fghom`
Fghom`oo
[geremc `gmcom agmemcdotmyo pgrboteom pgagremtob Fghom`o
tgrbo`op dghoberom `om dgaoteom, pgagremtob agmcoafeh tem`odom
tgrbo`op aosohob tgrsgfut. Someto fgrbod agaeheb opodob eo aou
aghoberdom `e ruaob otou `e ruaob sodet, be`up otou aote. Fghom`o
agaehede omcdo dghoberom yomc somcot temcce sg`omcdom dgaoteom
prgmotoh rghotevg
rghotevg rgm`ob. [otu
[otu `ore teco pgrsohemom hober
hober `e ruaob `om
`om

`etjhjmc jhgb fe`om `om pgrowot sg`omc yomc hoem `e ruaob sodet, tgtope
 luco `etjhjmc jhgb
jhgb fe`om.
^rji. Cggret Yom Dhjjstgraom po`o djmigrgmsemyo `e Pjmtjrj tobum
?520 agmyotodom fobwo sgteop dgboaehom o`ohob mjraotei `om borus
sghohu `epomtou `om
`om agrgdo fgfos
fgfos agaeheb umtud temccoh
temccoh `e ruaob otou `e
ruaob sodet `eaomo fe`om yomc soao odom agaomtou dgboaehommyo.
^gm`e`edom dgfe`omom `e Oastgr`oa agaehede premsep yodme
sgfocoeaomoo agafgre omostgse `om sg`otei po`o posegm foruhob deto borus
sgfocoeaom
agmco`odom
agmco`odom pgm`gdotom `om agafgre `jrjmcom po`o efu soot pgrsohemom.

Lo`e po`o prodtemyo fe`om borus agaom`omc efu sgkoro dgsghurubom `om
agm`jrjmc efu umtud agmjhjmc `eremyo sgm`ere.
^o`o dosus resedj rgm`ob `jdtgr te`od edut agmomcome, auhoe `ore
prgmotoh, motoh `om pjst motoh, po`o rgsedj agmgmcob agrgdo sghohu
agafgre ljf tgrsgfut po`o fe`om `om po`o dosus resedj temcce `jdtgr `om
fe`om sohemc fgdgrlosoao.
Fe`om `e Fghom`o 37% fgdgrlo sgkoro aom`ere, dorgmo dgfe`omom
o`ohob prjigse yomc aom`ere `om odtei. [gbufumcom `gmcom boh tgrsgfut

??

fe`om borus agmlo`e rjhg aj`g `e aosyorodot `om borus agmcomccop

dgboaehom o`ohob sgsuotu yomc mjraoh sgbemcco opoeho sgjromc wometo
 agroso `eremyo boaeh `eo `opot homcsumc agagredsodom `ere dg fe`om.
6) ^ghoy
^ghoyomo
omom
m Omtgmot
Omtgmotoh
oh
Fe`om agmurut pgroturom Fghom`o hgfeb fgrbod prodted aom`ere/ 
em`gpgm`gmt `orepo`o pgrowot.
pgrowot. Fe`om agapumyoe elem rgsae umtud prodted 

`om agmyg`eodom hoyomom dgpo`o wometo `gmcom resedj rgm`ob, aghepute

omtgmotoh, emtroportua `om pjstmotoh tompo obhe dom`umcom yomc
agmygrtoe agrgdo fgdgrlo `e fowob dgafoco ou`et dgsgbotom. Fe`om
borus agrulud wometo `gmcom resedj temcce otou dosus potjhjce dg Obhe
Dgfe`omom umtud `e rowot `gmcom foed.
Wmtud agapgrfoede pghoyomom dgfe`omom `om obhe dgfe`omom `om
umtud agmemcdotdom dgrlosoao omtor fe`om `om obhe dgfe`omom
`efgmtudhob `oitor em`edose/ sdrememc umtud agmcgtobue dgboaehom
fgresedj otou te`od. @oitor etu fgrese rewoyot sgfghua `om sgsu`ob

pgmcjfoto. Vewoyot dgfe`omom yomc odom fgrcumo `ohoa pghoyomom

dgfe`omom. [udsgsmyo
[udsgsmyo pgmccumoom `oitor eem`edose
m`edose agrupodom `osor yomc
pgmtemc agmcopo pgrsohemom
pgrsohemom `e ruaob `esg`eodom
`esg`eodom `om agmlo`e
agmlo`e ohtgrmotevg
dorgmo wometo `gmcom resedj temcce `opot `ee`gmteiedose `om dgau`eom
`erulud dg obhu dgfe`omom.
[ghoao dgboaehom fe`om agmluapoe wometo boaeh ?>-?0 dohe `e
dhemed fe`om. [osorom utoao prodted
prodted fe`om o`ohob pghoyomom
pghoyomom djaumetos.
Ledo te`od o`o aosohob, wometo `efgre pehebom umtud aghoberdom `e ruaob
otou `e ruaob sodet. Dorgmo pghoyomom omtgmotoh yomc bote-bote sgbemcco

dghoberom `e ruaob soao oaommyo `gmcom dghoberom `e ruaob sodet.

Pobum ?595 pgagremtob Fghom`o agmgtopdom fobwo aghoberdom `e
ruaob borus `eprjajsedom sgfocoe ohtgrmotevg pgrsohemom. @e Oastgr`oa
0;% dghoberom tgrlo`e `e ruaob. @e Bjhhom` `eodue fobwo ruaob o`ohob
tgajot yomc oaom umtud aghoberdom sghoao sgauomyo mjraoh.
;) ^ghoy
^ghoyomo
omom
m Emtrop
Emtroport
ortua
ua
^ghoyomom emtroportua `eauhoe `ore wodtu fe`om `e pomcceh soapoe
sotu loa sgtghob hobermyo phosgmto `om agafrommyo. Fe`om agapumyoe

?6

dgaoapuom umtud aghodudom gpesejtjae tope te`od `eezemdom

agmccumodom ohot dg`jdtgrom. Feosomyo fe`om agmlobet hudo pgremgua
 otou gpesejtjae, umtud hudo yomc porob `e rululd dg obhe dgfe`omom.
Dgfomyodom doho EEE `efeordom sgsuoe iesejhjcesmyo. Omohcgsed te`od 
`ecumodom `ohoa pgrsohemom.
0) ^gm`e`edo
^gm`e`edom
m Dgfe`omo
Dgfe`omom
m `e Fghom`o
Fghom`o

^gm`e`edom `e Fghom`o
Fghom`o tgrpesob
tgrpesob `ore pgm`e`edom dgpgrowotom
dgpgrowotom `om
fgrdgafomc agmlo`e prjigse yomc fgrfg`o. @e Fghom`o o`o ; emstetuse
dgfe`omom `om agmgreao 99 aoboseswo sgteop tobummyo. [yorot aosud 
agmcedute pgm`e`edom useo aemeaua ?5 tobum tghob agmoaotdom
sgkjm`ory g`ukotejm otou sg`grolot `ore lurusom deaeo `om fejhjce.
Aoboseswo dgfe`omom te`od agmgreao cole `om te`od agafoyor uomc
pgm`e`edom.
[ghoao pgm`e`edom `e dgteco emstetuse tgrsgfut agmgdomdom fobwo
dgboaehom, pgrsohemom `om meios sgfocoe prjsgs iesejhjces. Eme `etgropdom

`gmcom agmgapotdom aoboseswo umtud prodtgd `e doaor fgrsohem.

Aoboseswo `ewolefdom agapumyoe pgmcohoaom aemeaoh 05 pgrsohemom
sghoao pgm`e`edom. Dgtedo agrgdo huhus uleom odber odom agmgreao
elozob yomc
yomc `ohoamyo tgrkomtua mehoe
mehoe uleom.
k. Domo`o
Jmtorej
Jmtorej o`ohob
o`ohob prjvemse
prjvemse pgrtoao
pgrtoao `e Domo`o
Domo`o yomc agmgrfe
agmgrfetdom
tdom
pgroturom tgmtomc dgfe`omom, sgtghob o`omyo sgkorob pomlomc tgmtomc
dgfe`omom yomc ehhgcoh `om fgrodefot agmemcdotdom prodted fe`om yomc
te`od fgrelem. Agrgdo agafuot pehebom osubom `om dgputusom yomc sgsuoe

`gmcom pgmcohoaom umtud `elo`edom aj`gh dgfe`omom tgrforu. Aj`gh

dgfe`omom yomc `epodoe `e Jmtorej fgr`osordom po`o `giemese EKA
tgmtomc fe`om yoetu sgjromc tgmoco yomc agapumyoe jtjmjae prodted 
tgrfotos po`o pgrsoheomom mjraoh. [osorom `ore prodted dgfe`omom o`ohob
aosyorodo
aosyorodot.
t. Fe`om
Fe`om agaehede odsgs
odsgs po`o ruaob
ruaob sodet
sodet aotgrmetos
aotgrmetos `om
pgrgapuom agapumyoe pehebom otos pgrsohemom `e ruaob otou ruaob
sodet.

?;

Jmtorej te`od agmcomut djmsgp portmgrsbep sgfocoe pusot prodted 

dgfe`omom wohoupum tgrfotos otos `uo aj`gh. [gfocoe kjmtjb, Jmtorej
 Domo`o agmgropdom aj`gh portmgrsbep `ohoa osubom dgfe`omom.
Fgfgropo ospgd `e `ohoamyo omtoro hoem bufumcom omtor wometo , osubom
prodted dgfe`omom tgrijdus po`o dgboaehom `om pgrsohemom mjraoh.
@ohoa agafomcum `umeo prjigse dgfe`omom yomc foru, Domo`o

agafuot sestga `ohoa agapgrseopdom fe`om-fe`om umtud rgcestrose.

@eauhoe `gmcom sgfuob dgputusom fobwo fe`omhob yomc `efutubdom
`ohoa pghoyomom aotgrmetos `om agmgtpodom ruomc hemcdup prodted 
dgfe`omom. Vuomc hemcdup prodted dgfe`omom `e mgcoro tgrsgfut te`od 
dghuor lohur yomc tghob `etgtopdom EKA yoetu fe`om fgdgrlo `gmcom
jtjmjae pgmub `ohoa hemcdup pgrsohemom mjraoh `om pghoyomom aotgrmets
preagr. Fe`om fgdgrlo `om fgrdjmsuhtose `gmcom obhe jfstgtrek feho tgrlo`e
djaphedose, `om efu sgrto foye agagrhuodom fomtuom `om pghoyomom
sgdum`gr. Fe`om `e mgcoro tgrsgfut agapumyoe odsgs iosehetos ruaob

sodet tompo borus fgdgrlo `e ruaob sodet. Agrgdo fgdgrlo `e ruaob sodet
otou `e ruaob sodet agtgrmetos `om `opot agmcodsgs iosehetos.
Domo`o agmgtopdom
agmgtopdom prjcroa `ergkt gmtry
gmtry (pgm`e`edom dgfe`omom
sghoao ; tobum tompo aghohue pgm`e`edom dgpgowotom). Focoeaomo pum
mgcoro tgrsgfut yodem fobwo umtud agapgrseopdom
agapgrseopdom fe`om aoapu fgdgrlo
sgkoro jtjmja `om feso agafgr `udumcom dgpo`o pgrgapuom ocor
`opotagmgmtudom sgm`ere pgrsohemommyo. ^gmtemc umtud agm`udumc
pgrgapuom yomc sgfghuamyo fghua pgrmo fgrdgkeapumc `ohoa sesga
dgsgbotom umtud agmgapub prjcroa pgm`e`edom dgfe`omom, tgtope

prjcroa `ergkt gmtry

gmtry hgfeb `eutoaodom.
`eutoaodom. ^growot yomc emem agmlo`e fe`om
sgpgmubmy
sgpgmubmyoo borus aghgwote
aghgwote prjcroa
prjcroa pgm`e`edom
pgm`e`edom dgfe`omo
dgfe`omom
m tgrhgfeb
`obuhu, wohupum agrodo borus agagmube fgfgropo ospgd prjcroa.
Mgcoro tgrsgfut agmccumodom `uo aj`gh pgm`e`edom, yoetu
pgafgholorom tgjre `om aomcomc. ^gafgholorom tgjre `e dghos `e ijdusdom
po`o tgjre
tgjre `osor,
`osor, yomc odom
odom aghoberdo
aghoberdom
m fe`om-fe`o
fe`om-fe`om
m yomc aoapu
aoapu
agmcorteduhosedom iehjsjiemyo sgm`ere `ohoa prodted, agaomiootdom
pgmgheteom `ohoa prodted agrgdo `om fgrpeder dretes tgmtomc prodted.

?0

^gm`e`edom `ehgmcdope `gmcom fgholor aomcomc, `e aomo aoboseswo

fgdgrlo `ohoa feafemcom `om pgmcowosom fe`om yomc fgrprodted `ohoa
 wodtu yomc kudup hoao. Pe`od sgpgrte aj`gh aomcomc tro`esejmoh, `e
aomo aoboseswo fgdgrlo fgrsoao hgfeb `ore sgjromc fe`om, `gmcom
fgrfocoe aokoa prdoted. Aoboseswo te`od bomyo agapgholore boh
pjsjtei, tgtope luco borus agmcgtobuoe boh-boh yomc mgcotei umtud 

pgmcgtobuom `e aoso agm`otomc. [otu aoboseswo hoce odom fgdgrlo

fgrsoao sotu fe`om, sgbemcco agrgdo te`od `edokoudom `gmcom
fgraokoa-aokoa aj`gh prodted, `om fgrhomcsumc `ohoa wodtu yomc
kudup hoao. Fe`om tgrsgfut agafgredom rjhg aj`gh yomc pgmtemc foce
prjsgs pgafgholorom.
Aoboseswo fe`om luco odom odom auhoe fgholor tgmtomc aj`gh
portmgrsbep. Aj`gh eme tgr`ere `ore bufumcom omtoro pgrgapuom `om
aoboseswo fe`om, aobseswo fe`om fgrsoao fe`om, aoboseswo fe`om
`gmcom curu fe`om, curu fe`om `gmcom fe`om, bufumcom omtoro prjcroa

dgfe`omom `om prjigse dgfe`omom sgrto prjcroa dgfe`omom `gmcom

wometo. @ore seme det o`opt hebot aj`gh pgm`e`edom yomc `ecumodom jhgb
Domo`o sohemc tgrdoet sotu soao hoem sgfoce foceom `ore pghoyomom
aotgrmetos. [gteop foceom `ore hemcdorom tgrsgfut agwodehe fgraokoa-
aokoa portmgrsbep yomc sohem fgremtgcrose. ^ortmgrsbep eme agmloco ocor
prjcroa pgm`e`edom tgtop po`o tuluom utoao, yoetu agmkgtod fe`om-fe`om
yomc `opot fgdgrlo soao sgkoro aom`ere sgfocoe pgafgreom osubom
aotgrmetos preagr. Domo`o tghob sudsgs `ohoa agmcbe`pdom dgafohe
stotus fe`om stotus wometo. Dgsgsuoem omtoro pgm`e`edom fe`om `om ruomc

hemcdup prodted dgfe`omom o`ohob foceom tgrpgmtemc `ore dgfgrbosehom

tgrsgfut.
;. [glorob
[glorob Dgfe`omom
Dgfe`omom `e Em`jmg
Em`jmgseo
seo
^ghoyomom dgfe`omom o`ohob sgauo tucos yomc agmlo`e tomccumc lowof
prodted prjigse fe`om `ohoa sestga pghoyomom dgsgbotom yomc fgrtuluom
agmemcdotdom dgsgbotom doua pgrgapuom. ^ghoyomom dgfe`omom yomc tgpot
agmemcdotdom dgoaomom
dgoaomom `om dgsglobtgroom efu `om foye.

?7

Fe`om agrupodom sohob sotu prjigse tgrtoto yomc o`o `e `umeo sgbemcco
pghoyomom dgfe`omom pum luco fgrdgafomc sgpomlomc sglorob yomc o`o. ^o`o
 zoaom pgagremtobom Bem`eo Fghom`o, omcdo dgaoteom sgjromc efu `om omod 
somcot temcce. ^o`o zoaom
zoaom tgrsgfut,
tgrsgfut, tgmoco
tgmoco pgmjhjmc pgrsohemom bomyohob
`udum. Pobum?2>3 ( zoam lgm`roh Bgm`red Sehheoa @gom`ghs), poro `udum
tghob `ehoteb umtud agmjhjmc pgrsohemom, tgtope boh tgrsgfut te`od fgrhomcsumc

hoao dorgmo te`od o`omyo pghotebom dgfe`omom. ^ghoyomom dgfe`omom bomyo

`epgrumtuddom foce jromc-jromc Fghom`o yomc o`o `e Em`jmgseo. ^o`o tobum
?205 tghob `efudo pgm`e`edom @jdtgr Lowo `e Fotoveo, hgfeb tgpotmyo `e
Vuaob [odet Aehetgr Fghom`o. [oot etu, ehau dgfe`omom fghua agrupodom
pgholorom. ^o`o tobum ?225, foruhob ehau dgfe`omom `efudo sgkoro sudorgho
jhgb [troo, Jfstgtredus Oustreo `om Aoshom. [geremc `gmcom fgrlohommyo
wodtu, po`o tobum ?27? tghob `efudo puho pgm`e`edom fe`om foce wometo
prefuae jhgb `jdtgr aehetgr Fghom`o (`r. S. Fjskb). [glod soot etu, pghoyomom
dgsgbotom umtud efu `om omod tghob `ehodudom jhgb `udum `om fe`om.

Pobum
Pobum ?576,
?576, `eo`od
`eo`odom
om pghote
pghotebo
bom
m fe`om
fe`om sgkoro
sgkoro ijrao
ijraohh umtud 
umtud 
agmemcdotdom duohetos pgrtjhjmcom pgrsohemom. Fgrfocoe fgmtud pgrufobom
yomc fgrupo pgmcgtobuom `om dgtgroapehom agmcgmoe pghoyomom dgsgbotom
efu `om omod `ehodudom aghohue dursus toafobom `e sghurub aosyorotodot
Em`jmgseo. Dursus tgrsgfut `edgmoh `gmcom estehob Dursus Poafobom Fe`om
(DPF) po`o tobum ?57; `e Ujcyodorto. @gmcom fgrlohommyo pghotebom
tgrsgfut `e`eredomhob Fohoe Dgsgbotom Efu `om Omod (FDEO).
FDEO fgrufob agmlo`e suotu pghoyomom yomc tgremtgcretose `ohoa
aosyorodot yomc `emoaodom ^usot Dgsgbotom Aosyorodot (^usdgsaos) po`o

tobum ?573. ^usdgsaos po`o uauamyo agafgredom pghoyomom yomc

fgrjregmtose po`o wehoyob dgrlo. Fe`om yomc fgrtucos agafgredom pghoyomom
dgsgbotom efu `om omod tgraosud
t graosud pghoyomom Dghuorco Fgrgmkomo.
Pobum ?55> pghoyomom dgfe`omom `efgredom sgkoro agroto dgpo`o
sghurub aosyorodot Em`jmgseo. [ohob sotu dgfelodom yomc agmcoturmyo
`edghuordom aghohue Emstrudse ^rgse`gm sgkoro hesom po`o [e`omc Dofemgt
Pobum ?556 tgmtomc pgrhumyo agm`e`ed fe`om umtud pgmgapotom `e `gso-`gso.
Fgfgropo tucos pjdjd fe`om `e `gso o`ohob sgfocoe sgjromc pghodsomo

?9

dgsgbotom DEO, dbususmyo po`o pghoyomom dgsgbotom efu boaeh, fgrsohem `om
meios sgrto pghoyomom dgsgbotom po`o foye foru hober, tgraosud pgafemoom
 `udum foye. @ohoa aghodsomodom tucos pjdjd, sgjromc fe`om `e `gso odom
aghodudom dumlumcom ruaob po`o efu `om omod yomc agafutubdom
pghoyomom, agmco`odom pgafemoom ^jsyom`u `e wehoyob
wehoyob dgrlo `om luco
agmcgafomcdom pjm`jd fgrsohem yomc sgsuoe `gmcom dgfutubom aosyorodot

sgtgapot.
Fgrfocoe fgmtud pghoyomom yomc `efgredom jhgb fe`om `gso fgrjregmtose
po`o dgsgbotom aosyorodot. Boh tgrsgfut odom fgrfg`o `gmcom fe`om yomc
fgdgrlo `e ruaob sodet `eaomo pghoyom yomc `efgreodom fgrjregmtose po`o
em`eve`u. Fe`om `e sgfuob ruaob sodet agafgredom pghoyomom pjhedhemed 
omtgmotoh, comccuom dgsgbotom rgprj`udse `e pjhedhemed dghuorco fgrgmkomo,
sgmoa boaeh, pgm`e`edom pgremotoh, doaor fgrsohem, doaor jpgrose dgfe`omom
ruomc meios `om ruomc pgremotoh(Ereomte,6>?5).
Djmigrgmse dgpgm`u`udom `umeo yomc `eo`odom `e Doerj po`o tobum

?550 agmgdomdom agmcgmoe dgsgbotom rgprj`udse. Fobosom tgrsgfut agmlo`e

teted tjhod pgrhuosom orgo coropom pghoyomom dgfe`omom yomc
agehpute(Uumemcseb,6>?9)<
o. [oig Ajtbgrbjj` , tgraosud foye foru hober `om pgrowotom ofjrtus.
f. Ioaehy phommemc
k. ^gmyodet
^gmyodet agmuor
agmuor sgdsuo
sgdsuohh tgraosud
tgraosud emigdse
emigdse soh
sohurom
urom ohot
ohot rgprj`uds
rgprj`udsee
`. Dgsgb
Dgsgboto
otom
m rgp
rgprj`
rj`uds
udsee rgao
rgaolo
lo
g. Dgsgb
Dgsgboto
otom
m rgprj`
rgprj`uds
udsee homseo
homseo
[gjromc fe`om odom aghodsomodom pgrom, iumcse `om tucos yomc

`e`osordom po`o dgaoapuom `om dgwgmomcom yomc `efgredom. Dgwgmomcom

tgrsgfut tghob `eotur aghohue ^groturom Agmtgre Dgsgbotom (^gragmdgs).
^gragmdgs yomc agmyomcdut wgwgmomc fe`om sghohu agmcohoae pgrufobom
sgsuoe `gmcom dgfutubom `om pgrdgafomcom aosyorodot `om dgfelodom
pgagremtob `ohoa agmemcdotdom `grolot aosyorodot. ^gragmdgs omtoro hoem<
o. ^gragmdgs
^gragmdgs Mjajr
Mjajr 7;2>/ER/?5
7;2>/ER/?59;,
9;, wgwgmo
wgwgmomc
mc fe`om
fe`om tgrfotos
tgrfotos po`o
po`o
pgrtjhjmcom pgrsohemom mjraoh sgkoro aom`ere `e`oapemce tucos hoem.

?3

f. ^gragmdgs
^gragmdgs Mjajr
Mjajr ;9;/ER/?
;9;/ER/?52>
52> yomc
yomc dga
dgau`eom
u`eom `eufob
`eufob agmlo
agmlo`e
`e
^gragmdgs 96;/?525 wgwgmomc fe`om `efoce agmlo`e `uo yoetu
 ^gragmdgs dbusus. @ohoa wgwgmomc dbusus `etgtopdom feho fe`om
aghodsomodom tem`odom dbusus `e fowob pgmcowosom `jdtgr. Fe`om
`ohoa aghodsomodom tucosmyo te`od fgrtomccumc lowof otos
tem`odom yomc `ehodudom.
`eh odudom.

k. ^gragmdgs
^gragmdgs Mjajr
Mjajr 736/YE/?5
736/YE/?559
59 wgwgmo
wgwgmomc
mc eme agmc
agmcotur
otur ttgmto
gmtomc
mc
rgcestrose `om prodted fe`om. @ohoa aghodsomodom prodted sgjromc
fe`om odom `efgre dgwgmomcom yomc aom`ere. Dgwgmomcom tgrsgfut
odom `esgrtoe `gmcom dgaoapuom `ohoa aghodsmodom tem`odom.
Sgwgmomc tgrsgfut agmkodup<
?) ^ghoyomom
^ghoyomom dgfe`o
dgfe`omom
mom yomc
yomc aghepute
aghepute pghoyo
pghoyom
m efu `om omod 
omod 
6) ^ghoy
^ghoyomo
omom
m dghuor
dghuorco
co fgrgm
fgrgmko
komo
mo
;) ^ghoy
^ghoyomo
omom
m dgsgbo
dgsgbotom
tom aosyo
aosyorod
rodot
ot
`. ^gragmdgs
^gragmdgs Mjajr ?090/
?090/ Agmdgs
Agmdgs/R/
/R/ 6>?
6>?>
> rgvese `ore
`ore ^gragm
^gragmdgs
dgs

736/YE/ ?559 tgmtomc Ezem `om ^gmyghgmccoroom ^rodted Fe`om, fe`om

o`ohob sgjromc pgrgapuom yomc huhus `ore pgm`e`edom fe`om yomc
tghob tgrgcestrose sgsuoe `gmcom dgtgmtuom pgroturom pgrum`omc-
um`omcom
@ohoa aghodsomodom tucos, sgjromc fe`om odom aghodudom djhofjrose,
djmsuhtose `om agafgre ruludom sgsuoe `gmcom djm`ese posegm agmurut
dgwgmomcom `om dgaoapuommyo. [ghoem dgwgmomcom mjraoh tgrsgfut,
dbususmyo foce fe`om yomc sg`omc agmlohomdom prjcroa pgagremtob
agm`opot dgwgmomcom
dgwgmomcom toafobom umtud aghodudom pghoyomom
pghoyomom dgsgbotom
dgsgbotom yomc

aghepute<
o. ^gafgreo
^gafgreom
m ohot
ohot djmtrosgp
djmtrosgpse
se sumtudo
sumtudom,
m, EW@,
EW@, `om agafg
agafgredom
redom
pghoyomom ohot djmtrosgpse fowob duhet.
f. Osubom
Osubom omtgmoto
omtgmotohh tgremtgcros
tgremtgcrosee `gmcom
`gmcom emtgrvgmse
emtgrvgmse dbusus
dbusus pgmyod
pgmyodet
et
drjmes tgrtgmtu (`ehodudom umtud supgrvesg `jdtgr)
k. ^gmomcom
^gmomcomom
om foye
foye `om omod
omod foheto
foheto sodet
sodet sgsu
sgsuoe
oe pg`
pg`jaom
jaom yomc
`etgtopdom

?2

`. Aghodudo
Aghodudom
m pgafemoom
pgafemoom pgrom
pgrom sgrto
sgrto aosyorodo
aosyorodott `e fe`omc
fe`omc dgsgbotom
dgsgbotom
efu `om omod, omod useo sgdjhob `om rgaolo `om hemcdumco
he mcdumcom.
m.
 g. ^gaomtou
^gaomtouom
om tuafub
tuafub dgafom
dgafomc
c foye,
foye, omo
omod
d foheto,
foheto, omod pro
pro sgdjhob
sgdjhob
`om omod sgdjhob
i. Aghods
Aghodsom
omodo
odom
m pghoyo
pghoyomo
mom
m dgfe`om
dgfe`omom
om djaume
djaumetos
tos
c. Aghodsom
Aghodsomodom
odom `gtgds
`gtgdsee `eme, agrulud
agrulud `om
`om agafgredo
agafgredom
m pgmyuhubo
pgmyuhubom
m

tgrbo`op Emigdse Agmuhor [gdsuoh (EA[), tgraosud pgafgreom

djm`ja, `om pgmyodet hoemmyo
b. ^gmkgcob
^gmkgcobom
om pgmyohobc
pgmyohobcumoo
umoom
m Mordjtjdo,
Mordjtjdo, ^sedjtrjp
^sedjtrjpedo
edo `om \ot
\ot
O`edtei hoemmyo (MO^\O) aghohue emijraose `om g`udose
e. ^ghoyomom
^ghoyomom dgsgboto
dgsgbotom
m hoem
hoem yomc
yomc agrupo
agrupodom
dom prjcro
prjcroa
a pgagrem
pgagremtob
tob
^o`o dgo`oom `orurot, fe`om `efgre wgwgmomc pghoyom om dgfe`omom
yomc `etumludom umtud agmyghoaotdom lewo. @ohoa agmlohomdom prodted,
fe`om borus agmcedute fgrfocoe oturom yomc agmcotur aosohob dgwgmomcom,
dgaoapuom, pgm`e`edom , pgmcohoaom sgrto fgr`osordom stom`or prjigse.

Fe`om luco `ewolefdom agrulud dosus yomc te`od `opot `etomcome `gmcom koro
agafgredom emijraose sgrto aghodudom rgdoa ag`es `gmcom foed. ^gtumlud 
agmcgmoe dgwgmomcom
dgwgmomcom fe`om `etuomcdom `ohoa Hoaperom Dgputusom @erlgm`
Femdgsaos Mjarj ?7>9/ Pobum ?553. ^gmkopoeom dgaoapuom fe`om
agmurut ^gragmdgs Mjajr ?090/AGMDG[/ ^GV/R /6>?> te`odhob au`ob
dorgmo wgwgmomc yomc `efgredom @gportgagm Dgsgbotom agmcom`umc
tumtutom odom dgaoapuom fe`om sgfocoe tgmoco prjigsejomh yomc aom`ere.
^gmkopoeom dgaoapuom `opot `eowohe `ore emstetuse pgm`e`edom yomc
fgrpg`jaom po`o djapgtgmse emte fe`om aghohue emstetuse pghoyomom `gmcom

agmemcdotdom dgaoapuom fe`om sgsuoe `gmcom dgfutubom.

Wmtud agmkopoe pghoyomom dgfe`omom yomc foed `epgrhudom fe`om yomc
fgrduohetos `om ajmetjremc otou pgaomtouom pghoyomom yomc o`o `ore fe`om
djmseh dgfe`omom. Wmtud agafgmtud fe`om-fe`om yomc fgrduohetos `om
agaehede dgaoapuom aghodudom pgmgheteom, `efutubdom puho pgm`e`edom
dgfe`omom yomc fgrjregmtose po`o odo`gaed.

?5

@e Em`jmgseo, pgrdgafomcom pgm`e`edom dgfe`omom tghob agmcohoae

`emoaedo posomc surut sglohom `gmcom dgfelodom pgafomcumom dgsgbotom.
 Fgredut o`ohob pgrdgafomcom pgm`e`edom dgfe`omom `e Em`jmgseo, yoetu <
Pobum ^gmlghosom
?2
?27?
7? @jd
jdtg
tgrr aeh
aehet
etggr Fg
Fghom`
hom`oo ((@
@r. S. Fjs
jskkb) agm`
agm`oorot
rot `e
`e Foto
tove
veoo.
?5>6 ^gm`e`edom fe
fe`om `e dgafohe   `e ruaob sodet aehetgr `e
`efudo dg
Fotoveo
?5??
?5?? - ?5?6
?5?6 @eauho
@eauhoee pgm`e
pgm`e`ed
`edom
om tgmo
tgmoco
co dgpg
dgpgrow
rowoto
otom
m sgkor
sgkoroo tgrgm
tgrgmkom
komoo `e
KF\ (Vuaob [odet Waua ^usot) `e [gaoromc `om Fotoveo.
?5;7
?5;7 - ?5;2
?5;2 Fghom
Fghom`o
`o agm`e`
agm`e`ed
ed fe`o
fe`om
m huhu
huhusom
som Auhj
Auhj (sg
(sgtemc
temcdo
dott `g
`gmco
mcom
m
[HP^) `om boaper fgrsoaoom `gmcom `efudomyo sgdjhob
fe`om `e fgfgropo djto fgsor
 ‛ ?57;
?57> ‛ 
?57> ?57; @efudo
@efudo sgdjho
sgdjhob
b fe`om
fe`om `ore
`ore huhusom
huhusom [A^ `gmc
`gmcom
om fotos
fotos useo
aemeaoh ?3 tobum `om hoao pgm`e`edom ; tobum
?57;
?57; Dbur
Dbursu
suss toa
toafo
fobo
bom
m fe`
fe`om
om (D
(DPF
PF)) `e
`e U
Ujy
jyod
odor
orto
to.. H
Hoa
oaoo dbu
dburs
rsus
us
3-?6 aemccu.
?570
?570 @e
@efu
fudo
do pgm`
pgm`e`
e`ed
edom
om curu
curu fe`o
fe`om,
m, curu
curu pgro
pgrowo
wot,
t, pgro
pgrowo
wott
dgsgbotom aosyorodot `e Fom`umc. Pobum ?536 pgm`e`edom eme
`erufob agmlo`e [gdjhob Curu ^growot ([^C)
?53>
?53> @e
@efu
fudo
do prjc
prjcro
roa
a pgm
pgm`e
`e`e
`edo
dom
m fe`o
fe`om
m `
`or
oree huh
huhu
usom
som [g
[gdj
djho
hob
b
^gmcotur
^gmcotur Vowot
Vowot ([^V) `etoafob
`etoafob 6 tobum
tobum pgm`e`e
pgm`e`edom
dom fe`om
fe`om
yomc `esgfut [gdjhob ^gm`e`edom Homlutom Lurusom Dgfe`omom
([^DHL).
?5
?537
37 - ?5
?520
20 ^gm`
^gm`e`
e`ed
edom
om fe`o
fe`om
m `etu
`etutu
tup
p sgho
sghoao
ao ?>
?> tobu
tobum
m
?52?
?52? @e
@efu
fudo
do pgm`
pgm`e`
e`ed
edom
om `eph
`ephja
jaoo ? dgsg
dgsgbo
boto
tom
m Efu
Efu `om
`om oomo
mod,
d, ho
hoto
torr
fghodomc pgm`e`edom
pgm`e`edom [^D yomc fgrhomcsumc sghoao ? tobum
?527
?527 @e
@efu
fudo
do ^r
^rjc
jcro
roa
a ^gm
^gm`e
`e`e
`edo
dom
m F
Fe`
e`om
om (^
(^^F
^F)) `or
`oree [^V
[^V `om
`om [^
[^D
D
`gmcom hoao pgm`e`edom ? tobum
@efudo ^rjcroa pgm`e`edom fe`om O (^^F/O) yomc
agapgrfjhgbdom
agapgrfjhgbdom huhusom [^D umtud homcsumc aosud prjcroa
pgm`e`edom
?55;
?55; @e
@efu
fudo
do ^r
^rjc
jcro
roa
a ^g
^gm`
m`e`
e`ed
edom
om Fe`o
Fe`om
m F (OD^
(OD^GV
GV `gmc
`gmcom
om ho
hoao
ao

6>

pgm`e`edom sotu tobum).

?550  ‛ ?557
?550 ‛  ?557 ^gagremto
^gagremtob
b agmyg
agmyghgmcco
hgmccorodo
rodom
m ule
ule kjfo
kjfo ^gm`
^gm`e`edom
e`edom Fe`om
Fe`om
 Lorod Loub (`estomkg hgormemc) `e teco prjvemse yoetu Lowo
Forot, Lowo Pgmcob, `om Lowo Peaur fgr`osordom [D Agmdgs
Mjajrr ?603/
Mjaj ?603/ Agmdgs/
Agmdgs/ [D.REE/?55
[D.REE/?550
0 `gmcom
`gmcom tuluom
tuluom umtud 
umtud 
agapgrhuos kodupom upoyo pgmemcdotom autu tgmoco
dgsgbotom
?5
?559
59 EFE fgdgrl
dgrloo so
soao `gmc
`gmcoom @g
@gport
portggagm
agm Dg
Dgsgb
sgboto
tom
m `o
`om
Oagrekom Kjhhgcg ji Mursg Ae`weig (OKMA) `om V[ [wosto
agmco`odom Proememc ji Proememc dgpo`o omccjto EFE `om
sghomltmyo `opot aghoteb fe`om prodted swosto sgkoro swo`oyo,
sgrto curu otou `jsgm `ore @; dgfe`omom.
?557  ‛ ?5
?557 ‛  ?552
52 `eo`
`eo`od
odom
om pg
pgho
hoteb
tebom
om `om  pggr rgvegw foce fe`om ruaob sodet,
`om
fe`om ^usdgsaos `om fe`om `e `gso ^rjvemse Doheaomtom
[ghotom
[ghotom `eaomo
`eaomo EFE fgdgrlo
fgdgrlo soao ho
homcsu
mcsumc
mc `gmcom
`gmcom  Ajtbgr 
Korg
6>>>
6>>> Pgho
Pghob
b o`o
o`o tea
tea pgh
pghot
oteb
eb Osub
Osubom
om ^g
^grs
rsoh
ohem
emom
om Mjra
Mjraoh
oh (O^M
(O^M)) yom
yomc
c
soapoe sot eme tghob aghoteb O^M `e fgfgropo prjvemse otou
dofupotgm.
6>>9
6>>9 @e
@efu
fudo
do pgm`
pgm`e`
e`ed
edom
om [6 dgfe
dgfe`o
`omo
mom
m `
`ee Iod
Ioduh
uhto
toss D
Dg`
g`jd
jdtg
tgro
rom
m
WM^O@, tobum 6>?? `e WMFVO `om WMOM@, Wmevgrsetos
Bosomu`em Aodosor (6>?6), Wmevgrsetos OE[UEUOB
Ujcyodorto (6>?0)
6>>3
6>>3 @e
@efu
fudo
do prjc
prjcro
roa
a sor
sorlo
lomo
mo dgfe
dgfe`o
`omo
mom
m `
`ee Wm
Wmev
evgr
grse
seto
toss Oer
Oerho
homc
mcco
co
[urofoyo
6>>2
6>>2 @e
@efu
fudo
do pgm`
pgm`e`
e`ed
edom
om [? dgfe
dgfe`o
`omo
mom
m `
`ee Iod
Ioduh
uhto
toss D
Dg`
g`jd
jdtg
tgro
rom
m
Wmevgrsetos Oerhomcco, ID WMFVO(6>>5), WMOM@ (6>?;).

F. Jmtjhj
Jmtjhjce
ce `oho
`ohoa
a Dgfe
Dgfe`om
`omom
om
?. Jmtjhj
Jmtjhjce
ce [gko
[gkoro
ro Waua
Waua
Jmtjhjce fgrosoh `ore Foboso Uumome yoetu Jmtjs (O`o) `om Hjcjs (Ehau),
 lo`e Jmtjhjce o`ohob ehau tgmtomc sgsuotu yomc o`o. Agmurut Oasoh Fodbteor

6?

Jmtjhjce fgrosoh `ore doto jmtjs yoetu sgsuotu yomc fgrwulu`. Jmtjhjce o`ohob
tgjre otou ehau tgmtomc wulu`, tgmtomc bodedot yomc ‘o`o‑.
‘o`o‑. Jmtjhjce te`od 
 fomyod fgr`osordom
fgr`osordom po`o ohoa myoto tgtope
tgtope fgr`osordom
fgr`osordom po`o hjcedo
hjcedo aomuseo.
Lo`e Jmtjhjce `eortedom <
o. Ehau yomc
yomc agapg
agapgholor
holoree tgmtomc
tgmtomc sgsuot
sgsuotu
u yomc fgmr-
fgmr-fgmo
fgmorr o`o `om
`om
o`omyo
o`omyo etu fgmor
fgmor

f. Pgjre
Pgjre yomc agafob
agafobos
os tgmtomc
tgmtomc dgfgmo
dgfgmorom
rom yomc
yomc o`o oto
otou
u kere bodede
bodede
(pjdjd) `ore dgfgro`oom
k. Kofomc
Kofomc iehsoiot
iehsoiot yomc
yomc agafob
agafobos
os tgmtomc
tgmtomc bodgdot
bodgdot o`o,
o`o, yomc
yomc o`o
dgfgro`oom otou gdsestgmse (sgkoro uaua)
Jmtjhjce agrupodom sohob sotu doleom iehsoiot yomc pohemc dumj `om fgrosoh
`ore Uumome. [tu`e tgrsgfut agafobos dgfgro`oom
dgfgro`oom sgsuotu yomc fgrseiot djmdrgt.
Pjdjb Uumome yomc agaehede pom`omcom yomc fgrseiot jmtjhjces `edgmoh sgpgrte
Pbohgs, ^hotj, `om Orestjtghgs. ^o`o aosomyo, dgfomyodom jromc fghua
agafg`odom omtoro pgmoapodom `gmcom dgmyotoom. Pbohgs tgrdgmoh sgfocoe

iehsui yomc pgrmob soapoe po`o dgseapuhom fobwo oer agrupodom sufstomse
tgr`ohoa yomc agrupodom osoh auho sgcoho sgsuotu. Moaum yomc hgfeb pgmtemc
eohob pgm`ereommyo fobwo aumcdem sgdohe sgcoho sgsuotu etu fgrosoh `ore sotu
sufstomse fghodo (sgbemcco sgsuotu etu te`od feso `eomccop o`o fgr`ere sgm`ere).
Bodgdot dgmyotoom otou rgohetos agaomc feso `e`gdote jmtjhjce `gmcom `uo
aokoa su`ut pom`omc <
o. Duomtetotei
Duomtetotei,, yoetu
yoetu `gmcom
`gmcom agapgrto
agapgrtomyodo
myodom
m opodob
opodob d
dgmyo
gmyotoom
toom etu
tumccoh otou loaod.
f. Duohetotei,
Duohetotei, yoetu
yoetu `gmcom
`gmcom agapgrtomy
agapgrtomyodom
odom opodo
opodob
b dgmyotoom
dgmyotoom (rgo
(rgohetos)
hetos)

tgrsgfut agaehede duohetos tgrtgmtu, sgpgrte aesohmyo `oum yomc

agaehede wormo dgbelouom, fumco aowor yomc fgrfou borua.
6. Hom`osom
Hom`osom Jmtjhjc
Jmtjhjces
es Foce
Foce @umeo Dgehau
Dgehauom
om
[gkoro uaua rghgvomse jmtjhjces foce ehau o`ohob fobwo jmtjhjce `opot
`elo`edom `osor agruausdom bepjtgses-bepjtgses foru umtud agapgrfoborue
osuase-osuase `osor yomc pgrmob `ecumodom. Jmtjhjces luco agrupodom soromo
ehaeob agmgaudom lohom umtud agmomcome
agmomcome suotu aosohob
aosohob sgkoro ehaeob. Osuase

66

 ‛ oosuase
suase yomc sghoao eme te`od `epgrtoyodom hoce jhgb ehau, tgryoto aoseb aoseb
`epgrtoyodom jhgb jmtjhjces sgbemcco feso `epgrtomccumc lowof dgfgmorommyo.
 Jmtjhjces
Jmtjhjces fgrsedo
fgrsedop
p dretes `om
`om spgduhotei
spgduhotei `ohoa
`ohoa agafobos
agafobos rgoheto
rgohetos.
s.
Jmtjhjces luco rghgvom `ohoa
` ohoa agrgihgdsedom prjfhga pgafocumom, pgafocumom
sghoao eme tgrfudte fghua agwulu`dom aosyorodot o`eh `om aodaur dgcocohom
eme te`od tgrhgpos `ore djmsgp jmtjhjces yomc aghom`ose djmsgp pgafocumom `e

Em`jmgseo. @gmcom `gaedom `opot `eseapuhdom fobwo `eagmse jmtjhjces

agrupodom foceom `ore ehau pgmcgtobuom tgmtomc gdsetgmse ehau pgmcgtobuom,
`gmcom `gaedeom `eagmse jmtjhjces agafgredom `osor yomc ium`oagmtoh
tgrbo`op djmsesetgmse
djmsesetgmse pgmcgafocom
pgmcgafocom `om pgmgro
pgmgropom
pom ehau pgmcgtobuom.
pgmcgtobuom. hom`osom
jmtjhjces eme agafowo eaphedose foce hom`osom gpestgajhjces `om odsejhjces
ehau. Dgteco hom`osom eme sgmomteoso tgrdoet `om sohemc agapgcorube.
;. Hom`osom
Hom`osom Jmtjhj
Jmtjhjce
ce Ehau
Ehau Dgfe`om
Dgfe`omom
om
@ore sgce dgehauom, dgfe`omom sgfocoe prjigse yomc aom`ere agagrhudom
pgmcgtobuom tgjretes yomc lghos `om `eruausdom `gmcom fgrpg`jaom dgpo`o

iehsoiot ehau, sgbemcco `opot agagmube dorodtgrested `om spgseiedose

pgmcgtobuom yomc fgr`eagmse `om fgseiot ehaeob. Ehau dgfe`omom agapumyoe
fgfgro
fgfgropo
po pjdjd
pjdjd doro
dorodtg
dtgrest
rested
ed `om
`om spg
spgsei
seiedo
edose
se fo
foed
ed jflgd
jflgd ijraoh
ijraoh aou
aoupum
pum jflgd 
jflgd 
aotgreoh yomc
yomc aghepute boh-boh sgfocoe
sgfocoe fgredut
fgredut <
o. Jflgd
Jflgd aotgre
aotgreoh
oh Ehau
Ehau Dgfe`o
Dgfe`omo
mom
m
Jflg
Jflgd
d aotg
aotgreo
reohh eh
ehau
au dgf
dgfe`
e`om
omom
om o`o
o`oho
hob
b suf
sufst
stom
omse
se `o
`ore
re jf
jflg
lgd 
d 
pgmghoob
pgmghoobom
om `ohoa
`ohoa hemcdup
hemcdup tgrtgmtu.
tgrtgmtu. Jflgd
Jflgd aotgre
aotgreoh
oh `ohoa
`ohoa `esephem
`esephem
dgehauom dgfe`omom o`ohob lomem, foye foru hober, foye `om omod `efowob
heao tobuom (foheto) `om wometo sgkoro utub (bjhesteb) `ohoa sedhus

dgbe`upommyo ( domod-domod, pro rgaolo, rgaolo, `gwoso au`o, `gwoso

homseo `eme `om homseo homlut) tgrutoao `ohoa aoso rgprj`udse po`o aoso
pro djmsgpse, aoso dgboaehom, aoso aghoberdom, aoso meios/aoso
agmyusue `om foye foru hober.
f. Jflgd
Jflgd ijraoh
ijraoh Ehau
Ehau Dgfe`
Dgfe`omo
omom
m
Jflgd ijraoh ehau dgfe`omom o`ohob koro
koro pom`omc
pom`omc yomc fgrijdus
po`o
po`o jflgd
jflgd pgmgho
pgmghoobo
obom
m `ohoa
`ohoa fotos
fotos otou
otou ruomc
ruomc hemc
hemcdup
dup tgrtgmu
tgrtgmu.. Jfl
Jflgd 
gd 
ijraoh `ore `esephem dgehauom dgfe`omom o`ohob agapgrtobomdom stotus

6;

dgsgbotom rgprj`udse yoetu dgsglobtgroom wometo sglod hober soapoe aoso

tuomyo tgraosud upoyo dgoaomom `om dgsglobtgroom efu `om lomemmyo po`o
 pro djmsgpse aoso dgboaehom, aoso pgrsohemom, aoso meios/aoso
agmyusue, sgbemcco tgrkopoe djm`ese yomc sglobtgro po`o efu `om lomemmyo
`om sghomlutmyo efu tgrsgfut `opot agagheboro foyemyo sgkoro jpteaoh.
@gmcom `gaedeom doleom ehau dgfe`omom `opot `edgafomcdom
`edgafomcdom fgr`osordom

djmsgp `osor tgrsgfut `eotos

`eotos yoetu
yoetu tufub pgmcgtobuom
pgmcgtobuom tgjretes yomc dbos,
fgr`eagmse `om
`om fgrseiot ehaeob. [gkoro uau
uaua
a fgr`osordom
fgr`osordom iederom `osor
`osor jflgd 
ijrao `om
`om jflgd
jflgd aotgreo
aotgreo `ohoa agmces
agmcesee dgromcdo
dgromcdo djmsgpt
djmsgptuoh
uoh ehau dgfe`om
dgfe`omom,
om,
aodo ehau dgfe`omom eme `opot agmgreao `om agmgropdom umsur pgmcgtobuom
`ore fgrfocoe `esephem ehau yomc hoem sgsuoe `gmcom dgfutubom ehau dgfe`omom
etu sgm`ere, aodo `esusumhob tufub pgmcgtobuom dgfe`omom (Fj`y ji ae`weigry
dmjwhg`cg) yomc `edghjapjdom agmlo`e gapot yoetu <
o. Ehau @osor
@osor yomc
yomc `eomtoro
`eomtoromyo
myo omotjae,
omotjae, psedjh
psedjhjce,
jce, Aedrjf
Aedrjfejhjc
ejhjce,
e,
porosetjhjce, potjiesejhjce, iesedo, fejdeaeo
f. Ehau sjseoh
sjseoh yomc `eomtoro
`eomtoromyo
myo,, pomkoseho
pomkoseho `om wowosom
wowosom musomt
musomtoro,
oro, foboso
foboso
em`jmgseo, foboso emccres, sjsejhjce, omtrjpjhjce, psedjhjce, o`aemestrose
`om dgpgaeapemom, ehau djaumedose, buaomejro, pgm`e`edom (^remsep
Fgholor `om Agmcolor)
k. Ehau tgropom
tgropom yomc
yomc `eomtoromy
`eomtoromyo,
o, dg`jdtgro
dg`jdtgrom,
m, ioraodjhjc
ioraodjhjce,
e, gpe`gaejhj
gpe`gaejhjce,
ce,
stotested, tgmed dgsgbotom `osor (PD@)/Dgpgrowotom `osor, poro`ecao
sgbot, ehau Ceze, budua dgsgbotom, dgsgbo
dgsgbotom
tom aosyorodot, agtj`g resgt.
`. Ehau
Ehau Dgfe
Dgfe`o
`omo
mom
m
?) @osor-`os
@osor-`osor
or dgfe`omom
dgfe`omom (^grdgaf
(^grdgafomco
omcom
m dgfe`omom,
dgfe`omom, rgcestros
rgcestrosee `om

jrcomesose prjigse `om pgrom sgrto iumcse fe`om)

^grdgafomcom dgfe`omom `eauhoe dgtedo fghom`o agmlolob
em`jmgseo. ^o`o aoso pgagremtobom fghom`o, em`jmgseo aoseb
agmcedute dgfeosoom hoao, efu fgrsohem `etjhjmc jhgb `udum porole.
^o`o zoaom Lgpomc, dgfe`omom fgrdgafomc kudup foed tgtope
pgafgreom pgrowotom agrjsjt dorgmo duromcmyo tgmoco pgrowot,
hoot-ohot ag`es, `om jfot-jfotom.

60

6) Pgjre
Pgjre `om
`om aj`gh
aj`gh djmsgptuo
djmsgptuohh d
dgfe`
gfe`omom
omom
Gapot fghos djmsgp pghoyomom dgfe`omom <
 o) Agmcodue
Agmcodue fobwo
fobwo dgboaehom
dgboaehom `om
`om pgrsohe
pgrsohemom
mom o`ohob
o`ohob prjsg
prjsgss
iesejhjces `om pgrdgafomcom yomc mjraoh sgrto agmco`vjdose
teo`o emtgrvgmse po`o dgfe`omom toompo djaphedose.
f) Agmcodue
Agmcodue fobwo
fobwo agmstru
agmstruose
ose `om
`om ajmjpousg
ajmjpousg sgfocoe
sgfocoe prjsgs
prjsgs
pgrdgafomcom
pgrdgafomcom iesejhjces
k) Agaprjajs
Agaprjajsedom
edom osubo
osubom
m yomc
yomc fgrpuso
fgrpusott po`o dghuorco,
dghuorco,
agafgr`oyodomwometo
agafgr`oyodomwometo sgfocoe aetro `ohoa osubom dgfe`omom
`) Agaioseheto
Agaiosehetose
se dghuorco
dghuorco `om bufumco
bufumcom
m emtgrp
emtgrpgrsjm
grsjmoh
oh yomc sgb
sgbot
ot
g) O`vjdose
O`vjdose umtud
umtud pehebom
pehebom pghoyom
pghoyomom
om `mgc
`mgcom
om pgm
pgmlghos
lghosom
om (emijrag`
(emijrag`
kjmsgmt `om emijragmt kbjesg). ^ortesepose `ohoa agafuot
dgputusom `om bod umtud agmgmtudom sgm`ere
i) Agaprjajs
Agaprjajsedom
edom dgsgbotom
dgsgbotom `om pgm`e
pgm`e`edom
`edom dgsgboto
dgsgbotom
m `om
pgmkgcobom pgmyodet
c) Djaumedos
Djaumedose,
e, feafemc
feafemcom
om djmsgh
djmsghemc
emc yomc
yomc tgroa
tgroapeh
peh
b) Agmcodue
Agmcodue mehoe
mehoe tgropgu
tgropgutud
tud `om
`om dgbo`ero
dgbo`erom
m jromc
jromc hoem
e) Agaprj
Agaprjajs
ajsedo
edom
m osubom
osubom yomc
yomc fgrdgse
fgrdgsemoa
moafum
fumco
com
m
 l) ^gmcgtobuom
^gmcgtobuom agmcgmoe djapgtgmse
djapgtgmse `om dgaoapuom
dgaoapuom fu`oyo
fu`oyo
d) Agmcgmo
Agmcgmohh mehoe `om
`om agmcborco
agmcborcoee lohur yomc
yomc fgrfg`o
fgrfg`o dgoro
dgorob
b
pgmcgtobuom `om pgrdgafomcom
;) Gtedo
Gtedo `om
`om Gted
Gtedgt
gt Dgfe`
Dgfe`omo
omom
m
Fe`om sgfocoe prodtese pghoyomom borus agmloco pgrdgafomcom
prodted
prodted fgr`oso
fgr`osordom
rdom gve`gm
gve`gmkg
kg fosg`
fosg` Gtedo o`ohob
o`ohob pgmgr
pgmgropom
opom `om
`om

prjsgs `om tgjre iehsoiot ajroh po`o setuose myoto. Gtedo `efoce
agmlo`e teco foceom, aghepute<
o) Agto
Agtogt
gted
edoo (gte
(gtedo
do))
f) Gted
Gtedoo oto
otou
u tgjr
tgjree ajro
ajrohh
k) Gted
Gtedoo prod
prodte
ted.
d.
Iumcse Gtedo @om
@om Ajrohetos @ohoa ^ghoyomom
^ghoyomom Dgfe`omom
Dgfe`omom
o) Agmloco
Agmloco jtjmjae
jtjmjae `ore
`ore sgteop
sgteop em`eve`u
em`eve`u dbusu
dbususmyo
smyo Fe`om
Fe`om `om
`om
Dhegm

67

f) Agmloco
Agmloco deto umtud aghod
aghodudom
udom tem`odom
tem`odom dgfoed
dgfoedom
om `om
agmkgcob tem`odom yc agrucedom/agaf
a grucedom/agafoboyodom
oboyodom jromc hoem
 k) Agml
Agmloc
ocoo prev
prevok
oky
y sgte
sgteop
op em`ev
em`eve`
e`u
u
`) Agmcotur
Agmcotur aomuse
aomuseoo umtud fgrfuo
fgrfuott o`eh `om felodso
felodsomo
mo sgsuoe
sgsuoe
`gmcom pjrsemyo
g) @gmcom
@gmcom gted deto
deto agmcoto
agmcotobue
bue opodob
opodob suotu
suotu te
tem`od
m`odom
om etu `o
`opot
pot
`etgreao `om opo ohosommyo
i) Agmcorob
Agmcorobdom
dom pjho peder sgsgjromc
sgsgjromc `ohoa fgrtem`od
fgrtem`od otou
`ohoa agmcomoheses suotu aosohob
c) Agmcbo
Agmcboseh
sehdo
dom
m tem`od
tem`odom
om yc fgmo
fgmorr
b) Agm`opot
Agm`opotdom
dom emijraos
emijraosee tgmiomc
tgmiomc boh
boh yc sgf
sgfgmor
gmormyo
myo
e) Agafgredo
Agafgredom
m pgtum
pgtumlud
lud tgrbo`op
tgrbo`op temcd
temcdob
ob hodu/
hodu/pgreh
pgrehodu
odu
aomuseo omtoro foed, furud, fgmor otou sohob sgsuoe `gmcom
ajroh yc fgrhodu po`o uauamyo
 l) Fgrbufumcom `gmcoms pgmcoturom
pgmcoturom boh-boh yc fgrseiot
fgrseiot ofstrod 
d) Agaioseheto
Agaiosehetose
se prjsgs
prjsgs pgagkob
pgagkobom
om aosoho
aosohob
b gted 
gted 
h) Agmco
Agmcotur
tur boh-bo
boh-bohh yomc
yomc fgrs
fgrseio
eiott prodt
prodted 
ed 
a) Agmcotur toto
toto koro pgrcouhom foed `e `ohoa toto tgrtef
aosyorodot aoupum toto koro `e `ohoa jrcomesose prjigse
m) Agmcotur
Agmcotur sedop
sedop,, tem`od
tem`od tom`ud
tom`ud jromc
jromc `ohoa
`ohoa agmlohom
agmlohomdom
dom
tucos prjigsemyo
prjigsemyo yc feoso
feoso `esgfut dj`g gted prjigse.
0) ^gmcomtor
^gmcomtor Dgfe`om
Dgfe`omom
om ^rjigsejmo
^rjigsejmohh (Djmsgp dgf
dgfe`om
e`omom,
om, @giemese
@giemese `om
hemcdup dgfe`omom, `om aomolgagm dgfe`omom)
Fe`om o`ohob
o`ohob sgjromc pgrgapuom yomc
yomc tghob huhus pgm`e`edom
dgfe`om yomc `eodue jhgb pgagremtob. [gjromc fe`om `ohoa
agmlohomdom prodtgdmyo agapumyoe pgrom `om iumcse yoetu sgfocoe
pghodsomo,, pgmcghjho, pgm`e`ed `od pgmghete.
pghodsomo
^grom `om iumcse fe`om sgfocoe pgm`e`ed yoetu sgjromc fe`om
`ohoa agmlohomdom tucosmyo `opot agafgredom pgmyuhubom
dgsgbotom `e`ogrob fe`om etu fgdgrlo yomc aghefotdom em`eve`u,
dghuorco, aosyorodot `gso tgmtomc pgmomccuhomcom aosohob
dgsgbotom efu `om omod sgrto pgmyuhubom DF. @esoapemc etu pgromom

69

fe`om sgfocoe pgm`e`ed `opot `ehodudom `gmcom aghoteb do`gr ^DD

tgraosud aghoteb poro aoboseswo fe`om sgrto agafeafemc `udum
 foye.
^grom `om iumcse fe`om sgfocoe pgm`e`ed yoetu sgjromc fe`om
`ohoa agmlohomdom tucosmyo `opot agafgredom pgmyuhubom
dgsgbotom `e`ogrob fe`om etu fgdgrlo yomc aghefotdom em`eve`u,
dghuorco, aosyorodot `gso tgmtomc pgmomccuhomcom aosohob
dgsgbotom efu `om omod sgrto pgmyuhubom DF. @esoapemc etu pgromom
fe`om sgfocoe pgm`e`ed `opot `ehodudom `gmcom aghoteb do`gr ^DD
tgraosud aghoteb poro aoboseswo fe`om sgrto agafeafemc `udum
foye.
7) Pgdmed
Pgdmed `om
`om ^rjs
^rjsg`u
g`urr Dgfe`o
Dgfe`omom
mom
9) Osubom
Osubom Dgfe`omom
Dgfe`omom `ohoa
`ohoa doetom dgsgbo
dgsgbotom
tom rgprj`udse
rgprj`udse (fgr`oso
(fgr`osordom
rdom
sedhus dgbe`upom aomuseo `om wometo
3) [osoro
[osorom
m dgsgbo
dgsgbotom
tom rgpr
rgprj`u
j`udse
dse
2) Pemcdot
Pemcdot `om lgmes pghoyomom
pghoyomom dgfe`omo
dgfe`omom
m
Hemcdup prodted dgfe`omom osubom dgfe`omom aghepute <
o) Osubom
Osubom prodjms
prodjmsgpse
gpse,, Omtgmohoh,
Omtgmohoh, Emtromo
Emtromotoh,
toh, Mgjmoto
Mgjmotoh,
h, Meios,
Meios,
dghuorco fgrgmkomo, Cemgdjhjc, ^rg-ajmjpousg, `om osubom
preagr. @ohoa pghodsomoommyo fgdgrlo `ohoa sestga pghoyomom
yomc agafgredom djmsuhtose, aomolgagm djhofjrose `om
ruludom sgsuoe `gmcom dgfutubom `om pghoyomom dgsgbotom
dhegm.
f) ^ghoyomom
^ghoyomom dgfe`o
dgfe`omom
mom agrupod
agrupodom
om omto
omtoro
ro deot `om
`om ehau `eaomo
`eaomo
yomc `eaodsu` `gmcom deot fe`om agafutubdom dgaoapuom
umtud agaoboae dgfutubom wometo etu, agm`jrjmc
sgaomcotmyo, `om agmuafubdom roso pgrkoyo `ere dhegm `ohoa
agmcbo`o
agmcbo`ope
pe dgboaehom
dgboaehom,, pgrsohemom
pgrsohemom aoupum
aoupum `ohoa
`ohoa pgrommyo
pgrommyo
sgfocoe efu, tucos fe`om o`ohob agafutubdom ehau `om
dgaoapuom umtud agmcoafeh dgputusom ledo agmcbo`ope dhegm
`om dosus-dosus tgrtgmtu yomc fgrseiot dgcowot `orurotom.

63

5) Hgce
Hgcesh
shos
osee Dgfe`
Dgfe`om
omom
om
^gromom hgceshose o`ohob agmloaem pgrhem`umcom po`o
 aosyorodot pgmccumo loso prjigse `om prjigse sgm`ere, hgceshose
somcot fgrpgrom `ohoa pgafgreom pghoyomom prjigssejmoh. @ohoa
agafgredom pghoyomom o`o boh-boh yomc `opot agmygfofdom
dgte`odpuosom
dgte`odpuosom posegm otou aosyorodot, `eomtoromyo<
o) ^ghoy
^ghoyomo
omom
m yomc
yomc te`od
te`od oaom
oaom
f) [edop
[edop pgtu
pgtuco
coss yomc
yomc duro
duromc
mc foed 
foed 
k) Duro
Duromc
mcmy
myoo djau
djaume
medo
dose
se
`) [o
[oho
hob
b prj
prjsg
sg`u
`urr
g) Duromc
Duromcmyo
myo soromo
soromo prosor
prosoromo
omo
i) Duromc
Duromcmyo
myo emij
emijrao
raose.
se. [ghoem
[ghoem boh-
boh-boh
boh yomc
yomc `op
`opot
ot agm
agmyg
ygfof
fofdom
dom
dgte`odpuosom posegm, o`opuho dretgreo ocor fe`om `edotodom
prjigssejmoh, yoetu<
³ Aom`ere
³ ^gmemcdoto
^gmemcdotom
m djapgtgmse
³ ^rodtgd fgr`osordom gve`gmkg fosg`
³ Agmccumod
Agmccumodom
om fgfgropo suafgr emijraose
?>) ^rodtgd
^rodtgd Dhemed Dgfe`omom
Dgfe`omom
Uomc aghepute Hobom
Hobom ^rodted ^g
^ghoyomom
hoyomom Dgfe`omom. Aghepute <
Vuaob [odet, pusdgsaos,
pusdgsaos, FDEO,
FDEO, F^[. ^rodted pghoyomom
pghoyomom dgfe`omom
dgfe`omom
`opot `ehodudom `efgrfocoe hjdose, sgsuoe `gmcom djm`ese hemcdumcom
sgdetor sgbemcco fe`om `opot agmlohomdom prodted po`o soromo
dgsgbotom `om/otou prodtgd pgrjromcom. Fe`om `opot fgrtucos `e
pjhedhemed omtgmotoh, mgjmotus/omod, cemgdjhjce, dghuorco fgrgmkomo,
doaor fgrsohem, doaor fg`ob jfscym, ruomc rowot jfscym `om
pgremotoh.
@ohoa djm`ese yomc kgpot fgrufob sgpgrte sgdoromc dgfe`omom pgrhu
agapgrbotedom mehoe-mehoe sgfocoe fgredut< dgfe`omom o`ohob suotu pghoyomom4
pghoyomom yomc fgrhom`osdom ehau pgmcgtobuom tomccop tgrbo`op pgrufobom
zoaom4 fgdgrlo `ohoa djmtgds tea fe`om o`ohob pgafgre osubom `e hemg tgr`gpom.
O`opum wulu` yomc
yomc bodede `ore jflgd ehau dgfe`omom
dgfe`omom o`ohob
o`ohob sgfocoe
sgfocoe fgredut

62

o. Someto.
Someto o`ohob aobhud fej-psedjsjseoh-duhturoh `om speretuoh yomc
 utub `om umed, agapumyoe dgfutubom `osor yomc fgraokoa-aokoa
sgsuoe `gmcom temcdot pgrdgafomcommyo. Someto/efu o`ohob pgmgrus
cgmgrose dghuorco `om fomcso sgbemcco dgfgro`oom wometo yomc sgbot
 losaome `om rjbome sgrto sjkeoh somcot `epgrhudom.Someto/Efu
`epgrhudom.Someto/Efu o`ohob
pgm`e`ed pgrtoao
pgrtoao `om utoao `ohoa
`ohoa dghuorco.
dghuorco. Duohetos aomuseo
aomuseo somcot
somcot
`etgmtudom jhgb dgfgro`oom `om djm`ese `ore wometo/efu `ohoa dghuorco.
f. Vgprj`udse
Vgprj`udse o`ohob suotu iumcse po`o aomuseo yomc somcot pgmtemc
umtud agapgrtobomdom
agapgrtobomdom `ere `ore dgpumobom.
dgpumobom. ^rjsgs rgprj`udse
rgprj`udse auhoe
`ore soot pgafuobom, aghohue aoso dgboaehom `om odbermyo agmkopoe
teted duhaemose fgrupo pgrsohemom, aodo hoberhob emsom yomc agmlo`e
cgmgrose pgmgrus.
k. Dghuorco
Dghuorco o`ohob suoae, estre `esgrtoe omod `ore suoae estre tgrsgfut
`om luco em`eve`u yomc agapumyoe bufumcom dgdghuorcoom yomc
temccoh `efowob sotu otop.Dghuorco-dghuorco yomc fgro`o `e suotu
wehoyob otou `ogrob agafgmtud aosyorodot.Duapuhom
aosyorodot.Duapuhom `ore aosyorodot
Em`jmgseo tgrbeapum `e`ohoa sotu dgsotuom fomcso
Em`jmgseo.Aosyorodot tgrfgmtud dorgmo o`omyo emtgrodse omtor aomuseo
`om fu`oyo `ohoa hemcdumcom yomc fgrseiot `emoaes agapumyoe tuluom
`om mehoe-mehoe yomc tgrjrcomesose.
tgrjrcomesose.
`. ^grsohem
hemom
^grsohemom o`ohob suotu prjsgs yomc ohoae, pgrestewo mjraoh,
moaum
moaum opofeho
opofeho te`od `edghjho
`edghjho `gmcom
`gmcom tgpot `opot
`opot fgrufob
fgrufob agmlo`e
agmlo`e
ofmjraoh. sgteop em`eve`u fgrbod umtud `ehoberdom sgkoro sgbot, umed etu
aodo sgteop wometo useo sufur, efu boaeh, aghoberdom `om foyemyo
fgrbod agm`opotdom pghoyomom yomc fgruohetos.
[gfocoe Fomcso Em`jmgseo
Em`jmgseo yomc
yomc agapumyoe
agapumyoe pom`omcom
pom`omcom be`up ^omkoseho,
sgjromc fe`om agmcomut iehjsjie yomc agapumyoe dgyodemom `e`ohoa `eremyo
fobwo sgauo aomuseo o`ohob aobhud fejpsedjsjseohduhturoh `om speretuoh yomc

65

umed agrupodom sotu dgsotuom losaome `om rjbome yomc utub `om te`od o`o
em`eve`u yomc soao.Aomuseo tgr`ere `ore preo `om wometo yomc dgau`eom dg`uo
 em`eve`u yomc soao.Aomuseo tgr`ere `ore preo `om wometo yomc dgau`eom dg`uo
 lgmes em`eve`u etu fgrposomcom
fgrposomcom agmedob agafgmtud dghuorco `om agapumyoe
omod.
Fe`om fgrdgyodemom fobwo sgteop em`eve`u fgrbod agapgrjhgb pghoyomom
dgsgbotom yomc
yomc oaom `om
`om agauosdom
agauosdom sgsuoe `gmcom
`gmcom dgfutubom
dgfutubom agmuseo `om
pgrfg`oom fu`oyo.[gteop em`eve`u fgrbod umtud agmgmtudom mosef
sgm`ere,agm`opot emijraose yomc kudup `om umtud fgrpgrom `esgcoho ospgd 
pgagheboroom dgsgbotommyo.
Wmtud `opot tgrkopoemyo dgoaomom `om dgsglobtgroom foce efu `gmcom
 lomemmyo `opot `edgafomcdom premsep `ore dgfe`omom `ohoa pgafgreom
osubommyo. ^ghoyomom fe`om `e Em`jmgseo fgr`osordom djmsgp yomc agmlghosdom
prjsgs osubom dgfe`omom sgfocoe fgredut <
o. Pem`odom
Pem`odom dgfe`om
dgfe`omom
om yomc
yomc tgpot
tgpot `om oaom,yo
oaom,yoetu
etu sga
sgauo
uo tem`odom
tem`odom yomc
yomc
`efgredom jhgb
jhgb fe`om umtud efu/wometo, foye `om dghuorco
dghuorco tgrb
tgrbo`op
o`op boh-
boh yomc `opot agrucedom dgsgbotommyo.
f. Agafgre
Agafgre dgpuosom
dgpuosom dhegm
dhegm o`ohob
o`ohob tem`odom
tem`odom yomc
yomc `ehodudo
`ehodudom
m sgsu
sgsuoe
oe `gmcom
`gmcom
dgo`oom pgraosohobommyo
pgraosohobommyo `om boseh yomc `ekopoe `ore tem`odom tgrsgfut
k. Agmcborco
Agmcborcoee `grolot
`grolot aomuseo
aomuseo `om
`om bodmyo
bodmyo umtud
umtud `opot
`opot agmco
agmcoafeh
afeh
dgputusom sgm`ere, yoetu< tem`odom yomc `ehodudom agmmludom sedop
fobwo fe`om `eborcoe efu/wometo sgfocoe em`eve`u yomc aom`ere `om
agm`udumc bod `om tomccumc lowof umtud edut agmgmtudom otou
agmcoafeh dgputusom yomc fgrdoetom `gmcom dgsgbotom `eremyo `om
osubom yomc `efgredom.
`. Agmcborco
Agmcborcoee pgrfg`oom
pgrfg`oom sjkeoh
sjkeoh fu`oyo
fu`oyo sgsgjromc
sgsgjromc yoetu
yoetu tem`odom
tem`odom `om sedop
sedop
yomc agmumludom pgmcgrteom fobwo em`eve`u `om dgo`oom dgsgbotom
`opot `epgmcorube jhgb o`ot dgfeosoom `om pgrehodu dghuorco otou
hemcdumcom.
g. Djmtod
Djmtod dghuorco
dghuorco o`ohob
o`ohob tem`odom/
tem`odom/osub
osubom
om yomc
yomc `efgredo
`efgredom
m `gmcom
`gmcom
agmcedutsgrtodom dghuorco sgfocoe djapjmgm pgmtemc `ohoa aoso
dgboaehom, pgrsohemom `om meios sgrto agmemcdotdom sgkoro jpteaoh
dgsgbotom dghuorco sgsuoe dgemcemom efu aoupum dghuorco.

;>

i. ^gmemcdo
^gmemcdotom
tom dgsgb
dgsgbotom
otom o`ohob
o`ohob tem`o
tem`odom
dom yomc
yomc agm
agm`udu
`udumc
mc prehodu
prehodu yomc
yomc
 `opot agmemcdotdom dgsgbotom efu/wometo sgpomlomc sedhus
dgbe`upommyo, tgrutoao fgrdoetom `gmcom prjsgs dgboaehom, pgrsohemom
`om meios yomc mjraoh
c. Agmceduts
Agmcedutsgrtod
grtodom
om aosyorod
aosyorodot
ot `ohoa
`ohoa boh eme dghjapjd
dghjapjd efu-efu.
efu-efu.@gmc
@gmcom
om
agmcgrodom pgromsgrto aosyorodot o`ohob upoyo agmyo`ordom
aosyorodot, ocor aosyorodot `opot agmcgrte `ohoa agagkobdom
aosohob dgsgbotommyo sgm`ere tgrutoao yomc fgrbufumcom `gmcom
dgboaehom, pgrsohemom `om meios `ohoa agmkopoe dgsgbotom rgprj`udse
agmulu tgrkopoemyo MDDF@[.

K. Odsejh
Odsejhjce
jce `ohoa
`ohoa Dgfe`
Dgfe`omo
omom
m
?. Odsej
Odsejhj
hjce
ce [gko
[gkoro
ro Waua
Waua
Fgrosoh `ore
`ore foboso Uumome yoetu oxejs
oxejs yomc fgrorte
fgrorte mehoe, `om hjcjs
yomc fgrorte
fgrorte ehau otou tgjre. Odsejhjce o`ohob tgjre tgmtomc mehoe.
mehoe. Agmurut
[ureosuaomtre odsejhjce o`ohob tgjre mehoe yomc fgrdoetom `gmcom dgcumoom
`ore pgmcgtobuom
pgmcgtobuom yomc `e pgrjhgb.
pgrjhgb. Agmurut Froagh odsejhjce
odsejhjce tgrfoce `ohoa
teco foceom <
o. Ajroh kjm`ukt,
kjm`ukt, yoetu
yoetu tem`od
tem`odom
om ajroh
ajroh yomc
yomc aghoberd
aghoberdom
om gtedo
gtedo
f. Gstbgtek
Gstbgtek gxprgs
gxprgssejm,
sejm, yoetu
yoetu gd
gdsprg
sprgse
se dgem`
dgem`obom
obom
k. [jsej-pjhet
[jsej-pjhetekoh
ekoh heig,
heig, yoetu
yoetu dgbe`upo
dgbe`upom
m sjseoh
sjseoh pjheted,
pjheted, yomc
yomc odom
odom
aghoberdom iehsoiot sjsej-pjheted.
Odsejhjce tgr`ere otos `uo boh utoao, yoetu gtedo `om gstgtedo.
o. Gtedo sgfocoe ‘tbg stu`y ji tbg moturg ji ajrohety om`
 lu`cgagmt‑, doleom tgmtomc bodedot ajroh `om dgputusom
dgputusom (dgceotom
agmehoe).
f. Gstgtedo
Gstgtedo agafom
agafomtu
tu agmcoro
agmcorobdom
bdom `ohoa
`ohoa agafgmtu
agafgmtud
d suotu
suotu
pgrsgpse yomc foed `ore suotu pgmcgtobuom ehaeob ocor `opot
`gmcom au`ob `epoboae jhgb dbohoyod huos.
6. Odsej
Odsejhj
hjce
ce Dgfe
Dgfe`o
`omo
mom
m
Odsejhjces dgehauom agmyomcdut mehoe-mehoe yomc fgrdoetom `gmcom
pgmcgtobuom ehaeob foed sgkoro emtgrmoh, gdstgrmoh aoupum sjseoh. Mehoe

;?

emtgrmoh fgrdoetom `gmcom wulu` `ore dgceotom ehaeob `ohoa agapgrjhgb

 pgmcgtobuom
pgmcgtobuom tompo
t ompo agmcgsoapemcdom ietrob aomuseo.
Mehoe gdstgrmo
gdstgrmohh agmyomc
agmyomcdut
dut mehoe-mehoe
mehoe-mehoe yomc
yomc fgrdoeto
fgrdoetom
m `gmcom
`gmcom
pgmccumoom pgmcgtobum ehaeob. Mehoe sjseoh agmyomcdut pom`omcom
aosyorodot yomc agmehoe dgfgro`oom suotu pgmcgtobuom `om prjigse
tgrtgmtu. ^gmgropom pgmcgtobuom somcot tgrcomtumc dgpo`o aomuseo yomc
agroaohdo
agroaohdommyo
mmyo.. Jhgb dorgmo
dorgmo etu,
etu, dj`g gted
gted prjigse
prjigse agrupodo
agrupodom
m suotu
pgrsyorotom authod foce dgfgro`oom suotu prjigse. Dj`g gted prjigse eme po`o
bodedotmyo fgrsuafgr `ore mehoe emtgrmoh `om gdtgrmoh `ore `esephem dgehauom.
Fomcso Em`jmgseo fgrfoboceo dorgmo dgfe`omom sgfocoe suotu prjigse `e
fe`omc dgsgbotom tghob agaehede dj`g gted yomc authod `eophedosedom dg
`ohoa prodted dhemed dgfe`omom
dgfe`omom..
hau Dgfe`omom agrupodom kofomc ehau dg`jdtgrom yomc
fgrbufumcom `gmcom pgrsohemom, boh-boh yomc agm`obuhuemyo `om cgloho-
cgloho sesomyo.
sesomyo. Ehau Dgfe`omom
Dgfe`omom tgrutoao agafobos tgmtomc igmjagmo `om
pgmotohodsomoom dgboaehom, pgrsohemom pugrpgreua foed po`o dgo`oom
mjraoh aoupum ofmjraoh.
Puluom Ehau Dgfe`omom yoetu ocor sgteop dgboaehom yomc `eboropdom
`om fgrpumkod po`o efu `om foye yomc sgbot. Luco fgrusobo dgros
agmcgkehd
agmcgkehdom
om luahob
luahob dgaoteom
dgaoteom wometo
wometo `om foye
foye sgfocoe
sgfocoe odefot prjsgs
prjsgs
rgprj`udse otou luahob dgkokotom iesed, emtghgdtuoh `om gajsejmoh yomc
`eodefotdommyo.
^o`o `osormyo ehau borus `ecumodom `om `eaomiootdom umtud 
dgumtumcom/fgriog`ob
dgumtumcom/fgriog`ob foce aomuseo. @ohoa boh eme ehau `opot `eaomiootdom
sgfocoe soromo otou ohot `ohoa agmemcdotdom toroi be`up aomuseo `gmcom
agapgrbotedom dj`rot aomuseo, aortofot aomuseo `om
dghgstoreom/dgsgeafomcom ohoa. Wmtud dgpgmtemcom aomuseo tgrsgfut aodo
pgmcgtob
pgmcgtobuom
uom ehaeob
ehaeob yomc `epgrjh
`epgrjhgb
gb `om `esusum
`esusum `epgrcum
`epgrcumodom
odom sg
sgkoro
koro
djaumoh `om umevgrsoh. Djaumoh fgrorte fobwo ehau agrupodom aehed 
fgrsoao, `eaomo sgteop jromc fgrbod agaomiootdom ehau agmurut
dgfutubommyo. Wmevgrsoh fgrorte ehau te`od agapumyoe djmjtose porjdeoh
sgpgrte ros, e`gjhjce otou ocoao.

;6

;. Dj`g
Dj`g Gt
Gted
ed `om
`om Dj`g
Dj`g Gt
Gted
ed Dgf
Dgfe`
e`om
omom
om
 o. Dj`g
Dj`g Gted
Gted
Dj`g gted suotu prjigse o`ohob fgrupo mjrao-mjrao yomc borus
`eem`obdom jhgb sgteop omccjto prjigse yomc fgrsomcdutom `e `ohoa
aghodsomodom
aghodsomodom tucos prjigsemyo
prjigsemyo `om `ohoa be`upmyo
be`upmyo `e aosyorodot. Mjrao-
mjrao tgrsgfut fgrese pgtumlud-pgtumlud foce omccjto prjigse tgmtomc
focoeaomo agrgdo borus agmlohomdom prjigsemyo `om horomcom-horomcom
yoetu dgtgmtuom-dgtgmtuom tgmtomc opo yomc fjhgb `om te`od fjhgb `epgrfuot
otou `ehodsomodom jhgb omccjto prjigse, te`od solo `ohoa agmlohomdom tucos
prjigsemyo, aghoemdom luco agmyomcdut temcdob hodu po`o uauamyo `ohoa
pgrcouhom sgbore-bore `e `ohoa aosyorodot.
Dj`g gted prjigse agrupodom suotu pgrmyotoom djaprgbgmsei yomc
agafgredom tumtutom foce omccjtomyo umtud aghodsomodom prodtgd `ohoa
fe`omc prjigsemyo foed yomc fgrbufumcom `gmcom dhegm/posegm, dghuorco,
aosyorodot, tgaom sglowot, prjigse `om `eremyo sgm`ere. Moaum `edotodom
fobwo dj`g gted po`o zoaom `eaomo mehoe-mehoe pgro`ofom sgaodem
djaphgd, dj`g gted te`od `opot hoce `epodoe sgfocoe pgcomcom sotu-sotumyo
`ohoa agmyghgsoedom aosohob gted. Wmtud etu `efutubdom luco suotu
pgmcgtobuom yomc fgrbufumcom `gmcom budua. Fgmor otou sohob po`o
pgmgropom dj`g gted, dgtgmtuom/mehoe ajroh yomc fgrhodu tgrpuhomc dgpo`o
prjigse.
Puluom Dj`g Gted o`ohob <
?) Wmtud agmlumlumc
agmlumlumc temce aorto
aortofot
fot `om
`om ketro
ketro prjigse
prjigse
6) Wmtud agmlo
agmloco
co `om
`om agagheboro
agagheboro dgsglo
dgsglobtgro
btgroom
om poro omccj
omccjto
to
;) Wmtud agmemcdo
agmemcdotdom
tdom pgmco
pgmcof`eom
f`eom poro
poro omcjto
omcjto prjigse
prjigse
0) Wmtud
Wmtud agmem
agmemcd
cdotd
otdom
om autu
autu prjigs
prjigsee
^remsep Dj`g Gted 
?) Agmc
Agmcbo
borc
rcoe
oe jtjm
jtjmja
jaee
6) Aghodu
Aghodudom
dom tem`
tem`od
odom
om yomc
yomc fgmor
fgmor
;) Agmkgcob
Agmkgcob tem`odom
tem`odom yomc
yomc `opot
`opot agrucedom
agrucedom
0) Agafgrhod
Agafgrhodudom
udom aomuseo
aomuseo sgkoro
sgkoro o`eh
7) Agmlgh
Agmlghosd
osdom
om `gmco
`gmcom
m fgmo
fgmorr

;;

9) Agmgpote
Agmgpote lomle yomc tghob `esgpodo
`esgpodote
te
 3) Agml
Agmloc
ocoo dgrob
dgrobos
oseo
eoom
om
Dj`g gted bomyo `opot `etgtopdom jhgb jrcomesose umtud poro
omccjtomyo.. ^gmgtopom dj`g gted EFE borus `ehodudom
omccjtomyo `ehodudom `ohoa djmccrgs EFE.
Dj`g gted suotu jrcomesose odom agapumyoe pgmcorub yomc duot `ohoa
agmgcoddom `esephem ehau `e dohomcom prjigse, ledo sgauo jromc yomc
agmlohomdom prjigse yomc soao tgrcofumc `ohoa suotu jrcomesose prjigse.
Opofeho
Opofeho sgteop
sgteop jromc yomc
yomc agmlohom
agmlohomdom
dom su
suotu
otu prjigse
prjigse sgkoro
sgkoro jtjaotes
jtjaotes
tgrcofumc `ohoa suotu jrcomesose otou edotom prjigse aodo foruhob o`o
 loaemom fobwo prjigse tgrsgfut `opot `elohomdom sgkoro aurme `om foed,
dorgmo sgteop omccjto prjigse yomc aghodudom pghomccorom tgrbo`op dj`g
gted `opot `edgmodom somcse.
f. Dj`g
Dj`g Gt
Gted
ed Dgfe
Dgfe`o
`omo
mom
m
Dj`g gted fe`om Em`jmgseo pgrtoao dohe `esusum po`o tobum ?529
`om `esobdom `ohoa Djmccrgs Mosejmoh Edotom Fe`om Em`jmgseo R tobum
?522,, sg`om
?522 sg`omc
c pgtumlu
pgtumlud
d pghods
pghodsomoo
omoommyo
mmyo `eso
`esobdom
bdom `oho
`ohoa
a Vodgrmos
Vodgrmos EFE
tobum ?55?, dgau`eom `esgapurmodom `om `esobdom po`o Djmccrgs
Mosejmoh EFE dg REE tobum ?552. [gfocoe pg`jaom `ohoa fgrpgrehodu,
Dj`g Gted Fe`om Em`jmgseo agmcom`umc fgfgropo dgduotom yomc
sgauomyo tgrtuomc `ohoa audo`eaob `om tuluom fof.
f of.
[gkoro uaua
uaua Dj`g Gted tgrsgfut
tgrsgfut fgrese 3 fof.
fof. Dgtulub fof `opot
`opot
`efg`odom otos tulub foceom yoetu <
?) Dgwolefom
Dgwolefom fe`om
fe`om tgrbo`o
tgrbo`op
p dhegm
dhegm `om aosy
aosyorodo
orodott (9 futer)
6) Dgwol
Dgwolefo
efom
m fe`om
fe`om tgrbo
tgrbo`op
`op tuc
tucos
osmyo
myo ((;
; futer
futer))
;) Dgwolefom
Dgwolefom fe`om
fe`om tgrbo`op
tgrbo`op tgao
tgaom
m sglowo
sglowott `om tgmoco
tgmoco dgsgbo
dgsgbotom
tom
hoemmyo (6 futer)
0) Dgwol
Dgwolefo
efom
m fe`om
fe`om tgrbo
tgrbo`op
`op prji
prjigse
gsemyo
myo (;
(; futer)
futer)
7) Dgwol
Dgwolefo
efom
m fe`om
fe`om tgrbo
tgrbo`op
`op `ere
`ere sgm
sgm`er
`eree (6 futer)
futer)
9) Dgwolefom
Dgwolefom fe`om
fe`om tgrbo`o
tgrbo`op
p pgagrem
pgagremtob,
tob, fomcso
fomcso `o
`om
m tomob
tomob oer
oer (6
futer)
3) ^gm
^gmutu
utup (?f
(?futer
uter))

;0

0. Ophedose
Ophedose Odsejhjce
Odsejhjce `ohoa Dgfe`omom
Dgfe`omom
 ?. Mehoe gdstg
gdstgrmoh
rmoh yomc
yomc fgrdoeto
fgrdoetom
m `gmcom
`gmcom pgmcgto
pgmcgtobuom
buom ehaeob
ehaeob
@ehebott `ore doetom ehau dgfe`om
@ehebo dgfe`omom
om `gmc
`gmcom
om dgaol
dgaoluom
uom tgdmjhjc
tgdmjhjce.
e.
Orgo spgseied dgaoluom tgdmjhjce yomc agapgmcorube pghoyomom
dgfe`omom sgfocoe fgredut <
o. Igrtehet
hetos
@obuhu, djmsgpse tgrlo`e fgcetu solo tompo `eotur `om
`epgrderodom, moaum sgdoromc `opot`eotur `om `ergmkomodom `gmcom
foed. ^rjsg`ur em vetrj vgrtehezotejm, emsgaemose fuotom, efu pgmccomte
sgrto khjmemc aomuseo tghob `ehodudom, agsdepum sgloub eme aoseb
aumkuh `ehgao gted `om ajroh po`o aosyorodot deto.
f. Djms
Djmsgh
ghem
emc
c cg
cgmg
mgted
tedoo
Djmsghemc cgmgtedo tghob `eomlurdom dgpo`o kohjm posomcom
umtud agmkgcob dghoemom cgmgtedo (dgkokotom) po`o dgturumommyo.
dgturumommyo.
k. Pgs
Pgs `
`eo
eoc
cmjst
mjsted 
ed 
Pgst `eocmjsted `ohoa dgfe`omom fgrdgafomc somcot pgsot,
agaumcdemdom deto agmgmtudom stotus lomem `ohoa utgrus sgpgrte
oamejkgmtgses,
oamejkgmtgses, W[C `om ajmetjr lomem ghgdtred.
`. Mehoe sjseoh
sjseoh yomc
yomc agmyom
agmyomcdu
cdutt pom`o
pom`omcom
mcom aosyor
aosyorodot
odot yomc
yomc
agmehoe dgfgro`oom suotu pgmcgtobuom otou prjigse dgfe`omom.
Fu`oyo o`ohob sestga djaphgds yomc aghefotdom pgmcgtobuom,
dgpgrkoyoom, ajroh, budua, mehoe, dgfeosoom, pgrom, sedop, `om pgrehodu.
Fu`oyo `eturumdom `ore cgmgrose dg cgmgrose foed sgkoro ijraoh `om
emijraoh. Aosohob dgaoteom aoupum dgsodetom po`o efu `om omod 
sgsumccubmyo te`od tgrhgpos `ore iodtjr-iodtjr sjseoh fu`oyo `om
hemcdumcom `e `ohoa aosyorodot `eaomo agrgdo fgro`o. @eso`ore otou
te`od, iodtjr-iodtjr dgpgrkoyoom `om pgmcgtobuom fu`oyo sgpgrte pgrsgpse
agmcgmoe fgrfocoe
fgrfocoe pomtomcom,
pomtomcom, bufumcom
bufumcom sgfof- odefot omtoro aodomom
`om djm`ese sgbot-sodet, dgfeosoom `om dgte`odtobuom, sgremcdohe
agafowo `oapod foed pjsetei aoupum mgcotei tgrbo`op dgsgbotom efu
`om omod. ^jho aodom, aesohmyo, po`o `osormyo o`ohob agrupodom sohob
sotu sghgro aomuseo `eaomo pgrom dgfu`oyoom kudup fgsor.

;7

Boh eme tgrhebot fobwo sgteop `ogrob agapumyoe pjho aodom

 tgrtgmtu, tgraosud pjho aodom efu boaeh `om omod yomc `esgrtoe `gmcom
dgpgrkoyoom odom pomtomcom, tofu, `om omlurom tgrbo`op fgfgropo
aodomom tgrtgmtu.
o. Aesohmyo
Aesohmyo solo
solo aoseb
aoseb o`o yomc
yomc agmcomc
agmcomccop
cop f
fobwo
obwo kjhjst
kjhjstrua
rua `opot
`opot
agmygfofdom
agmygfofdom `eorg, aumtob `om aosud
aosud omcem po`o foye.
foye. [gagmtoro,
kjhjstrua somcot fgrpgrom `ohoa agmoafob `oyo dgdgfohom tufub
foye.
f. ^graosoho
^graosohobom
bom hoem
hoem yomc kudup
kudup fgsor
fgsor pgmcorubmy
pgmcorubmyoo po`o dgb
dgboaeho
oaehom
m
o`ohob aosohob ceze. Boh eme `esgfofdom dorgmo o`omyo dgpgrkoyoom-
dgpgrkoyoom
dgpgrkoyoom `om pomtomcom-
pomtomcom- pomtomcom tgrb
tgrbo`op
o`op fgfgropo aodomom.
[gagmtoro, dgceotom agrgdo sgbore-bore te`od fgrduromc `etoafob
hoce `gmcom pomtomcom-pomtomcom tgrbo`op fgfgropo aodomom yomc
sgfgmoayo somcot `efutubdom jhgb wometo boaeh tgmtumyo odom
fgr`oapod mgcotei tgrbo`op dgsgbotom efu `om lomem. Pe`od bgrom
dohou omgaeo `om duromc ceze po`o wometo boaeh kudup temcce
tgrutoao `e `ogrob pg`gsoom. @edotodom puho fobwo pgmygfof utoao
`ore temccemyo omcdo omgaeo po`o wometo boaeh `esgfofdom dorgmo
duromcmyo zot ceze yomc `efutubdom umtud pgafgmtudom `orob. @e
Lowo Pgmcob, o`o dgpgrkoyoom fobwo efu boaeh pomtomc aodom tghur
dorgmo odom agapgrsuhet pgrsohemom `om pomtomc aodom `ocemc
dorgmo odom
odom agmygfofdom
agmygfofdom pgr`orobom
pgr`orobom yomc
yomc fomyod. [gagmtoro `e
sohob sotu `ogrob `e Lowo Forot, efu yomc dgboaehommyo agaosude
2-5 fuhom sgmcolo borus agmcuromce aodommyo ocor foye yomc
`edom`umcmyo dgkeh `om au`ob `ehoberdom. @e aosyorodot Fgtowe
fgrhodu
fgrhodu pomtomc
pomtomcom
om aodom
aodom edom
edom osem,
osem, ed
edom
om hout,
hout, u`omc
u`omc `om dgpetemc
dgpetemc
dorgmo `opot agmygfofdom O[E agmlo`e osem.

;9

FOF EEE
 ^GMWPW^
O. Dgseapuhom
Dgseapuhom
Iehsoiot agrupodom sgfuob stu`e yomc agafobos sgcoho igmjagmo yomc
o`o `ohoa dgbe`upom
dgbe`upom `om pgaederom
pgaederom aomuseo
aomuseo sgkoro dretes
dretes `om sdgptes `gmcom
`gmcom
agm`ohoae sgfof-sgfof tgr`ohoa, hohu `elofordom sgkoro tgjretes `om agm`osor.
Iehsoiot
Iehsoiot ehau sgfocoe
sgfocoe sohob
sohob sotu kofomc iehsoiot
iehsoiot agrupodom
agrupodom koro fgrieder
fgrieder ro`edoh
ro`edoh
aomuseo `ohoa agmcgafomcdom `umeo dgehauom yomc fgraomioot foce aomuseo.
Dgfe`omom o`ohob foceom `ore iehsoiot ehau. Dgfe`omom agaehede sglorob
yomc fgrfg`o `e aosemc  ‛  aosemc mgcoro
mgcoro tgraosud
tgraosud em`jmgseo. [estga
[estga dgfe`omom
dgfe`omom
`e Em`jmgseo aerep `gmcom sestga dgfe`omom `e Fghom`o dorgmo Fghom`o hob
yomc agmlo`e owoh `ore fgrdgafomcmyo dgfe`omom `e em`jmgseo.
[gkoro
[gkoro jmtjhj
jmtjhjces
ces ehau
ehau dgfe`omo
dgfe`omo fgr`oso
fgr`osordom
rdom ieder
iederom
om `osor
`osor jflgd
jflgd ijraoh
ijraoh `om
jflgd
jflgd aotgreo
aotgreooh
oh `ohoa
`ohoa agmce
agmcese
se dgromc
dgromcdo
do djmsgp
djmsgptuo
tuohh ehau
ehau dgfe`o
dgfe`omom.
mom. Ehau
Ehau
dgfe`omom eme `opot agmgreao `om agmgropdom umsur pgmcgtobuom `ore fgrfocoe
`esephem ehau yomc hoem sgsuoe `gmcom dgfutubom ehau dgfe`omom etu sgm`ere,
aodo `esusumhob tufub pgmcgtobuom dgfe`omom (Fj`y ji ae`weigry dmjwhg`cg)
yomc `edghjapjdom
`edghjapjdom agmlo`e gapot yoetu
yoetu Ehau @osor,
@osor, Ehau
Ehau sjse
sjseoh,
oh, Ehau tgropom
`om Eh
Ehau
au Dgfe`omo
Dgfe`omom.
m.
[gkoro odsejhjce dgfe`omom agaehede
agaehede Mehoe gdstgrmoh yomc fgrdoetom
fgrdoetom
`gmcom pgmcgtobuom
pgmcgtobuom ehaeob
ehaeob `om mehoe
mehoe sjseoh
sjseoh yomc
yomc agmyomcdut
agmyomcdut pom`omcom
aosyorodot
aosyorodot yomc agmehoe
agmehoe dgfgro`oom
dgfgro`oom suotu pgmcgtobuom
pgmcgtobuom otou prjigse
prjigse dgfe`omom
dgfe`omom

F. [orom
[orom
Aodohob eme agafobos tgmtomc sglorob, jmtjhjces `om odsejhjces `ohoa
ehau dgfe`omom. @eboropdom, aodohob eme feso agmlo`e okuom otou suafgr
emijraose umtud dg`gpommyo.

;3

@OIPOV ^W[PODO
Dgagmdgs. 6>>3. Fe`om Agmyjmcsjmc Aoso @gpom. Lodorto.
Ajmtgerj, Ljsgi A. 6>?7. ^gm`e`edom Dgworcomgcoroom ^grluomcom Agafgmtud Dorodtgr 
 Fomcso. Lodorto< @ggpufhesb
Meto [behieo, Mehub, [uaeoty. 6>?;. Djmsgp Dgfe`omom. Em ag`eo < Lodorto
Murrjfedbo, Osaowote. 6>?7. Fudu Olor Djmsgp Dgfe`omom . Lodorto< @ggpufhesb
EFE. 6>>6. [tom`or ^rjigse Dgfe`omom. Lodorto< @gportgagm Dgsgbotom Vgpufhed Em`jmgseeo
Austedo, [jiyom, `dd. 6>>?. 7> Pobum
Pobum EFE Fe`om
Fe`om Agmy
Agmyjmcs
jmcsjmc
jmc Aoso @gpom. Lodorto< ^^
Aoso @gpom
EFE
^rjostute `om Ghezofgtb. 6>?0. Djmsgp Dgfe`omom. Ujcyodorto < ^ustodo Foru ^rgss.
Ereomte, F. 6>?5. Djmsgp Dgfe`omom. Ujcyodorto < ^ustodo Foru ^rgss
Uomte, Gire`o, `dd. 6>?7. Djmsgp Dgfe`omom.Ujcy
Ujcyodor
odorto
to < Fu`e Wtoao
Wtoao