I`par`d ^r`ftofue Cosof` ]gr`p`d i

FAE^ADGD SGF]AX

 
Mosusud aigb ;
Fgiaepaf 0

M: ]gfdof Egsod H

Zgegstgr 0

C@FWI]@Z ]GFDOF KWXWZ@D ]GFDOF EGZOD

WDOSGXZO]@Z ZODL@^GXH@DLZ@ F@X@\@DL
8>0?
Mosusud aigb ; Fgiaepaf 0

0. Eub`e`m
Eub`e`m Dur Xozfy
Xozfy (0?0>3:
(0?0>3:>08
>08>>:
>>:?)
?)
 

8. Eub`e`m
Eub`e`m @iboc`r
@iboc`roo (0?
(0?0>3:
0>3:>08>
>08>>:2)
>:2)
:. Eub`ee`m
Eub`ee`m C`uzo
C`uzo (0?0>3:
(0?0>3:>08
>08>>=8
>>=8))
=. Xomw`d
Xomw`d H`lus
H`lus Zuhrata
Zuhrata (0?0>3:
(0?0>3:>08>
>08>>=?
>=?))
7. Zy`bru
Zy`bruii @zfo`
@zfo` Eub`rae
Eub`rae (0?0>3:>
(0?0>3:>08>>
08>>73)
73)

Masgd ^gdl`epu ; ]gmo Bgry`dta, Z.^m., EE.

 @sostgd ^r`ftofue ; Eub`e`m @iboc`ro
  Eub`ee`m C`uzo

^grjah``d moi`fuf`d ; 0? Davgehgr 8>0?

  F`r`w`dl, 0? Davgehgr 8>0?

 @sostgd ^r`ftofue ^r`ftof`d

^r`ftof`d

  (E.@iboc`ro) (Xomw`d H`lus Zuhrata)

Egdlgt`buo,

Masgd ^gdl`epu

(]gmo Bgry`dta, Z.^m., EE.)

 

M@C]@X OZO

M@C]@X
OZO............................
OZO.............................................
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H@H O
^GDM@BWIW@D.....................
^GDM@BWIW@D....................................
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..............
 @. I`t`r Hgi`f`dl................
Hgi`f`dl.................................
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H. Xueus`d E`s`i`b...............
E`s`i`b...............................
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..........
J. ]uku`d...........................................................................................
H@H OO ]ODK@W@D ]GAXO M@D J@X@ FGXK@..................
FGXK@.................................
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.....
 @. F`ko`d ]garo..............
]garo...............................
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......

H. J`r` Fgrk`................
Fgrk`................................
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.....
H@H OOO M@]@ ^X@F]OFWE.......
^X@F]OFWE.......................
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 @. M`t` ^gdl`e`t`d...............
^gdl`e`t`d...............................
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H. @d`iosos m`d ^grbotudl`d....................
^grbotudl`d...................................
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J. ^geh`b`s`d........................................................................................
H@H OS FGZOE^WI@D M@D Z@X@D.........................
Z@X@D..........................................
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....
 @. Fgsoepui`d...............
Fgsoepui`d...............................
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H. Z`r`d..................................................................................................
M@C]@X
^WZ]@F@...........................
^WZ]@F@........ .................................
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..
I`epor`d

H@H O
^GDM@BWIW@D
 

@. I`t`r Hgi`f`dl
Cosof` `m`i`b oieu y`dl egepgi`k`ro
egepgi`k`ro `i`e mgdl`d sgl`i` osody` tgre`suf lgk`i`-lgk`i`
lgk`i`-lgk`i`
`i`e y`dl `m` pgdygh`h tgrk`mody`, `foh`t e`upud pge`ody`. ^gdgeu`d-pgdgeu`d
m`i`e cosof` egdk`mo m`s`r h`lo odmustro m`d tgfdoaialo
tgfdoaialo eamgrd, eos`idy` m`i`e hom`dl
faeputgr,, tr`dspare`so,
faeputgr tr`dspare`so, faeudof`so,
faeudof`so, gigftradof,
gigftradof, fgsgb`t`d
fgsgb`t`d m`d sgh`l`ody`.
sgh`l`ody`. Hom`dl
egf`dof`
egf` dof`,, tr`scoso
tr`scosof`,
f`, fggigft
fggigftrof`
rof`d,
d, fge`fdg
fge`fdgt`d,
t`d, aptof,
aptof, m`d i`od-i`o
i`od-i`od
d egrup`f
egrup`f`d
`d oieu
j`h`dl
j`h` dl cosof`.
cosof`. M`i`e
M`i`e pgdl`ko
pgdl`ko`d
`d m`d pgdl`k`
pgdl`k`r`dy
r`dy`,
`, sgrodl
sgrodl f`io
f`io moi`fuf
moi`fuf`d
`d pgeos`b`
pgeos`b`d d
hom`dl `l`r ighob eum`b mo egdlgrto m`d strufturdy` ighob eum`b mopgi`k`ro, `f`d tgt`po
sgeu` hom`dl otu egdl`ju p`m` fadsgp m`s`r y`dl s`e` y`otu fadssgp oieu cosof`.

^gdy`ko`d `t`u `t`u pgdl`k`r`d ho`s`dy` moeui`o mgdl`d egf`dof`, y`otu oieu tgdt`dl
^gdy`ko`d
lgr`
lg r`f
f m`d mod`
mod`eo
eof`
f` hgdm
hgdm`.
`. @m` tol` tol` fads
fadsgp
gp mopgi
opgi`k
`k`r
`ro,
o, y`ot
y`otu
u fads
fadsgp
gp l`y`
l`y`
sgh`
sgh`lo`
lo`d
d pgdluh
pgdluh`b
`b lgr`f
lgr`f (fgjg
(fgjgp`
p`t`d
t`d m`dm`d ^grj
^grjgp`
gp`t`
t`d),
d), fadsg
fadsgpp usus`b`
`b` sgh`
sgh`l`o
l`o
pgdluh`b gdgrlo m`d fadsgp oepuis sgh`l`o pgdluh`b eaegdtue. Zgi`od mgdl`d
fadsgp us`b`, gdgrlo m`pt mo podm`bf`d m`i`e hgdtuf f`iar y`dl mo pgi`k`ro m`i``e
tgreacosof`. Gdgrlo m`d eaegdtue kul` m`p`t mopodm`bf`d egi`iuo odtgr`fso egmoue
`t`u odtgr`fso egm``d egi`iuo lgk`i` lgiaeh`dl. Lgiaeh`dl m`p`t egr`eh`t igw`t
odtgr`fs
odtgr`fsoo egmoue
egmoue (lgiaeh
(lgiaeh`dl
`dl gf`stof
gf`stof)) eos`idy
eos`idy`
` lgiaeh`d
lgiaeh`dl l hudyo,
hudyo, lgiaeh`d
lgiaeh`dll kul`
m`p`t egr`eh`t egi`iuo odtgr`fso egm`d, y`otu lgiaeh`dl gigftrae`fdgtof tgre`fsum
j`b`y` (aptof), lgiaeh`dl r`moa, m`d sgh`l`ody`. Zgbodll` fgtgrf`ot`d s`tu hom`dl
mgdl`d hom`dl i`oddy` egehgdtuf oieu tgr`mu, y`otu oieu cosof`.

]uku`d mo`m`f`d pr`ftofue cosof` egrup`f`d su`tu fglo`t`d egepgrkgi`s fadsgp m`d
egehuft
egeh uftof`d
of`d fadsgp
fadsgp `t`u
`t`u prodsop
prodsop su`tu
su`tu pgdlgt`
pgdlgt`bu`
bu`d
d mgdl`d
mgdl`d j`r`
j`r` soeai`so
soeai`so s`ods
s`ods
sgj`r
sgj`r`` odtgr`
odtgr`fto
ftoc.
c. Fglo`
Fglo`t`
t`d
d tgrsg
tgrsghu
hutt moi
moi`f
`fuf
uf`d
`d mgdl`
mgdl`d
d ege`dc
ege`dc``t
``tf`
f`d
d tgfda
tgfdaial
ialoo
odcare`so m`d faeudof`so (]OF) y`dl mo tudk`dl aigb pgdllud` faeputgr sgh`l`o ]OF,
y`dl mosghut gfspgroegd sgeu (vortu`i i`h). Eamui odo egdllud`f`d h`dtu`d soeui`so
odtgr`ftoc cgdaegd`-cgdaegd` cosos hgrh`sos rosgt gfspgroegd sgeu y`dl mo i`fuf`d
egdllud`f`d vortu`i i`h y`dl sum`b mo fgeh`dlf`d aigb udovgrsoty ac jaiar`ma.

Sortu`i i`h pbgt egrup`f`d jaursgw`rg soeui`so odtgr`ftoc pr`ftofue p`m` pgehgi`k`r`d
s`ods
s`ods y`dl
y`dl m``p`t
m``p`t mo i`fu
i`fuf`
f`d
d sgj`r
sgj`r`
` accio
acciodg
dg.. ^gehg
^gehgi`k
i`k`r
`r`d
`d sgj`
sgj`r`r` vortu`
vortu`ii `m`i`
`m`i`b
b
pgeh
pg ehgi
gi`k
`k`r
`r`d
`d y`
y`dl
dl moi`
moi`fu
fuf`
f`dd sgj`
sgj`r`
r` vort
vortu`
u`ii (huf
(huf`d
`d pr`f
pr`fto
tofu
fuee dy`t
dy`t`)
`) mgdl
mgdl`d
`d
egdll
egd llud
ud`f
`f`d
`d `piof
`piof`so
`so faepu
faeputgtgrr y`dl
y`dl mo odtgrl
odtgrlr`
r`sof
sof`d
`d `doe`
`doe`iso
iso m`i`e
m`i`e soeui`
soeui`so
so
fbususdy` odtgrdgt m`i`e prasgs pgehgi`k`r`d.

M`i`e pBgt
M`i`e pBgt tgrm`
tgrm`p`
p` soeui`
soeui`so
so y`dl
y`dl hgrso
hgrsoc`
c`tt tgaro
tgaro m`d pgrja
pgrjah`
h`dd y`dl
y`dl egioh
egioh`t
`tf`d
f`d
pgdllud`
pgdllud ` sgj`r` `ftoc. pBgt egdl`doe`sof`d hgs`r`d-hgs`r`d
hgs`r`d-hgs`r`d mgdl`d egdllud`f`d
egdllud`f`d
lr`cos m`d jadtrai odtoudotoc sgpgrto fiof m`d t`rof, pgdll`ros m`d taehai. Zoeui`so kul`
egdygmo`
egdy gmo`f`d
f`d odstrueg
odstruegdd pgdluf
pgdlufur`d
ur`d sgpgrto
sgpgrto pgdll`r
pgdll`ros,
os, vaitegtg
vaitegtgrr m`d `epgregt
`epgregtgr.
gr.
^`m` s``t `i`t-`i`t ufur molud`f`d sgj`r` odtgr`ftoc, b`soi pgdlufur`d `f`d i`dlsudl mo
t`epoif`d `t`u `doe`sof`d, sgbodll` sgj`r` gcgftoc `f`d egdll`eh`rf`d buhudl`d
sgh`h `foh`t m`d rgprgsgdt`so tgrf`ot m`ro sgkuei`b p`r`egtgr pgrjah``d (lgr`f hgdm`,
lr`cof, t`epoi`d `dlf` m`d sgh`l`ody`).
 

H. Xueus`d E`s`i`b
^`m` pgrjah``d odo fot` mob`r`pf`d m`p`t ege`b`eo;

0. H`l`o`d`e`f`b egdgdtuf`d hgs`rdy` rgsuit`d tgrf`ot mgdl`d pgrbotudl`d

vgftar1
8. H`l`oe`d`f`b egdkuei`bf`d faepadgd-faepadgd vgftar sgj`r` iodg`r 

:. H`l`o`e`d`f`b egdgdtuf`d rgsuit`d hgrm`s`rf`d lgalr`cos1

J. ]uku`d
Zgtgi`b egi`fuf`d pr`ftofue, e`b`sosw` mo b`r`pf`d m`p`t;

- Egdgdtuf`d hgs`r rgsuit`d hghgr`p` vgftar mgdl`d egtamg lr`cos e`upud

pgdkuei`b`d faepadgd vgftar sgj`r` hgd`r.

H@H OO
F@KO@D ]GAXO M@D J@X@ FGXK@
 

@. F`ko`d ]garo
  Zu`tu
Zu`tu vgfta
vgftarr X y`dl
y`dl mody`t`f
mody`t`f`d
`d egdll
egdllud`f
ud`f`d
`d vgft
vgftar
ar s`tu`d
s`tu`d m`i`e
m`i`e faarmod
faarmod`t
`t
J`rtgsous m`p`t motuios sgh`l`o hgrofut;

X 5 (Xx,Xy,Xz)

Buhudl`d `dt`r` hg`s`r vgftar X mgdl`d faepadgd-faepadgddy` m`p`t mody`t`f`d

egdllud`f`d lgaegtro sgmgrb`d`, m`d b`soidy` sgh`l`o hgrofut;

Xx5XxyjasƑ5X sod Э jasƑ

Xy5Xxy sodƑ5X sod Э sod Ƒ

Xz 5 X jas Э

M`ro buhudl`d mo `t`s ,m`p`t mo huftof`d h`bw`

 hgs`r`d vgftar X `m`i`b;

Zgm`dl hgs`r sumut Ƒ m`d Э m`p`t mo tgdtuf`d mgdl`d cudlso troladaegtrody` sgh`l
sgh`l`o
`o
hgrofut;

]`d Ƒ

jasЭ
  Hgrm`s`rf`d
Hgrm`s`rf`d faepadgd-faepad
faepadgd-faepadgd gd m`ro vgftar y`dl sgsuehu kof` mo kuei`bf`d
e`f`
e`f ` `f
`f`d
`d mopgr
mopgraig
aigb
b rgsuit
rgsuit`d
`d m`ro
m`ro hghg
hghgr`p
r`p`` vgfta
vgftarr tgrsgh
tgrsghut.
ut.Wd
Wdtuf
tuf pgdku
pgdkuei`
ei`b`d
b`d
hghgr`p` vgftar m`i`e hom`dl (mu` moegdso) e`f` faepadgd vgftar m`i`e suehu z
tom`f `m`.

  Eos`idy`
Eos`idy` `m`
`m` : vgftar
vgftar y`otu
y`otu vgftar
vgftar @,H,J
@,H,J m`i`e
m`i`e mu`
mu` moegds
moegdso.E`
o.E`f`
f` rgsuit
rgsuit`d
`d m`ro
m`ro
pgdkuei`b`d tgrsghut egrup`f`d pgdkuei`b`d to`p-to`p faepadgd m`ro e`sodl-e`sodl
vgftar y`dl sgsuehu.

X x5 @+H x+J x 

Xy5 @+Hy+Jy 
t`dƑ

H. J`r` Fgrk`
^grjah``d O
 

0. @ehoi
@ehoi p`d`b
p`d`b sgh`l`o
sgh`l`o vgfta
vgftarr fgeumo`d
fgeumo`d tgdtu
tgdtuf`d
f`d faepad
faepadgd-f
gd-faepa
aepadgd
dgd vggfta
vggftar 
r 
mgdl`d hgs`r y`otu X x 5 : s`tu`d m`d Xy  5
 5 = s`tu`d igt`f`d p`m` faarmod`t pus`t(>,>).
8. J`t`t hgs`r Ƒ m`d vgftar tgrsghut.

:. H`dmodlf` m`t` tgrsghut mgdl`d b`soi pgdl`e`t`d.

  ^grjah``d OO

0. @ehoi p`d`b sgh`l`o vgftar 0 fgeummo`d tgdtuf`d faepadg-faepadgd.

8. J`t`t hgs`r Ƒ m`d vgftar tgrsghut.

:. @ehoi p`d`b sgh`l`o vgftar 8 fgeumo`d tgdtuf`d faepadgd-faepad
faepadgd-faepadgd
gd vgftar 
mgdl`d hgs`r y`otu X x  5
 5 = s`tu`d m`d Xy 5 -7s`tu`d.

=. J`t`t hgs`r Ƒ m`d vgftar tgrsghut.

7. ]`epoif
]`epoif`d
`d kuei`b
kuei`b fgmu`
fgmu` vgfta
vgftarr tggrsgh
tggrsghut
ut fgeumo
fgeumo`d
`d lgsgr
lgsgr sgmofo
sgmofott (tom`f
(tom`f b`rus
b`rus
moigt`f`d p`m` faarmod`t totof (>,>)

3. J`t`t hgs`r X x, Xy Ƒ m`d rgsuit`d fgmu` vgftar tgrsghut.

<. H`dmodl
H`dmodl`f`d
`f`d mgdl`
mgdl`dd b`soi pgrbotu
pgrbotudl`
dl`d
d pgdkuei`b
pgdkuei`b`d
`d faepadgd
faepadgd vgftar
vgftar m`d
m`d
mgdl`d egdllud`f`d lr`cof.
2. L`eh`rf
L`eh`rf`di`
`di`b
b lr`cof
lr`cof fgmu`
fgmu` vgftar
vgftar m`d
m`d rgsuit`
rgsuit`d
d fgmu`
fgmu` vgftar
vgftar tgrsgh
tgrsghut
ut m`i`e
m`i`e
suehu faarmod`t J`rtgsous.

?. Wi`dl i`dlf`b (0) s`ep`o (=) udtuf faepadgd fgmu` vgftar y`dl hgrhgm` y`otu;

X x0 5 3 s`tu`d Xy053 s`tu`d

X x8 5 -: s`tu`d Xy8 58 s`tu`d

0>. @ehoi s`tu vgftar i`lo (vgftar :) mgdl`d faepadgd-faepadgd vgftar mgdl`d hgs`r 
y`otu X x:  5 = s`tu`d m`d Xy:  5 -<

00. ]`epoif`d kuei`b fgmu` vgftar tgrsghut fgeumo`d lgsgr sgmofot (tom`f

B`rus moigt`ff`d p`m` faarmod`t (>,>).

08. J`t`t hgs`r Xx, Xy Ƒ m`d rgsuit`d fgmu` vgftar tgrsghut.

0:. H`dmodl`f`d mgdl`d b`soi pgrbotudl`d pgdkuei`b`d

pgdkuei`b`d faepadgd vgftar.

0=. L`eh`rf`d lr`cof fglo`t`d vgftar m`d rgsuit`d fgtol` vgftar tgrsghut m`i`e suehu
suehu
faarmod`t j`rtgsous.
07. J`t`t sgeu` m`t` p`m` t`hgi 8.8.

03. Hu`ti`b `d`iosos m`d fgsoepui`d m`ro pgrjah``d y`dl sum`b `dm` i`fuf`d.
 

H@H OOO
M@]@ ^X@F]OFWE

@. M`t` ^gdl`e`t`d
]`hgi b`soi pgdl`e`t`d

]`hgi 0. Faepadgd su`tu vgftar 

Faepadgd vgftar 
Ƒ» (Z`tu`d)
X x   (Z`tu`d) Xy   (Z`tu`d)

: = 7:,0 7,>

]`hgi 8. Xgsuit`d hghgr`p` vgftar 

Faepadgd vgftar  Faepadg

Faepa dgd
d vgfta
vgftar 
r 
Sgft (Z`tu` rgsuit`d Ƒ (Z`tu`
Ƒ»
ar  X x   (Z`tu Xy   (Z`tu d) X x   (Z`tu Xy   (Z`tu » d)
`d) `d) `d) `d)
0 ? > > ?,>
-
- 7 -7 = <,0
8 -= -7 082, 3,= 7
<
0 3 3 =7 2,7

8 -: 8 0=3, :,3 2,
: < 0 <,0
0
-
: -= -< 2,0
3>,:

H. @d`ios`
Hgs`r`d cosof` y`dl egepudy`o `r`b sgpgrto eos`idy` fgjgp`t`d, l`y`, egm`d iostrof,
m`d i`od sgh`l`
sgh`l`ody`
ody`,, i`zoe
i`zoe mody`t`f
mody`t`f`d
`d mgdl`d
mgdl`d `p` y`dl mod`e`f
mod`e`f`d`d vgjtar,
vgjtar, y`dl
y`dl
 

syehai lgaegtrosdy` hgrwukum `d`f p`d`b m`d sgj`r` `ik`h`r hgrup` k`k`r hoi`dl`d-
hoi`dl`
hoi`dl`d
d y`dl
y`dl egdy`t`f
egdy`t`f`d
`d faepadg
faepadgd-fa
d-faepad
epadgdd
gddy`.
y`. Zgj`r`
Zgj`r` ueue,
ueue, hgs`r`d
hgs`r`d cosof`
cosof`
y`dl egepudy`o
egepudy`o `r`b,
`r`b, mody`t`
mody`t`f`d
f`d sgh`l`o
sgh`l`o vgjtar
vgjtar y`dl
y`dl hgrup`
hgrup` `d`f p`d`b y`dl
y`dl
`r`bd
`r` bdy`
y` sgk`k
sgk`k`r
`r mgdl
mgdl`d
`d `r`b
`r`b hgs`r
hgs`r`d
`d cos
cosof`
of` otu m`d
m`d p`dk`
p`dk`dl
dldy`
dy` sgh`
sgh`dmo
dmodl
dl sgrt`
sgrt`
egdy`t`f`d hgs`rdy` hgs`r`dcosof` tgrsghut.

Zgj`r` mo`e-mo`e, bafue fgtol` tgi`b molud`f`d m`i`e j`r` st`tof odo, f`rgd` fot`
`dll`p h`bw` l`y` y`dl moi`fuf`d aigb pgl`s p`m` hgdm` s`e` hgs`r, mgdl`d l`y`
y`dl moi`fuf`d aigb hgdm` p`m` pgl`s. L`y` y`dl mosghut tgr`fbor odo y`dl `f`d
moufur. Bufue pgrt`e` kul` fot` lu`d`f`d mosoeo, f`rgd` fot` `dll`p h`bw` C s`e`
mgdl`d dai. ^griu moodl`t i`lo mosodo h`bw` kof` pgrjgp`t`d tom`f s`e` mgdl`d dai,
rgdt`dl`d pgl`s y`dl motoehuif`d aigb hgdm` sghgr`t \ tom`f `f`d s`e` mgdl`d
rgdt`dl`d p`m` `5>. E`i`b kof` pgl`s m`d hgdm` \ y`dl moof`tf`d otu k`tub hgh`s
f`rgd` pgdl`rub lr`vot`so, sgbodll` `5l, pgl`s s`e` sgf`io tom`f `f`d hgrt`eh`b
p`dk`dl, m`d tgl`dl`ddy` `f`d s`e` mgdl`d dai. Mo m`i`e oieu cosof`, l`y` `m`i`b
`p`pud
`p` pud y`dl
y`dl m`p`t
m`p`t egdygh`
egdygh`hf`d
hf`d sghu`b
sghu`b hgdm`
hgdm` hgre`ss
hgre`ss`` egdl`
egdl`i`eo
i`eo pgrjgp`
pgrjgp`t`d.
t`d.
L`y` egeoiofo hgs`r m`d `r`b, sgbodll` egrup`f`d hgs`r`d vgjtar.

J. ^geh`b`s`d
L`y`, mgeofo`d pui` pgrjgp`t`d `m`i`b hgs`r`d vgftar, sgbodll` kof` hghgr`p` hu`b
l`y`
l` y` hgfgr
hgfgrk`
k` p`m`
p`m` sghu`b
sghu`b hgdm`,
hgdm`, e`f`
e`f` l`y`
l`y` tat`i
tat`i y`dl
y`dl hgfg
hgfgrk`
rk` p`m`
p`m` hgdm
hgdm`
` otu
egrup`f`d kuei`b vgftar m`ro l`y`-l`y` tgrsghut y`dl ho`s` mosghut mgdl`d rgsuit`d
l`y` ( X `t`u CX). Hoi` l`y`- l`y` hgfgrk` p`m` hgdm` egepudy`o `r`b y`dl s`e`
(hgr`rto e`sodl-e`sodl l`y` s`iodl egehgdtuf sumut >¾) e`f` rgsuit`d l`y` m`p`t
motgdtuf
motgdtuf`d
`d mgdl`d
mgdl`d egdkuei`
egdkuei`bf`d
bf`d l`y`-l`
l`y`-l`y`
y` tgrsghu
tgrsghutt sgj`r`
sgj`r` `ik`h`r
`ik`h`r.. ^grs`e``
^grs`e``dd
rgsuit`d y`dl moe`fsum m`p`t motuiosf`d sgh`l`o hgrofut.
X 5 C0 + C8

Hoi` l`y`- l`y` hgfgrk` p`m` hgdm` hgri`w`d`d `r`b ( hgr`rto e`sodl-e`sodl l`y`
s`
s`io
iodl
dl egeh
egehgd gdtu
tuf
f sumu
sumutt 02>¾
02>¾)) e`f`
e`f` rgsu
rgsuit
it`d
`d l`y`
l`y` m`p`
m`p`tt motg
motgdt
dtuf
uf`d
`d mgdl
mgdl`d
`d
egdlur`dlf`d l`y`-l`y` tgrsghut sgj`r` `ik`h`r. ^grs`e``d rgsuit`d y`dl moe`fsum
m`p`t motuiosf`d sgh`l`o hgrofut.

X 5 C0 - C8

E`ss` m`d Hgr`t 

 

E`ss` (e) hgdm`

E`ss` hgdm` `m`i`b
`m`i`b kuei`b
kuei`b p`rtofgi
p`rtofgi y`dl mof`dmu
mof`dmudl
dl hgdm`.
hgdm`. Zgm`dlf
Zgm`dlf`d
`d hgr`t
hgr`t
su`tu hgdm` (w) `m`i`b hgs`rdy` l`y` t`rof hueo tgrb`m`p hgdm` tgrsghut m`d `r`bdy`
egduku pus`t hueo. ( vgrtof`i fg h`w`b ).

^grhgm``d e`ss` m`d hgr`t ;

¼ E`ss` (e) egrup`f`d
egrup`f`d hgs`r`d sf`i`r mo e`d` hgs`rdy`
hgs`rdy` mo sgeh`r`dl
sgeh`r`dl tgep`t
udtuf su`tu hgdm` y`dl s`e` sgi`iu tgt`p.

¼ Hgr`
Hgr`tt (w)
(w) egru
egrup`f
p`f`d
`d hgs
hgs`r`
`r`d
d vgft
vgftar
ar mo
mo e`d`
e`d` hgs`
hgs`rd
rdy`
y` tgr
tgrl`d
l`dtud
tudl
l p`m`
p`m`
tgep`tdy` ( pgrjgp`t`d lr`vot`so p`m` tgep`t hgdm` hgr`m` ).
E`ss` (e) sghu`b hgdm` `m`i`b f`r`ftgrostof hgdm` otu y`dl egdlf`otf`d pgrjgp`t`d
hgdm`
hgdm` mgdl`d
mgdl`d l`y`
l`y` (`t`u
(`t`u rgsuit`
rgsuit`d
d l`y`)
l`y`) y`dl
y`dl egdygh`
egdygh`hf`d
hf`d pgrjgp`
pgrjgp`t`dt`d tgrsghut
tgrsghut..
E`ss` `m`i`b hgs`r`d sf`i`r. E`ss` mo e`d`-e`d` sgi`iu hgrdoi`o tgt`p, fgju`io hgdm`

tgrsghut egdl`i`eo pgd`eh`b`d

e`upud egdl`i`eo pgdlur`dl`de`tgro
e`tgro,sgkgdos
eos`idy` egdl`i`eo
eos`idy` pgj`b,hgso
mu` patadl sahgf `t`u
moi`s `us,
mgdl`d
h`b`d y`dl s`e`.

Hgr`t sghu`b hgdm` m`i`e h`b`s` Odllros wgolbt  (w)

 (w) `m`i`b sghu`b l`y` y`dl hgfgrk`
p`m` hgdm` tgrsghut m`ro hgdm`-hgdm`
hgdm`-hgdm` i`od (`t`u hgdm`-hgdm`
hgdm`-hgdm` `stradaeo). L`y` hgr`t
sghgd`rdy`
sghgd`r dy` `m`i`b l`y` lr`vot`so pgdl`rub hgdm` `stradaeo
`stradaeo tgrmgf`t
tgrmgf`t tgrb`m`p hgdm`
tgrsghut
tgrsghut.. Hgdm`
Hgdm` `strada
`stradaeo
eo y`dl p`iodl mgf`t
mgf`t mgdl`d
mgdl`d fgbomup
fgbomup`d
`d fot` `m`i`b hueo,
hueo,
sgbodll` l`y` hgr`t sgrodl mody`t`f`d sgj`r` e`tge`tos sgh`l`o hgrofut ;
w5el

moe`d` e `m`i`b e`ss` hgdm`, l egdy`t`f`d vgftar pgrjgp`t`d lr`vot`so hueo y`dl
hgrdoi`o ?,2 e/s8 `t`u ho`s`dy` mohui`tf`d egdk`mo 0> e/s 8, m`d w `m`i`b l`y` hgr`t
m`i`e s`tu`d Dgwtad (m`i`e ZO) `t`u mydg (m`i`e JLZ).

L`y` hgr`t `m`i`b hgs`r`d vgftar, sgbodll` hoi` sghu`b hgdm` hgre`ss` e moigt`ff`d
mo sgfot`r mu` `t`u ighob hgdm` `stradaeo, e`f` l`y` hgr`t hgdm` tgrsghut egrup`f`d
 kuei`b vgftar m`ro sgto`p l`y` hgr`t y`dl motoehuif`d
motoehuif`d ai`b e`sodl-e`sodl
e`sodl-e`sodl hgdm`
`s
`stra
tradae
daeo.
o. B`i otu ho`s`d
ho`s`dy` y` mok
mokuep
uep`o
`o p`m`
p`m` sostg
sostge
e e`fra
e`fra eos`id
eos`idy`
y` p`m`
p`m` sostge
sostge
t`t`sury`.
t`t`sury `. H`y`dlf`di`b p`m` s``t hueo, hui`d m`d e`t`b`ro tgrigt`f m`i`e s`tu l`ros
iu
iuru
rus,
s, e`f`
e`f` p`m`p`m` to`p
to`p-t
-to`
o`p
p hgdm
gdm` tgrs
tgrsg
ghut
hut egdl
egdl``i`eo
i`eo vgft
vgftar
ar rgsu
rgsuit
it`d
`d l`y`
l`y`
hgr`t/lr`vot`so y`dl motoehuif`d aigb e`sodl-e`sodl hgdm` `stradaeo mosgfot`rdy`.

Hgr`t hgdm`-hgdm` mo pgreuf``d hueo tom`f s`e` mo sgto`p h`lo`d hueo, hgr`t hgdm`
mo futuh ighob hgs`r m`rop`m` hgr`t hgdm` y`dl s`e` mo fb`tuiostow`. Hgr`t hgdm` y`dl
 

hgr`m` mo fgtodllo`d tgrtgdtu m`ro pgreuf``d hueo ighob fgjoi m`rop`m` hgr`t hgdm`
y`dl s`e` mo pgreuf``d hueo. B`i otu mosgh`hf`d aigb k`r`f hgdm` fgpus`t hueo
hgrpgdl`rub tgrb`m`p doi`o l`y` hgr`t. L`y` hgr`t hgrh`dmodl tgrh`iof mgdl`d fu`mr`t
 k`r`f `dt`r`
`dt`r` hgdm`
hgdm` mgdl`d
mgdl`d pus`t hueo.

H@H OS
FGZOE^WI@D M@D Z@X@D

@. Fgsoepui`d

Wdtuf egdgd
Wdtuf egdgdtuf
tuf``d
``d hgs`r
hgs`r rgsuit
rgsuit`d
`d hghg
hghgr`
r`p`
p` vgfta
vgftarr molud
molud`f`
`f`d
d j`r`
j`r` faepa
faepadg
dgd-
d-
faepaddgd vgftar mgdl`d rueus

H. Z`r`d

^`m` s``t egi`fuf`d pr`ftofue mob`r`pf`d e`b`sosw` egi`fuf`d mgdl`d tgioto `l`r 
mom`p`t b`soi sgsu`o mgdl`d b`r`p`d. M`d m`p`t egdgdtuf`d hgs`r rgsuit`d mgdl`d
egtamg lr`cos e`upud pgdkuei`b`d faepadgd.

M@C]@X ^WZ]@F@
 

Xozfy,,
Xozfy 8>0?
8>0? . ^gdlg
^gdlgrt
rto`d
o`d f`iar
f`iar m`d
m`d pgr`
pgr`eh`
eh`t`d
t`ddy
dy`.j
`.jae.
ae. mo`fs
mo`fsgs
gs
  p`m` t`dll`i 0? Davgehgr 8>0?, ^ufui 03.:> \OH.

^gtr
^gtruj
ujjo
jo,, 0?2<
0?2< . j`ia
j`iaro
roeg
egtg
tgr.
r.ja
jae
e mo`f
mo`fsg
sgs
s p`m`
p`m` t`dl
t`dll`
l`ii 0? Davg
Davgeh
ehgr 
gr 
  8>0?, ^ufui 07.:> \OH.

 @iboc`ro, 8>0? . ^rodsop fgrk` j`iaroegtgr

j`iaroegtgr mo`fsgs p`m` t`dll`i 0?
Davgehgr 8>0?, ^ufui 0<.:> \OH.