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THE DISCIPLINE OF HISTORY

2. HISTORY

3. HISTORY comes from Greek word historia which means “finding out”, “inquiry”, and “narrative”. In
some interpretation historia means “knowledge acquired by investigation. American Historical
Association defines history as “the never-ending process whereby people seek to understand the past
and its meaning”.

4. WILL AND ARIEL DURANT HUSBAND-AND-WIFE WRITING PARTNERS OF STORY OF CIVILIZATION

5. STORY OF CIVILIZATION a. As an Industry, history “[ferrets] out facts”- it means that historian should
discover the primary sources that describe past events and not simply rely on hearsay or
unsubstantiated options. b. As an Art, history “[establishes] a meaningful order in the chaos of
materials”- it means that historian must analyze the facts that he or she obtained to be able to make
sense out of all the available data. c. As an Philosophy, history “[seeks] perspective and enlightenment”-
which means the historian must provide a critical interpretation of the historical facts so that his or her
target audience would grasp and understand the past events.

6. THE DEVELOPMENT OF HISTORY

7. PREHISTORICAL PERIOD refers to the time when system of writing are not yet invented to record
history, which during that time was passed down from generation to generation through oral tradition.
However, the invention of writing allowed people to record events by inscribing them in stones, bones,
tablets, and bronze. The earliest system of writing were in the forms of cuneiform in Mesopotamia,
hieroglyphics in ancient Egypt, and logograms in ancient China.

8. CUNEIFORM

9. ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIANS They record history by providing a list of kings; aside from that, they
also wrote narrations, which waved a coherent historical account. One of these accounts is Sumerian
stele or standing stone slabs. A famous example of Sumerian stele is the Stele of Vultures, which
contained inscriptions of wars with bordering regions and depictions of battles.

10. STELE OF THE VULTURES

11. HIEROGLYPHICS

12. ANCIENT EGYPT Written history started around the middle of the third millennium BCE. Early
Egyptians chronicle ancient Egyptian history by listing the names of kings and the rulers of Egypt. With
this they were able to create a logical system that allowed them to established cycles or years.

13. ANCIENT CHINA History became more develop. In this era history was used to propagate Chinese
moral philosophy, which was closely link to the political and social lives of the Chinese.

14. LOGOGRAMS

15. ANCIENT CHINA Confucius  was the first to have studied and compiled Chinese history in the books
Chunqiu (Spring and Autumn Annals) and Shujing (Classic of history).
16. ANCIENT CHINA Sima Quian  who wrote Shiji (Historical records), Shiji is more detailed and longer
historical study which covered a 2,500-year period of Chinese history. Because or this work, Sima Quian
was regarded as the “Grand Historian”.

17. ANCIENT GREECE Logographers (from the Greek word logos which means “story” and grapho
means to “to write” ) were considered to be the first historians. Logographers wrote histories on the
origins of people, places and towns in prose style.

18. ANCIENT GREECE Polybius  a Greek historian, was instrumental in igniting Roman historiography as
he wrote why Rome did not see fit to recount its historic achievements.  He is also the one who used
the method of comparative analysis in the study of history.  Polybus wrote about the geopolitical state
and foreign relations of his time by describing how history must be focused on the continuity of events
that surpasses borders, rather than writing what transpired separately within borders.

19. RENAISSANCE PERIOD

20. RENAISSANCE PERIOD This period is more on rekindling of the inquiry into the past or a celebration
of classical thought. History in the renaissance adhere more to the scientific Galileo rather than the
philosopher Plato. Philology or the study of the original form of text became popular in order to
augment these obscurities. thus, the Renaissance was not simply a period of reminiscing classical Greek
and Roman past but was a more inquisitive and scientific revisiting of such past.

21. IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES IN HISTORY

22. HERODOTUS  He is the father of History.  He compiled and systematically arranged his collection
of works in The Histories.  The Histories narrates the events which took place during Greco-Persian
War. He presented his accounts by providing geographic and ethnographic information, which was in
part provided to him by people he had interview.

23. THUCYDIDES He is a Greek philosopher, historian, and general. He is the father of Scientific History
as his History of the Peloponnesian War. He described his work in his introduction, that narrates facts
without becoming fictional by using gods and deities as reference.

24. BAN GU He is a Chinese historian and poet. He became famous for compiling the Book of Han,
which contained the history of Han Dynasty. It is regarded as the first work to have covered a single
dynasty in detailed. Most of the information about this era can only found in the work of Ban Gu.

25. LEOPOLD VON RANKE  He is a German philosopher and founder of the modern study of history. 
Ranke was the first to have provided a historical seminar where he elaborated the methods and
techniques in studying history.  He was agints the idea of encompassing historical events within a single
concept or unifying theory. Instead, he would conduct his work on different historical periods in an
objective manner without forming generalized conclusions.

26. KARL MARX  He is a German philosopher, economist, and sociologist.  He is also often referred as
the father of Communism.  Marx stated in his book The German Ideology, his theory on the materialist
conception of history. The principle idea of this theory is that the material conditions or resources
determine a group’s social structure and social order – “it is not the consciousness of men that
determines their existence, but, on the contrary, their social existence that determines consciousness”.
27. JACOB BURCKHARDT  He is a swiss historian known as one of the fathers of Cultural History.  His
work, The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy, depicted the interconnectedness between art and its
effects on society and social institution.  He regarded the arts as an important aspects through which
history could be understood, contrary to the prevailing model during his time – that history was viewed
only as an interplay between society and politics.

28. ARNOLD J. TOYNBEE  Was a British historian and philosopher known for his monumental 12-
volume work titled A Study of History.  Toynbee narrated the histories of 26 civilizations, describing
how they overcame challenges with the guidance and leadership of an elite group of leaders.  His
approach to the study of history views civilizations as cultural entities rather than bounded by
nationalities.  He presented an overarching theory called-challenge and response- which means each
stage is either a failure to respond or a triumph against challenges.

29. THE FIELDS OF HISTORY

30. CULTURAL HISTORY It focusses on the study of belief systems, customs, social forms, political
systems, material traits, and economics activities of a group or community usually for the purpose of
cross comparison with others. It gives importance to language, beliefs, and assumptions and to their
roles in group behavior.

31. SOCIAL HISTORY  Concerned with the study of particular kinds of phenomenon such as family and
marriage, adolescence and mass media, human rights and inequality, industrialization and development,
and work and leisure through the use of sociological theories and approaches.

32. INTELLECTUAL HISTORY  Looks into the history of ideas and theories.  Historiography is one of its
primary subfields wherein the development of schools and approaches are documented. Historiography
uses content analysis to provide a critical evaluation of historical sources.

33. KEY CONCEPTS IN HISTORY

34. SIGNIFICANCE  It is the process of determining which part of a historical events has more value to
be included in a narrative. This process, of course, entails the critical thinking and selectivity of the
historian.  One of the most notable models in identifying which event is considered significant was
proposed by Lord Hartington.

35. CONTINUITY AND CHANGE  Historians have a goal of examining the shifts and transitions of
institutions, actors, and landscape over time. Through the chronological method, historians trace the
change that transpire in societies and in a large extent, the world. Historians aspire to understand the
elements in human lie and in the environment that persisted or are continuing through time.

36. CAUSE AND EFFECT  Through this paradigm, historians inquire on the led to the events in history.
They also analyze how these historical events shaped the lives of people and their communities.

37. PERSPECTIVE  As history is primarily based on written records or oral traditions made by different
people in different eras and cultures, the reconstruction of the events require historians to adapt
analytical lenses or perspectives. There are varying perspective used in historical analysis and
reconstruction.

38. REASEARCH METHODS IN HISTORY

39. ORAL TRADITION  Oral tradition can be used by a historian in multiple ways to reconstruct the past
and to provide context to the present. First, oral tradition could be documented and used as the basic
historical data for a group of people. Second, it could be used to aid in the reconstruction of history by
providing supporting perspective and contextual clues to the interpretation of artifacts and fossils.

40. EXTERNAL CRITICISM  This is the method wherein the historian cheeks the validity and the
originality of evidence used for the reconstruction of a historical events or figure. As history is often
subject to forgeries and other misrepresentations, this method is highly critical in selecting reliable
sources and evidence where interpretations are being used.

41. INTERNAL CRITICISM  This is a method where historian cheeks the validity of the content of a
historical document or artifact by comparing it with existing historical evidence related to the same
event to figure.

42. CURRENT APPLICATIONS OF HISTORY

43. MUSEUM STUDIES  This, field also called museology, studies how museums developed through
time and their current role in the society as a depository of evidence of the world history.

44. HISTORIC PRESERVATION  The preservation of artifacts and fossils for the use of future generations
is one of the concerns of applied historians who utilized historical knowledge and methodologies in
providing contexts to social issues for their resolutions.  This is done through cultural and heritage
conservation studies, which are often related to the field of historic preservation.  Through this
discipline, artifacts, fossils, and places are conserved using methods such as reconstruction,
preservation, and maintenance.