● James IV of England and Scotland

○ Starts the house of Stuart (1603-1714)

○ James I of England
○ Kings James version of the Bible is a reference to him
■ Significant because he helped to standardize english and grammar
○ Sketches out the theory of divine right of kings
○ Parliament tells him that they will not pass laws because the King needs to
answer to them (magna carta, king must answer)
○ Father of Charles I
○ Negotiates with spain, creating religious tension
■ Presbyterian in scotland anglican in england
● Divine Right of Kings
○ Idea that Kings receive their power directly from God
○ Kings are only accountable to God because power comes from him
■ Previous kings needed to be checked by parliament and did not have
absolute power
● Charles I
○ Son of James I
○ Married Henrietta Maria of France
■ She’s a catholic
○ Dies by execution of trial by subjects
○ Under his rule religious divisions grow deeper
● Henrietta Maria
○ Married to Charles I
○ French Catholic
■ Upsets the people because the king is now practicing Catholicism
■ Puritans upset because the Church of England is changing
○ Parliament thinks they should have a say in who he marries
■ Parliament used to working with the monarch from Elizabeth's reign
● William Laud
○ Archbishop of Canterbury
○ Introduces more ritual into church
■ Increased control of King
○ Kings dictate everything that is going on in the church
○ Imposes Book of Common Prayer on Prebyterian Scotland and changes the
doctrine inside
■ Scottish Church rises up
■ National Covenant of Scotland - refuse to conform to book of common
prayer and religion of the english church
● Petition of Right
○ Written in 1628
○ Parliament asserts their rights
■ Puts limits on power of the King
 ● Not an absolute monarchy but the rulers must work with the
consent of parliament
○ Outlines basic rights for individuals
■ No tax without representation, no imprisonment without cause, no
housing soldiers (like the magna carta)
○ Charles I accepts it, but largely ignores it - never calls parliament into session
● National Covenant of Scotland
○ Rejection by Scotland to conform to the practices of the England church
■ Chalres I and William Laud were pushing them
● Personal Rule of Charles I
○ Charles I rejects the rules written in the petition of Right
○ Never calls parliament into session
○ Tries to get money any way he can so that he does not need to call parliament
into session
■ Example: collects money to improve navy but then uses it for himself
which pisses everybody off
○ Personal rule upsets parliament
■ This needs to change
● Ship Money
○ The way that Charles I makes money throughout his personal rule
○ King could place tax on coastal cities for naval purposes
■ He is not using money for navy but other things
● Initial Acts of Long parliament (1640-1660)
○ Scottish Church rises up against English Church in order for their presbyterian
form of government to remain
■ Need funds to fight war
■ Charles I calls parliament into session but they add rules for the king to
follow
● Reasserting their authority by eliminating things that relate to
divine right of kings
○ Parliament Adds:
■ Eliminated acts during personal rule (ships money)
■ Abolished star chamber
● Kings court only run by king
■ Only parliament can dissolve themselves not the King
● Call into session every 3 years
● English Civil War
○ Charles I moves against parliament (1642)
■ Gathers supporters to arrest parliament leaders that he thinks are wrong
● Parliament is hidden by the people so that the king cannot arrest
them
■ Charles I loses authority as no one will listen to him
● Still has his power but not his authority
○ War between the Cavaliers and Roundheads
 ○ Phase 1: Agreement
■ Scottish Parliament signs treaty with English Parliament
● English agree to consider becoming a presbyterian church
○ In 1646 the King is defeated by the Scottish Army
■ They say he can come back if he does not touch the church
■ Scottish hands the king over to parliament
○ Phase 2: Lord Protectorate takes over
■ Negotiations drag on between the roundheads and parliament (cromwell
marches into london with new army and tells parliament what to do)
allowing the king to escape
■ He is captured again and executed in 1649
● Cavaliers
○ Fought in the English Civil War
○ loyal anglicans, land owners, top noble people, side with king, curly long hair
● Roundheads
○ Fought in the English Civil War
○ small landowners, not noble but not peasants, most are puritans, haircut was
bowl shaped separating them from the Cavaliers
● Oliver Cromwell
○ Converts to Puritan while sick and develops a god-complex
■ Extremely arrogant
○ Believes he is God's chosen elect
■ Gets crazy with power thinking everything he does is what God wants
■ Thinks he is executing god’s will
○ Establishes the New Army
■ Model army, models good behavior for soldiers
● No stealing, pillaging, or whores
○ Crushes the army that the king pulls together
■ He is now upset with the king
■ Kicks people out of parliament - storms london during negotiations
■ Puts king on trial and then executes him (January 1649)
○ Cromwell becomes the Lord Protector (ruling in the King's name)
■ He has taken all the power for himself
● Abolishes the monarchy but becomes a dictator basically
■ Writes a constitution to display democracy but is really more of an
absolute ruler
● Never listens to parliament just like Charles I
○ Dies in 1658
■ Rule was bad and almost like absolutism
■ On death bed he tried to have his son named next Lord Protector
■ Parliament goes back to Kings ruling
● New Army
○ Established by Oliver Cromwell
○ Army follows the biblical rule
 ■ Volunteer army
■ Pay for what they take
■ Prostitutes do not follow them like other armies
○ People now want the new model army over the kings army
● Chales II
○ Becomes the next king after Oliver Cromwell dies
○ Returns to London in 1660 after his exile
■ Lived in exile in Europe for 15 years
■ Charles II is catholic showing the desperation for parliament to have a
peaceful ruler
○ Comes back under parliament rule but wants absolutism
■ Pushes for absolutism by punishing puritans and those who went against
his father
● Exhumed the body of Oliver Cromwell and has it beheaded
○ Disbands parliament and rules on his own just like his Father
● Test Act
○ In order to be a ruler you have to be a member of the Angelican Church
○ Parliament established this act

● James II
○ Becomes ruler after Charles II
○ Abolishes Test Act
○ Passes Declaration of Indulgence
■ Parliament deals with his shenanigans because the next rulers in line are
protestant
● Mary of Modena
○ Wife of James II
○ Italian wife, multiple miscarriages, Catholic
○ Miracle birth to son James Francis Stuart in 1688
■ Problem for parliament because the England Church can no longer have
a Catholic as the head of the church
● Glorious Revolution (1688)
○ Parliament goes to William and Mary in Netherland and asks them to invade
England
■ Parliament says that nothing will stop them
○ James II, Wife, and Son have to leave
○ Glorious because it was a peaceful change of power
○ Results in limited monarchy
■ While most other places are an absolute monarchy
● English Bill of Rights
○ William and Mary must accept certain acts of Parliament before they can become
ruler
■ Parliament has power over monarchy
● Must summon parliament regularly
 ■ House of commons can raise and collect taxes
■ Absolutely no Catholic rule
■ King cannot fine people or have cruel and unjust punishment
■ Need proof for arresting (habeas Corpus)
● Toleration Act
○ Grant religious freedom to all people expect for Catholics
● Thomas Hobbes
○ Response to turmoil of English Civil War with Leviathan (1651)
○ Argued for tyrannical rule on basis of “human nature”
■ Wants absolute monarchy
○ “State of Nature”
■ Hobbes believed humans were animalistic and Chaotic
○ “Social Contract”
■ Men surrender liberty to a sovereign ruler in exchange for peace and
security, have no right to take it back, ruler does anything he wants
■ Peace can only come when there is a strong ruler in charge
● “State of Nature”
○ Before society was formed what was humanity like, philosophical term
○ How humans natural in wild before society
● Social Contract
○ Solution to the problems
■ Locke says the government protects the right of people
■ Hobbes says on ruler
● John Locke
○ Second Treatise on Government (1690)
○ State of Nature
■ Relative state of equality and freedom
■ Every single person has natural rights (life, liberty, and property) these
cannot be taken away
○ Social Contract
■ The government is in place to protect the natural rights and if they fail to,
○ We are born a blank slate and determined by experience
■ Christians disagree because we are made in the image of God so we are
not a blank slate
● Natural Rights
○ Rights brought about by natural law
■ Locke thought them to be life, liberty, and property
● Louis XIV
○ Mother acts as regent but relies on Cardinal Jules Mazarin
○ Once Mazarin dies Louis XIV becomes King
○ He wants absolutism
■ Before he started his rule he showed no interest in politics (playboy)
○ Known as “Sun King” - saying nothing can exist without him
■ Utters “I am the state”
 ○ Restructure Government
■ Normally, nobles played a role in monarchy
● Manipulation
○ Louis 14th appoints wealthy nobles as his errand boys
basically
■ All want to be close to the king
○ Appoints less wealthy nobles to the senate positions
■ They can’t challenge him since their status is so
low, making them easy to control
○ Louis and Religion
■ “One king, One law, One faith”
■ Moved against the Huguenots
■ Revoked Edict of Nantes (once granted the the Huguenots rights within a
nation that was mostly Catholic)
■ Eliminating Huguenots by making them miserable
■ Does not use violence because that will color people’s opinions of him
● Bribes them with land and money
● French army moves into village
● French army destroys their institutions
○ They are exhausted so they move
● Cardinal Jules Mazarin
○ Roman Catholic taking power
○ He is the power behind the throne
○ Spreading the ideas of French Absolutism
■ He is taking away more powers and rights
■ Nobles do not like him
● The Fronde (1648)
○ Last attempt to limit power on monarchy
○ Nobles spur common people into rioting over tax increases
■ Trying to force king to give power back to people
○ Break into the Louve to kill Louis but he escapes
■ Last attempt to limit monarch
■ Example of chaos trying to solve problems
■ Frenchman believe best hope of stability is in the crown
● Louis XIV doesn't forget this
● Absolute Monarchy
○ Example: France and Louis XIV
○ This type of monarchy was not the norm
○ Nobles want stability so if it has to come through an absolute monarchy that is
okay with them
● Jean Baptiste Colbert
○ Likes the concept of mercantilism
● Mercantilism
○ Government regulation of economic activities to benefit the state
 ○ Use tariffs to make people buy local goods
■ Which keeps the money circulating within your own country
● Tariffs
○ Taxes on imports to protect and keep the money in your country
● Versailles
○ Symbol of Absolutism
○ Louis remembers being attack as a child so he moves to a palace outside of
paris
■ Palace so big showing he did not need protection
■ It's a pretty palace showing that he is not worried about being attacked
○ Places the elite nobles in the palace to please them
● Constitutional Monarchy
○ System of government where the monarch shares power with a constitutionally
organized government
● Scientific Revolution
○ Roots in 16th century but primary 17th century
○ Transitions authority away from the church and to a rational worldview (which can
be proven)
○ Rationalism
○ People were starting to see religion as bad
■ Roots in humanism and reformation
● Challenges authority, knowledge, tradition
○ Changed how people looked at the world
■ Beginning of modern world
● Forming their own thinking
○ Truth is now what we can see, touch, and measure
● Francis Bacon
○ Writes New Organon in 1620
■ Original Organon was work from Aristotle
● Galileo
○ Writes Two New Sciences in 1638
○ Describe something universal with math
○ Law: things fall at same speed (acceleration)
○ Church doesn't like him
● Starry Messenger
○ Book written by Galileo
○ Pointed telescope at moon
○ Book changing whole view of solar system
■ Observation to match copernicus theory
● Johannes Kepler
○ Writes A New Astronomy in 1609
○ Once brahe assistant
○ Discovered all planets moving at different speed relative difference to sun
○ Wine barrel theory
● Instrumentalist View of Reality
○ View mathematical theories as only hypothetical
○ Do not describe the physical world
○ Do not need model nature
○ Dominated pre-modern
● Realist View of Reality
○ Mathematical theories reveal how things are in the world
○ Reflect some issue or problem in the world
● Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres
○ Roman Catholic priest the ones who study the solar system
■ Main theory was that everything revolves around the earth because that is
what the Bible says and they took the Bible literally
■ Curving motion only occurred in the heavens, earth motion moved up and
down
● Copernicus
○ Puts forth realist view while church puts forth instrumentalist
■ He says earth revolves around the sun
■ Planets in different orbits around the sun explaining why Mars goes
“backwards”
○ Council of Trent agreed with Copernicus only because it help them with their
calendar but they did not take him seriously
● Tartaglia
○ Taking straight line curved line from Capernicus
○ Found cannonball curved
■ View of circular motion in heaven proved wrong
■ This study is the start of the Scientific Method
● Conclusion through Observation
● Issac Newton
○ Wrote Mathematical Principles of Science
■ Mathematical principles of natural philosophy
○ Pulled together all new ideas
■ Natural law, gravity bringing heaven and earth together
● Benedetti
○ Surface area conclusion through observation
○ Aristotle believed two balls fall differently but this was proved wrong
■ Benedetti proposed a new speed for falling objects
● Brahe
○ Developed mathematical tables that astronomers could use
○ Correctly established the position of many stars
● Rene Descartes
○ Realist view
○ Wrote Discourse on the Method
○ Line dividing mind (reason, thought, emotion) and matter (mechanical
■ If math describes natural what about the unseen
 ■ Matter/mechanical can seep into the mind
○ Better to have dualism so there is clear division but spiritual still mattered
○ “I think therefore I am”
■ Human thought proven through existence
○ Tried to protect spiritual so that everything was not just explained through natural
laws
○ We have innate nature that makes us human
● Rationalism
○ Using reason to explain everything
○ Everything viewed through scientific method
○ Belief that everything is logical and objective and can be proven by mathematical
and mechanical force
○ Becomes dominant belief system after Post-Reformation
● Immanual Kant
○ Everything can be explained and nothing we do matters
■ Creates the idea of autonomy
● Man rules over itself, we are subject to our own laws and moral
will
■ Freedom (Autonomous Self) self law / Nature (Newtonian World Machine)
● In your head you have freedom which is fiction but needed in
order for everything not to be reduced to mechanical laws
● I rule myself but everything is ruled by laws
● Enlightenment
○ Everything driven by natural laws
■ We can solve problems this way
○ Influenced by Newton and Locke
■ Issac Newton’s natural laws
■ John Locke’s government job to protect life, liberty, and property
● Essay concerning human understanding
■ Study of why human beings know things
● Philosophes
○ Intellectuals of the enlightenment
■ Rationalism solution for mankind
■ Evangelist for the enlightenment
○ No divine intervention because everything is mechanical
○ Deism: Only believe in creator God who created universe with natural laws
○ Believe that we can perfect things
● Voltaire (1694-1778)
○ Most extreme philosophe that is opposed to christianity
○ Had a satire view of christianity
■ No way God came down from heaven to speak with 12 Jesus fanatics
○ Believed religion was pure superstition
○ Believed he had done more than Luthor and Calvin
○ Man’s hope is in wisdom and knowledge
● Candide
○ Best known work from Voltaire
○ Enlightenment version of pilgrim progress
○ Person comes in contact with universe
■ Tend to your own garden
■ Deal with what’s in front of you
■ Be content with the results based on your own capabilities
● Denis Diderot
○ Wrote the Encyclopedia
■ Version of the Bible for the philosophes
● Entries come from master scholars of their field
● Gives concrete ways to help in life/improve world
● Baron de Montesquieu
○ Spirit of Laws
■ Laws govern human behavior
■ Government broken into three types
● Monarch: different class, structure
● Despotic: Dictator
● Republic: done by england and the best option, need division of
power
○ Purpose of government is to protect political liberties
■ Checks and balances
● Jean-Jacques Rousseau
○ The Social Contract (1762)
■ “First words man is born free but everywhere they are in chains”
● Man is born pure but corrupted by society’s institutions
● Civilization itself is the problem
○ Solution: abolish the institutions, restart everything, scrap it
○ General Will
● General Will
○ Idea from Jean-Jacuques Rousseau
○ Not the majority will
■ Greatest freedom is manifested by those who perceive it
○ French Revolution is an example of his ideas
● Ancient Regime
○ Social structure based on privilege and class, basically born into it
○ The France classes are known as Estates
● First Estate
○ Clergy
○ One category not based on birth because no procreation allowed
○ Only class were you can move up
○ Own 10% of land and receive 10% of wealth
○ In favor of absolute monarchy
 ■ Support keeping things the same because with the King in power they
can continue to have there power and money
○ Responsible for Spiritual well-being
● Second Estate
○ Aristocracy
○ Born into privilege
○ Responsible for physical protection, military
● Third Estate
○ Peasants
■ Do not have the right to own property
○ Artisans
■ Have a skill and they are trained in it
○ Bourgeoisie
■ Those that are part of the Urban class
■ Up and coming economic power house
■ Do not like the estate system because they are gaining money and
economic power but they are still at the lowest level
● Nicholas Contat
○ Printer
○ The Great Cat Massacre
■ Taking their anger out on the cats in place of the master and mistress who
did not treat them well
■ Shows frustration that is growing in the lower classes
■ Ritual torture of cats was funny
● Connection to violence of French Revolution because the violence
had already been common
● Seven Years War
○ Also known as the French and Indian War
○ War began with control over North America between the French and British
○ Brings the colonies out of the era of salutary neglect
■ The colonists had not been required to pay taxes but Britain needs to pay
for the war
○ Treaty of Paris ends the war
● Charter
○ The king grants certain rights to company as they establish things
■ This type of situation is what lead to people having ideas about their rights
before revolution
○ Colonies are ruling themselves
● Sugar Act of 1764
○ Agreed king should control mercantilism
■ The colonies were getting cheap sugar from the islands instead of Britain
○ They cut the sugar price in half so people would buy from Britain instead of
islands
 ■ Okay with the colonies because they believed king should control
mercantilism and that meant bringing money into Britain instead of other
countries
○ All of this was done to help the government to pay off their debt from wars and
the building of versailles
● Stamp Act of 1765
○ Sales tax on all printed materials
■ This made the colonies mad because taking property is illegal and corrupt
■ It undermines the English Bill of Rights
○ Stamp Act Congress
■ They boycott all British good for a year
■ The stamp act gets repealed
● Townshend Act
○ Tax on every single import (tea, glass, lead, etc.)
■ Very high tariff
○ The people boycott because they see this as an abuse, corrupt (taking money
without consent)
■ It is repealed (except for tea)
● The British need to show that they still have power and the right to
tax
● Colonists just do not buy any tea
● Tea Act of 1773
○ British East India Company
■ Has excess tea since the colonists have been boycotting for six years
■ They allow the company to sell the tea directly to the colonists with no tax
● Undermines the merchants and their livelihood - leads to boston
tea party
● Boston Tea Party
○ They see the tea act as undermining right to property
○ Cheaper tea cuts out other businesses
● Intolerable Acts
○ Make example of Boston
■ Instill martial law until the colonies pay back the amount of tea wasted
● American Revolution
○ Fought for enlightenment ideas
■ Result of salutary neglect, believe in literal rights…not just theoretical
○ Radical ideas but they also wanted to keep the colonies the same
○ France help fight because they because they lost land to british and they are
upset with them
○ Ripple effect of their ideas throughout Europe
● French Revolution
○ Bankruptcy
■ Government hasn’t called their version of parliament in over 100 years
■ Need to pay for the French Indian War…very much in debt
 ○ Three Estates Unstable
■ Ancient because it does not reflect reality anymore with the bourgeoisie
(having money but no power)
○ Enlightenment Ideology
■ We can actually make a change…see the colonies in Am. Rev. doing it
○ Immediate Trigger: Economic Collapse in 1788
■ Before revolution bad farming year for peasants
● Nobody has money
● MODERATE PHASE
● Estates General
○ Each estate gets one vote
■ 1200 delegates
○ Using system not used for 150 years so people don't know what to do so there
debate
■ Doesn’t represent the peasants
■ Want to make it difficult for the king to create more taxes
○ King needs to ask for money so he calls them to Versailles so it looks as if he has
more power
■ Versaille is beautiful and great
● National Assembly
○ Form themselves to replace the Estates General
○ Establish a constitutional monarchy
○ King upset because no longer can keep absolute monarchy so he locks the doors
■ People go to tennis court
● Tennis Court Oath
○ Nobility, bourgeoisie, and clergy together decide to meet till they have
constitutional monarchy
○ King advised to call troops and reassert control - mobilization
■ Troops marching outside /coming to paris freak people out and results in
riots and mobs
● Bastille Day
○ Independence day for France
○ Peasants rise up against the troops
■ Rumors spreading, peasants starving, troops thought to be coming in to
kill peasants so government does not have to feed them
■ Throw up barricades, break into Bastille hoping to find weapons but
instead they find 14 prisoners
● Victory because they attack the monarchy figuratively
● Louis the 16th sends troops and tells them to fire on the peasants
but the troops don’t listen
○ Kings authority evaporates
● National Assembly is saved
● People see they have impact through use of violence, mob rules
● Fourth of August Decrees
 ○ National convention ends feudalism
■ Scared of mob so they want to keep them happy, gets rid of peasant
status
● Constitution of 1791
○ Takes them two years to finalize a constitution
■ Opposed to american because they wrote it in a couple of months, more
people in common
■ Nobles and church don't want to give up power
● Hard to achieve consensus with groups who have so many
different opinions
○ King has veto
■ Weak power
○ One legislature
■ Rechoosen every two years (unicameral)
■ More radical than american with an legislature assembly, no checks and
balances, kings veto easily overruled
■ Only allows people with property owning (not universal suffrage)
● Declaration of Pillnitz
○ Austria and Prussia
■ Said the monarch’s need to band together and reinstate Louis XIV as
French Monarch so that their people do not rebel
● Other Euro powers do not because they don't want to start war
● France declares war on Austria
○ Unites the nation
■ People hope they lose
○ New French government is being attacked from the outside and inside
■ War goes poorly and creates instability
● Radical Revolution Phase
● Jacobin Revolution
○ Believe they have general will and know what's best = use the mob
■ Took control through violence with promising the mob whatever they
wanted
● Overthrows the national assembly
○ Execute Louis XIV with guillotine
■ Immediately face repercussions
● All of the other monarchs come against France because of the
beheading
● Internal strife still also
● Committee of public safety
○ Put 12 group of men in charge
■ Goal is to save the revolution
● Maximilen Robespierre
○ True Rossonian and voliterian
○ Supposed to be casual but he is leader
 ○ Address internal opposition and war
● Levee en Masse
○ Universal draft of young men to create a 1.1 million army overnight
■ Changes the war in france
○ Unites France
● Nationalism
○ With 1.1 million people in army people/families have a stake in the army and
France
○ Just beginning
● Reign of Terror
○ Anyone who opposes the Committee of Public Safety is opposing the general will
○ Revolutionary Courts execute the masses
■ No need for real trial if you know general will
■ Believed they were freeing them
● De-Christianization
○ Temple of Reason (Notre Dame)
■ Volitarian bc destroy religion (christianity)
■ Rename Notre Dame
○ Calendar changes
■ First dominated by the church, calendar dominated how we lived christian
lives
■ Change name and dates of months and year
■ Change to ten day week because seven came from bible
● Backfires because France is still predominantly Catholic and like
religion
● Leads to Jacobin downfall