HISTORY 2

• The 16 century
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• The 17 century
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• The 18th century

• The 19 century
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• The 20 century
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 The 16th century
• The wars of the roses
• The Tudor dynasty
• Henry VIII
• Elizaberth I
The Wars of the Roses (1455-1485)
A series
dynastic of
wars for
the throne of
England between:
-(red
The Lancastrians
rose)
-(white
The Yorkists
rose)
 The Wars of the Roses
Final victory went to the Lancastrians
- Lancastrian Henry Tudor defeated last
Yorkist king Richard III
- Henry Tudor married Edward IV's
daughter Elizabeth of York to unite the
two houses into the House of Tudor
- The House of Tudor subsequently
ruled England and Wales for 117 years.
HENRY vii (1457-1509)
The Tudor Dynasty (1485-1603)
• Established a system of gov.
departments staffed by
professionals
• Parliament was split into two
Houses (the House of Lords and
the House of Commons)
Henry VIII (1491-1547)
 Henry VIII
• Second monarch of the House of
Tudor
• Known for
-  his six marriages
- his role in the separation of
the Church of England from the
Roman Catholic Church
 Henry VIII- six wives
1. Catherine of Aragon:
divorced; daughter,
future Mary I of England
2. Anne Boleyn: executed for
incest and adultery; daughter,
future ElizabethI of England
 Henry VIII- six wives
3. Jane Seymour: died after giving
birth; son,reigned as Edward VI
4. Anne of Cleves: annulled
5. Catherine Howard: executed for
adultery
6. Catherine Parr: survived,
outlived Henry VIII
 Separation of Church of England from Roman
Catholic Church: → Protestantism
• In 1530s Henry VIII used Parliament
to sweep away power of Roman
Church in England
• Two reasons: He wanted to be free
to marry again + to be Head of
Church of England, independent of
Rome, more powerful
 After separation from Roman church
• New spirit of patriotic
confidence
• England = Distinct island nation
• Closer to geographical center
of western civilization
(America)
After separation from Roman Church
• Protestantism = majority
religion in England (in
the form of Anglicanism)
• Religion and politics
became closely linked
 Elizabeth I (1533 – 1603)
•Henry VIII’s daughter by second wife
•Long-reigning queen (1558-1603)
•Established a skillful diplomacy,
internal stability, growth of spirit of
patriotism and general confidence
•Virgin queen
 17 century
th

• Historical background
• The Civil war
• Glorious Revolution
 Historical background
• Stuart Dynasty: King James VI of
Scotland became King James I of
England
• Crowns of England and Scotland
united
• Modern English became standard
in Scotland
 Historical background
• Parliament established supremacy
over monarch
• People disagreed with the way Stuart
dynasty raised and spent money
• Religion and politics became
intensely linked
• Puritanism had grown in England
The Civil War (1642-1651)
• Causes: both political and
religious conflict between:
Parliamentarians ><
Royalists
The Civil War- the results
• The Parliamentarians won the
Royalists
• King Charles I was executed
• For the first and only time,
Britain became a republic
called the ‘Commonwealth’
 The Civil War- the results
• Oliver Cromwell, leader of
Parliamentary Army became the
‘Lord protector’ of Republic
• Established s military government
and puritan ethics
• Encompassed the whole of British
Isles
Glorious Revolution (bloodless)
• Oliver Cromwell died → his
system of Gov. became unpopular
• Son of executed king was asked to
return and take throne (Charles II)
• In 1660, the monarchy and
Anglican religion were restored
 Glorious Revolution
• Conflict between monarch and parliament
emerged
• In 1688, James II was replaced by William of
Orange
• Monarch could rule only with Parliament’s
support
• Parliament limited powers of the monarch
• Dissenters were free to practice their
religions
 The 18th century
• Politically stable
• Parliament and monarch got on well
• Parliament split into two parties: the
Whigs (future Liberal Party) and the
Tories (future Conservative Party)
 The 18th century
• Established the system of annual
budget
• The monarch started appointing
Prime Minister
• Britain gradually expanded its
empire, but lost American colonies
• Industrial Revolution and its impacts
 The 19th century
• Britain controlled biggest empire :
Ireland +Canada, Australia, New
Zealand + India + large parts of
Africa
• Colonization → great wealth →
Britain = foremost economic
power
 The 19th Century
• Britain got the sense of supreme
confidence about their culture and
civilization → duty to spread this
culture and civilization
(The White Man’s Burden)
• Great changes in social structure
• Queen Victoria and set of values
 The 20th Century
• Britain was no longer the world’s richest
country
• First 20 years = period of extremism
• First world war
• Urban working class made their voice
heard → Labor Party replaced Liberal Party
• Trade Union = powerful political force
• Second world war