● Also called as alphameric
Data Processing
Data:
● word data is derived from Latin
language. It is plural of Datum (But
Data is usually used as a singular
term.)
● Datum(singular)- Data (plural.)
● any collection of facts of figures. The
data is the raw material to be of facts
of figures.
Mainly Data is divided into two types:
1. Numeric Data
2. Character Data
1.Numeric Data
● The data which represented in
the form of number. This
includes 0-9 digits, a decimal
point sign and the letters "E" or
"D".
2. Character Data
Character data falls into two groups.
i. String Data
ii. Graphical Data
String Data
● consists of the sequence of
characters.
● Characters may be English
alphabets, numbers or space.
● The space, which separates two
words, is also a character.
● further divided into two types:
A. Alphabetic Data
● It consists of capital letters from A-Z,
small letters from a-z and blank
space
● Also called as non-numeric data.
B. Alphanumeric Data
● It consists of both letters and
numbers
Graphical Data
● pictures, charts and maps can be
treated as data.
● The scanner is normally used to
enter this type of data.
● The common use of this data is
found in the National identity Card
Information
● A collection of facts organized
and processed so that they have
additional value beyond the
value of the individual facts.
Step-1
1. Input
● It is the process through which
collected data is transformed into a
form that computer can understand.
● It is very imData Processing
● Any operation or set of operation
performed upon data, whether or not
by automatic means, such as
collection, recording, organization,
storage, adaptation or alteration to
convert it into useful information.
● Known as the process of converting
Data into Information
● Once data is collected, it is
processed to convert it into useful
information.
● The data is processed again and
again until the accurate result is
achieved.
● The data processing is very
important activity and involves very
careful planning.
● Usually, data processing activity
involves three basic activities.(Input,
Processing/Process, and Output)
● portant step because correct output
result totally depends on the input
data.
● In input step, following activities can
be performed.
Collection of Data
A stage of gathering raw facts from the
environment and preparing it for the input
process.
Encoding of Data
Data is encoded or converted into machine
readable form so that it can be processed
through computer.
Transmission of Data
Sending input data to the processor and
carrying it across various components.
Data Communication
A set of activities which allow the data to be
sent from one data processing system to
another.
Storing
The data is arranged into an order so that it can be
accessed very quickly as and when required.
Calculations
The arithmetic operations are performed on the
numeric data to get the required results. For example,
total marks of each student are calculated
SummarizingStep-2
2.Processing
● The term processing denotes the actual data
manipulation techniques such as classifying,
sorting, calculating, summarizing,
comparing, etc,
● convert data into information.
(Some of the data manipulation techniques)
Classification
The data is classified into different groups
and subgroups, so that each group or sub-
group of data can be handled separately.
● The data is in a summarized form.
● summary of data is prepared for top
management.
Step-3
3.Output
● The main purpose of data
processing is to get the required
result.
● Mostly, the output is stored on the
storage media for later user.
● In output step, following activities
can be performed.
Retrieval
Output stored on the storage media can be
retrieved at any time.
Decoding
Reverse process of encoding the processed
data is decoded or converted into a form
that the recipient understands.
Communication
The generated output is sent to different
places.
Types of Data Processing:
1.Manual Data Processing
● involves human intervention.
● manual process of data entry implies
many opportunities for errors, such
as (delays in data capture, as every
single data field has to be keyed in
manually, a high amount of operator
misprints or typos, high labor costs
from the amount of manual labor
required.)
● implies higher labor expenses in
regards to spending for equipment
and supplies, rent, etc.
2.Electronic Data Processing(EDP)
● "IS" (information services or
systems) or "MIS" (management
information services or systems)
● is the processing of data by a
computer and its programs in an
environment involving electronic
communication.
● EDP evolved from "DP" (data
processing), a term that was created
when most computing input was
physical put into the computer in
punched card form or in ATM cards
form and output as punched cards or
paper reports.
3.Real time processing
● is a continual input, process and
output of data.
● Data has to be processed in a small
stipulated time period (real time),
 otherwise it will create problems for and B, there are only three possible
the system. outcomes.
4.Batch processing (A<B),(A=B), or (A>B).

● In a batch processing group of ● A computer can perform such

transactions collected over a
period of time is collected,
entered, processed and then the
batch results are produced.
● requires separate programs for
input, process and output.
● It is an efficient way of
processing high volume of data.
comparisons and the, depending on
the result, follow a predetermined
path to complete its work.
● This ability to compare is an
important property of computers
Storage and Retrieval Operations
● Both data and program instructions
are stored internally in a computer.
● Once they are stored in the internal
memory, they can be called up
quickly or retrieved, for further use.

Computer Processing
Operations
A computer can perform only the following
four operations which enable computers to
carry out the various data processing
activities.
Input/output operations

● A computer can accept data (input)

from and supply processed data
(output) to a wide range of
input/output devices.
● These devices such as keyboards,
display screens, and printers make
human- machine communication
possible.

Calculation and text manipulation

Operations

● Computer circuits perform

calculations on numbers.
● They are also capable of
manipulating numerics and other
symbols used in text with equal
efficiency.
Logic/ Comparison Operations

● A computer also possesses the

ability to perform logical operations.
● For example, if we compare two
items represented by the symbols A