Water Resources Engineering

ASSIGNMENT N0:1

Water Requirement of Crops

Q1. Define Irrigation and explain the necessity, benefits and Ill effects of irrigation in India.

Q2. Explain the term Base period, Duty & Delta. Derive the relation between them.

Q3. An irrigation canal has gross command area of 80,000 hectares out of which 85 % is
Xcultivable command area. The intensity of irrigation for Kharif crop is 30 % and for Rabi crop
is 60 %. Find the discharge required at the head of the canal if the duty at its head is 800 hectares/
cumec for Kharif and for Rabi is 1700 hectares/ cumec.

Q4. List out the Different Irrigation projects in India & Give details.

Q5. Write short notes on Techniques of Water Distribution to the farm.

Q7. What are the factors affecting duty? How can duty are improved

Q8. A water course has commanded area of 1200 Ha .Intensity of irrigation for rice is 80 % and
its transplantation period is 16 days with a delta of 600 mm. If available rain during this period is
200 mm. Find the field duty of irrigation water and duty at head of water course. If transit losses
are 20 % . Calculate carrying capacity of water course.

Q.9. Table below gives the necessary data about the crop, their duty and area under each crop ,
commended by a canal taking off from a storage tank. Taking a time factor for the canal to be
0.65 and capacity factor 0.8. Calculate the design discharge required at the head of the canal

Crop Base period ( Area ( ha) Duty at the head of the canal (
days) ha/cumec)
sugarcane 320 850 580
Overlap for 90 120 580
sugar cane in hot
weather
Wheat ( Rabi ) 120 600 1600
Bajari ) kharif ) 120 500 2000
Vegetable ( HW) 120 360 600
Q10. A water course has culturable commanded area of 1200 HA . The intensity of irrigation
for crop A is 40 % and for B is 35 % , both the crop being Rubby crops . Crop A has core period
of 20 days and crop B has 15 days . Calculate the discharge of the water course if the core depth
for Crop A is 10 cm and for B it is 16 cm .

Q12. Base period , intensity of irrigaion and duty of various crops undder a canal system are
given in table below. Find the reservoir capacity if the canal lossess arae 20 % and reservoir
lossess are 12 % .

Crop Base period ( days) Duty at the field ( Area under each crop
ha/cumec) ( Ha)
wheat 120 1800 4800
suagarcane 360 800 5600
Cotton 200 1400 2400
rice 120 900 3200
vegetables 120 700 1400
 Assignment no – 3

Hydrology

Q1. Explain Hydrology and explain hydrological cycle with neat sketch.

Q2. State method of computing average rainfall over the basin and explain any of them.

Q3. What is unit Hydrograph and S hydrograph? State significance of each.

Q4. A 12 hr storm rainfall has the following depth in cm for each hour occurring over a basin

2.8, 2.6, 5.8, 4.9, 11.6, 5.4, 8.8, 9.2, 5.5, 4.4, 1.8, and 1.6. The storm runoff resulting from the
above storm is found to be 25.5 cm depth over the basin. Determine average infiltration index for
the basin.

Q5. Explain factors affecting runoff.

Q6. Explain methods of computing surface runoff.

Q7. What is hydrograph? Draw a single peaked hydrograph and explain its components.

Q8. The ordinates of a 4- hr unit hydrograph of catchment are given below:

Time (h 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44
Ordinates 0 20 40 160 130 90 70 50 30 20 10 0
of 4 –hr
UH (
M3/sec )

Derive the flood hydrograph in the catchment due to storm given below:

Time (h 0 4 8 12
Ordinates 0 5.0 6.8 9.8
of 4 –hr
UH (
M3/sec )

Ø index for the catchment can be assumed to be 0.25 cm/hour and a constant base flow of 20 cm3
/sec.
Q9. Find out the ordinates of a storm hydrograph resulting from a 3 hour storm with rainfall of 3,
4.5, 1.5 cm during subsequent 3 hours intervals. The ordinates of unit hydrograph are given
below in the table below:

Hours 0 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 24 03 6 09 12
Ordinates 0 90 200 350 450 350 260 190 130 80 10 20 0
UH (
cumecs

Assume an intial loss of 5 mm, infiltration index of 5 mm / hour and base flow of 2 cumec.

Q10. The following are the ordinates for a flood hydrograph resulting from an isolated storm 6
hours durations

Time (h 0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96
Ordinates of 5 15 40 80 60 50 25 15 5
floodhydrograh
( cumec )
Determine the ordinate of 1 cm – 6 hour unit hydrograph if catchment area is 450 sq. Km.

Q11. The hourly ordinates of a two – hour unit hydrograph are given below. Derive a 6 hour unit
hydrograph for the same catchment.

Time 0 0 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15
(hours 1
Discharg 0. 1 2. 5. 8. 9. 9. 7. 6. 5. 4. 2. 2. 1. 0. 0.
e( 0 7 0 0 8 0 5 3 0 0 9 1 3 5 0
cumecs

Q12. The hourly ordinates of a 6– hour unit hydrograph are given below. Derive a 3 hour unit
hydrograph for the same catchment

Time 0 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42
(hours
Discharge 0 8 20 30 49 45 35 28 22 17 12 9 6 3 0
( cumecs
Q13. Given 6 hour unit hydrograph. Derive a 9 hour unit hydrograph for the catchment.

Time 0 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42
(hours
Ordinate of 0 9 20 35 49 43 35 28 22 17 12 9 6 3 0
6hour unit
hydrograph
( cumecs)
Q14. The following direct runoff hydrograph resulted from three successive 6 hours periods of
rainfall having runoff estimated as 2 4 and 3 cm respectively.

Hours 0 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36
Discharge 0 21 80 82 189 123 184 87 55.5 25.5 9 6 0
(cumecs )
Using method of complex hydrograph, derive and plot of 6 hour unit hydrograph for the basin
having area = 103.4 sq.km

Q15. Find out the ordinates of a storm hydrograph resulting from a 3 hour storm with rainfall of
3, 4.5, 1.5 cm during subsequent 3 hours intervals. The ordinates of unit hydrograph are given
below in the table below:

Hours 0 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 24 03 6 09 12
Ordinates 0 90 200 350 450 350 260 190 130 80 10 20 0
UH (
cumecs
 Assignment no 3

Well Hydraulics

Q1. Explain the terms ‘storage coefficient and coefficient of permeability, specific yield and
specific retention.

Q2. Derive an expression for discharge from a well fully penetrating an Unconfined Aquifer.

Q3. During a recuperation test, the water in an open well was depressed by pumping by 2.5 m and
it is recuperated 1.8 m in 80 minutes. Find (a) yield from a well of 4 m diameter under a depression
head of 3 meters, (b) the diameter of well to yield 8 lit/sec under a depression head of 2 m.

Q4. Derive an expression for discharge from a well fully penetrating a confined Aquifer.

Q5. Define the term Aquifer, Aquiclude, Aquitard,and Perched Aquifer.

Q6. Explain the recuperation test in details.

Q7. A 30 cm diameter well penetrates 25m below the static water table. After 24 hours of pumping
@5400liters/minute, the water level in a test well at 90 m is lowered by 0.53 m, and a well 30 m
away the drawdown is 1.11 m. (a) what is the transmissibility of the aquifer? (b) Also determine
the draw down in the main wall.

Q8. A tube well penetrates fully an 8 m thick water bearing stratum (confined) of medium sand
having coefficient of permeability of 0.004 m/sec. The well radius is 15 cm and is to be worked
under a drawdown of 3 m at the well face. Calculate the discharge from the well. What will be the
percentage increase in the discharge if the radius of the well is doubled? Take radius of zero
drawdown equal to 400 m in each length.

Q9. Design a Tube well for the following data:

1) Yield required = 0.2 cumec

2) Thickness of Confined aquifer = 40 m

3) Radius of circle of influence = 300 m

4) Permeability coefficient = 80 m / day

 5) Drawdown = 6 m.

Q10. Design an open well in fine sand to give a discharge of 0.005 cumec when worked under a
depression head of 3 m. Take the value of the specific yield for the fine sand as 0.5 m ^3 / hour
per square meter of area, under unit depression head.

Reservoir Planning & Gravity Dam , Earthen dam

Assignment no 4

1. Explain storage zones of reservoir?

2. What do you understand by demand curve? Explain the method of calculating reservoir
capacity for a specified yield from the mass inflow curve and demand curve.

3. What do you understand by Gravity Dam? What are the various forces acting on the gravity
dam? Explain in detail.

Q2. Explain in details modes of failures of Gravity dam.

Q2. What do you understand by Elementary profile of Gravity Dam? Derive an expression for
determining base width of such dam based on 1) stress criteria 2) sliding criteria. Derive
expression for Principal, shear stress.

Q4. Explain Pratical profile of Gravity Dam.

Q5. Distinguish between Low Gravity dam & High Gravity Dam.

Q6. Design practical profile of Gravity dam of Stone masonry, given the following data

1. R.L. of base of Dam = 1250. 2. R.L. of H.FL.= 1280 , specific gravity of Masonry = 2.4 ,
Safe compressive stress for masonry of dam :- 1200 KN /m^2 .

Q6. A concrete dam can be assumed to be trapezoidal in section having top width 2 m and bottom
width 10 m. Height of dam 15 m and its u/s face has a batter of 1: 10. Check the stability of dam
in the full reservoir condition assuming no free board allowance. Consider uplift pressure with
intensity factor 100 %. Also determine stresses at toe and heel. Assume weight of concrete 24
KN/m^3 , unit shear strength of concrete 14 kg/ m^2, and coefficient of friction between concrete
and foundation soil is 0.7 .
Q7. Fig shows the section of gravity dam (non-overflow section) built of concrete. Calculate
(neglecting earthquake effects). 1) The max vertical stress at heel & toe of the dam.

2) The major principal stress at toe of the dam. 3) Intensity of shear stress on horizontal plane

Near the toe.

Q8.Explain step by step the analytical procedure that you will adopt for analyzing the stability
(two dimensions & graphical method) of gravity Dam.

Q9. Write the brief note on necessity and methods of foundation treatment of gravity dam?

Q10. Explain the function of the following 1) Drainage gallery 2) Construction joints in dam.

Q11.Design practical profile of Gravity dam of Stone masonry, given the following data

1. R.L. of base of Dam = 198. 2. R.L. of H.FL.= 228 m , specific gravity of Masonry =
2.4 , Safe compressive stress for masonry of dam :- 1200 KN /m^2 .

Q12. The cross section of low gravity dam is given , assume reservoir to be full , determine 1)
Normal stress 2) the principal stress 3) The shear friction factor at base
Q13. Define and explain seepage line for different condition and location for earthen dam.
 Assignment no 6

Q1. Compare the Kennedy’s theory and Lacey’s theory.

Q2. Write design steps in Kennedy’s theory of unlined alluvial channels.

Q3. Describe method of designing a canal based on Lacey’s theory.

Q4 Design an irrigation channel in alluvial soil according to Laceys silt theory given following
data: - slope of the channel = 1: 5000, lacey’s silt factors = 0.9, Channel side slope – ½ : 1 . Also
find the maximum discharge which can be allowed to flow in it.

Q5. Design an irrigation channel in alluvial soil according to Lacey’s silt theory. Given the
following data, slope of channel – 1: 5000, Lacey’s silt factor = 0.9.

Q6. Design a channel section by Kennedy’s theory, for given data, Discharge = 28 cumecs,
kutter constant N is 0.0225, critical velocity ration is 1 , side slope ½ : 1 , B/D = 7.6 Find also the
bed slope of the channel.
 Canal Head work & Distribution system

Q1. What is meant by Canal lining? What are its advantages? Discuss the different types of canal
lining.

Q2. Explain Economics of canal lining.

Q3. What are the main types of canal lining?

Q4. What is mean by Water Logging, what are the causes & effects of water logging in canal
irrigated farm?

Q5. Explain ill effects of water logging.

Canal Structure

Q1. What is meant by Canal fall or drops? Why are canal drops provided in canal system?

Q2. Explain different types of fall with sketches.

Q3. Explain Canal Escape with neat diagram?

Q4. What is metering flume? How does it help in measuring the discharge of canal? Describe
with sketches different types of flumes with sketches.

Q5. What is mean by Canal Regulation? What are the different canal regulation works?

Q6. What is mean by Canal outlet? Explain different types of canal outlet.

Q7. Describe with sketches different types of cross drainage works.

Q8. Differtiate between Syphon aqueduct and canal syphon & aqueduct and super passage.