Why Wotan is related to

Metis and Minerva Joannes Richter

row language Sky-god Virtue “wisdom” Virtue “justice”

3 Futhark 1 T Æ I W S W I T Æ S T I W Æ S
3 Futhark 2 T Æ I W S V I D A RR T I W A Z
2 Old Greek 1 Θ9 Ι10 Ε5 Υ6 (s15) W6 Ε5 Ι10 Θ9 (s15) Θ9 Ε5 Μ13 Ι10 (s15)
2 Early Greek 2 Θ9 Ι10 Ε5 Υ6 (s15) Μ13 Ε5 Θ9 Ι10 (s15) Θ9 Ε5 Μ13 Ι10 (s15)
2 Classic Greek 3 Θ9 Ι10 Ε5 Υ6 (s15) Μ13 Ε5 Θ9 Ι10 (s15) Θ9 Ε5 Μ13 Ι10 (s15)
2 Etruscan Θ9 Ι10 N I A M E N (i) R
2 Old Latin 1 Þ9 Ι9 Ε5 V6 (s15) V21 Ι9 Þ9 Ε5 (s15) Ι9 V6 (s15) Þ9 Ε5
2 Classic Latin 2 Þ9 Ι9 Ε5 V6 (s15) Μ13 Ι9 Ν14 Ε5 R18 Ι9 V6 (s15) Þ9 Ε5
2 Basque V6 R18 Þ9 Ι9 Ε5 (s15) Ε5 Ι9 V6 Þ 9 Ι9 V6 (s15) Þ9 Ε5
2 Lithuanian Þ9 Ιe9 V6 Ε5 (s15) Ι9 (s15) Μ13 Ε5 Þ9 Þ9 Ε5 Ι9 (s15) Μ13
Table 1 The triads of theonyms (sky-god and 2 virtues) for the languages Germanic (Futhark),
Greek, Latin, Basque, respectively Lithuanian

Abstract
Without the help of the pentagrams and the 2-dimensional alphabets it would have been difficult to
understand the Germanic, Roman, Greek, Basque and Lithuanian mythologies. The pentagrams
however guided me to an insight at these mythologies.
Originally the European populations seem to have started with a sky-god and two virtues (wisdom
and justice). The wisdom had been based on the common words for “to see” and “to wit”. The
justice may have been interpreted as a “seeing backward”, as an antipodal method in the sense of
“wisdom” as a “seeing forward”.
In a secondary evolutionary phase the virtues (wisdom and justice) used be be transformed in
deities, named Wotan, Metis, and Menrva, Minerva for “wisdom”, respectively Tiwaz, Themis, and
Juste for “justice”.
In contrast to the words for the virtues the names for the sky-gods may remain unchanged for
centuries. The virtues often may be modified after a modification of the alphabet. The “W” of
Wotan may have been matched to the “M” in Metis and in Menrva and Minerva.
The pentagrams may help us to understand and correct the interpretatio romana , Interpretatio
germanica and Interpretatio graeca. The correct links may be understood as the mapping table 1 of
this paper.
Introduction
Usually the words for the sky-gods and virtues wisdom and justice are displayed in the 2 nd or 3rd
rows of the 2-dimensional alphabets. If one of the letters in the 2-dimensional table is modified the
name of the sky-god or virtues may be altered as well.
The standardized Greek alphabet was based on 5 places of articulation (tongue, palate, lips,
thoath, teeth).
The Latin alphabet spreads the letters on “wildly chosen” locations: as the linguals: D, Þ L,
N, T, the palatals: C, G, I, J, K, Q, X, the gutturals: A, Ε, H, O, Y, the labials: B, ϝ1 - V, M, P, U,
W and the dentals: Z, S, R. The categorization of several letters can not be determined
clearly, e.g. in the case: Y (I), Y (Ei) or Y (U).
The names for the sky-god URÞΙË, TEIWS, DieVAS, DIEUS, TINIA, DIOUS, seem to be
quite stable for some centuries. In contrast the words for the virtues (wisdom and justice) are
modified as soon as the 2-dimensional pattern of the alphabet are modified in the first couple
of rows.
Most of the names for the sky-gods are based on similar letters T or D, E or A, I, U or V, W and R,
S or Z. The earliest words for the virtues are usually composed from the same letters as the standard
name DIEUS for the sky-god.
The fat-printed letters R, M, N, O may be seen as exceptional symbols, which may have been
altered by a shifting process in the 2-dimensional alphabet.
In the archaic words the virtue wisdom is based on the word for “to see”, which in the course of
alphabetical evolution is modified from
• Greek: *Weyds - WEYDS (to see2) to Metis → METIS → Athina (AΘINA, Pallas Athena)
• Latin: VIDΕS (“to see”) → Minerva (“wisdom”) → MINERVA
The following concepts are illustrated in the next chapters3:

Language Sky-god Virtue Wisdom Virtue Justice

1 Germanic *Teiws - TEIWS Wotan (from: to wit) or (W)Odin Tiwaz – TIWAZ
and his son: Víðarr VIDAR
2a Old Greek 1 Zeus (from: DIEUS) *Weyds - WEYDS (to see) ?
2b Early Greek 2 Zeus (from: DIEUS) Metis - METIS Themis – ΘEMIS
2c Classic Greek 3 Zeus (from: DIEUS) Athina (AΘINA, Pallas Athena) ?
3 Etruscan TINIA Menrva - MEN(i)RVA ?
4a Old Latin 1 JU-piter (from: DIOUS) VIDΕS (“to see”)
4b Classic Latin 2 JU-piter (from: DIOUS) Minerva (“wisdom”) - MINERVA
5 Basque URÞΙË SEIUÞ / ZAGUT IUSÞE
6 Lithuanian DieVAS IŠMANYMAS TEISMO
Table 2 Overview of the sky-gods and the virtues justice and wisdom

1 Digamma (ϝ) - an archaic letter of the Greek alphabet , may be exchanged by /W/, /F/, /U/, /V/
2 Source: ὁράω – Wiktionary - Forms in εἰδ- (eid-) are from Proto-Indo-European *weyd- (“to see”) (whence εἶδος
(eîdos), ἵστωρ (hístōr))
3 Unveiling the Linguistic Bridge between Greek and Germanic Mythologies
The 3 keywords in the Futhark signary
The 3 keywords in the elder Futhark are quite stable, which may be caused by their relatively late
introduction and relatively scarce usage. Also the samples for the Elder Futhark signary are well
known and reliable.
The Futhark signary may be ordered to display the three anagrams TÆIWS, WITÆS and TIWÆS at
the third rows of the 2-dimensional table:
Index 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Elder ᚠ ᚢ ᚦ ᚨ ᚱ ᚲ ᚷ ᚹ ᚺ ᚾ ᛁ ᛃ ᛇ ᛈ ᛉ ᛊ ᛏ ᛒ ᛖ ᛗ ᛚ ᛜ ᛟ ᛞ
Futhark F U Þ A R K G W HN I J Æ P Z S T B E M L Ŋ O D
ætts "Freyr's ætt" "Hagal's ætt" Tyr's ('Mars') ætt
Table 3 The categorization and sequence of the Elder Futhark signary (24 symbols)
The runic alphabet may be transformed to the following 2-dimensional table. The following three
anagrams for the 2-dimensional futhark-table displays the three anagrams at the third rows:
• TÆIWS, or TEIWS, as the word “god” in the Gothic language
• WITÆS, WIT or WITES (for wisdom)
• TIWÆS, TIW or TIWES (for justice).
The 2-dimensional tables for the runic alphabets are filled (from the bottom to the top) in the correct
column with all letter-symbols in the order of the alphabet. As a sample the first 5 letters F, U, Þ, A,
R, K are filled as follows:

2 U
1 Þ A K F R
Table 4 Filling the first row of the Futhark 2-dimensional table with the letters F, U, Þ, A, R, K

The complete triad of the pentagrams TÆIWS, WITÆS and TIWÆS displays the names of the sky
god and the virtues in the 3rd row of the Futhark 2-dimensional table (filled with 24 letters).

Sky-god Virtue “wisdom” Virtue “justice”

# Lin- Guttu Pala Labi Den Labi Pala Ling Guttu Den Ling Pala Labi Guttu Den
gual ral tal al tal al tal ual ral tal ual tal al ral tal
6 D M M D D M
5 Ŋ O B B Ŋ O Ŋ B O
4 L E J P P J L E L J P E
3 T Æ I W S W I T Æ S T I W Æ S
2 N H G U Z U G N H Z N G U H Z
1 Þ A K F R F K Þ A R Þ K F A R
TÆIWS WITÆS TIWÆS
Table 5 2-Dimensional table of the runic alphabet on the Kylver Stone
(on the third row the alphabet displays the pentagrams TÆIWS, WITÆS and TIWÆS)
The 3 keywords in the Old-Greek alphabet (1)
The Greek alphabet may be derived from the Ugaritic concept (via the Punic alphabet). The 7 th
letter is a digamma and may represent various sounds such as W, Y, F, V. In the Greek alphabet the
digamma is found at the 6th letter and may be defined as the sound “Y” or “W”.

Index 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Transcription
of the Ugaritic 30 ʾa b g ḫ d h w z ḥ ṭ y k š l mḏ n ẓ s ʿ p ṣ q r s ġ t ʾi ʾu s2
alphabet
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Hebrew 22
‫ג ב א‬ ‫כ י טח ז ו הד‬ ‫מל‬ ‫נ‬ ‫שרק צ פ ע ס‬ ‫ת‬
Old-Greek 21 A B Γ Δ Ε Υ Ζ ΗΘ Ι Κ ΛΜ Ν ΟΠ s q Ρ Σ Τ
Early Greek 21 A B Γ Δ Ε Ζ ΗΘ Ι Κ ΛΜ Ν ΟΠ Ρ Σ Τ YXΩ
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21-26
C Ϝ I V,U,W,
Latin 26 A B DE Z H Þ K LM N O P s QR S T
G V J X,Y,Z
Table 6 Ugaritic abecedaria (1) of the "Northern Semitic order" (27-30 letters)
(categorized according to the comments of Rabbi Saadia Gaon)
The Greek alphabet may be transformed to the following 2-dimensional table, which displays the
three anagrams at the 2nd row for the sky-god and the two virtues (for wisdom, respectively justice):
• ΘIEUs maybe as the word “Thieus” or (deteriorated) “Zeus” in the Greek language
• WEIΘs (WEIThs, later transformed to MEΘIs / Metis for wisdom)
• ΘEWIs (ThEWIs, later transformed to ΘEMIs / Themis for justice).

Sky-god Virtue “wisdom” Virtue “justice”

(Old-Greek alphabet) ( Old-Greek alphabet) ( Old-Greek alphabet)
# Lin- Pala Guttu Labi Den Labi Guttu Pala Lin- Den Lin- Guttu Labi Pala Den
gual tal ral al tal al ral tal gual tal gual ral al tal tal
5 Τ22 Σ21 Τ22 Σ21 Τ22 Σ21
4 Ν14 Q19 Ο16 Π17 Ρ20 Π17 Ο16 Q19 Ν14 Ρ20 Ν14 Ο16 Π17 Q19 Ρ20
3 Λ12 Κ11 Η8 Μ13 (Ts18) Μ13 Η8 Κ11 Λ12 (Ts18) Λ12 Η8 Μ13 Κ11 (Ts18)

2 Θ9 Ι10 Ε5 U6 (s15) W6 Ε5 Ι10 Θ9 (s15) Θ9 Ε5 W6 Ι10 (s15)

1 Δ4 Γ3 Α1 Β2 Ζ7 Β2 Α1 Γ3 Δ4 Ζ7 Δ4 Α1 Β2 Γ3 Ζ7

ΘIEUs WEIΘs ΘEWIs

Table 7 2-Dimensional table of the Old-Greek alphabet (in 24 Greek capital letters)
(in the early and classic Greek alphabet the letter digamma (Y) is skipped)
(at the second row the alphabet displays the pentagrams ΘIEUs, WEIΘs and ΘEWIs)

All columns are similar in all names for the sky-god and the two virtues.
The 3 keywords in the early Greek alphabet (2)
The Greek alphabet may be derived from the Ugaritic concept (via the Punic alphabet). The 7 th
letter is a digamma and may represent various sounds such as W, Y, F, V. In the Greek alphabet the
digamma is found at the 6th letter and may be defined as “Y”. In classic Greek this archaic digamma
is skipped. The next position for the theonym is an “M”, which may be inserted in the displayed
word at the 2nd row, resulting in MEΘIs, respectively ΘEMIs. The sky-god Zeus may have been
defined before the digamma had been skipped from the alphabet.

Index 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Transcription
of the Ugaritic 30 ʾa b g ḫ d h w z ḥ ṭ y k š l mḏ n ẓ s ʿ p ṣ q r s ġ t ʾi ʾu s2
alphabet
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Hebrew 22
‫ג ב א‬ ‫כ י טח ז ו הד‬ ‫מל‬ ‫נ‬ ‫שרק צ פ ע ס‬ ‫ת‬
Old-Greek 21 A B Γ Δ Ε Υ Ζ ΗΘ Ι Κ ΛΜ Ν ΟΠ s q Ρ Σ Τ
Classic
21 A B Γ Δ Ε Ζ ΗΘ Ι Κ ΛΜ Ν ΟΠ Ρ Σ Τ YXΩ
Greek
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21-26
C Ϝ I V,U,W,
Latin 26 A B DE Z H Þ K LM N O P s QR S T
G V J X,Y,Z
Table 8 Ugaritic abecedaria (1) of the "Northern Semitic order" (27-30 letters)
(categorized according to the comments of Rabbi Saadia Gaon)
The Greek alphabet may be transformed to the following 2-dimensional table, which displays the
three anagrams at the 2nd row for the sky-god and the two virtues (for wisdom, respectively justice):
• ΘIEYs maybe as the word “Thieus” or (deteriorated) “Zeus” in the Greek language
• YEΘIs (Wetis, now transformed to MEΘIs / Metis for wisdom)
• ΘEYIs (Thewis, now transformed to ΘEMIs / Themis for justice).

Sky-god Virtue “wisdom” Virtue “justice”

(old Greek alphabet) (classic Greek alphabet) (classic Greek alphabet)
# Lin- Pala Guttu Labi Den Labi Guttu Lin- Pala Den Lin- Guttu Labi Pala Den
gual tal ral al tal al ral gual tal tal gual ral al tal tal
5 Τ22 Σ21 Τ22 Σ21 Τ22 Σ21
4 Ν14 Q19 Ο16 Π17 Ρ20 Ο16 Ν14 Ρ20 Ν14 Ο16 Ρ20
3 Λ12 Κ11 Η8 Μ13 (Ts18) Π17 Η8 Λ12 Κ11 (Ts18) Λ12 Η8 Π17 Κ11 (Ts18)

2 Θ9 Ι10 Ε5 (Υ6) (s15) Μ13 Ε5 Θ9 Ι10 (s15) Θ9 Ε5 Μ13 Ι10 (s15)

1 Δ4 Γ3 Α1 Β2 Ζ7 Β2 Α1 Δ4 Γ3 Ζ7 Δ4 Α1 Β2 Γ3 Ζ7

ΘIEYs (Zeus) YEΘIs → MEΘIs ΘEYIs → ΘEMIs

Table 9 2-Dimensional table of the early Greek alphabet (in Greek capital letters)
(in the early Greek alphabet the letter digamma (Y) is skipped)
(at the second row the alphabet displays the pentagrams ΘIEYs, MEΘIs and ΘEMIs)
The 3 keywords in the classic Greek alphabet (3)
The Greek alphabet may be derived from the Ugaritic concept (via the Punic alphabet). The 7 th
letter is a digamma and may represent various sounds such as W, Y, F, V. In the Greek alphabet the
digamma is found at the 6th letter and may be defined as “Y”. In classic Greek this archaic digamma
is skipped. The next position for the theonym is an “M”, which may be inserted in the displayed
word at the 2nd row, resulting in MEΘIs, respectively ΘEMIs. The sky-god Zeus may have been
defined before the digamma had been skipped from the alphabet.

Index 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Transcription
of the Ugaritic 30 ʾa b g ḫ d h w z ḥ ṭ y k š l mḏ n ẓ s ʿ p ṣ q r s ġ t ʾi ʾu s2
alphabet
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Hebrew 22
‫ג ב א‬ ‫כ י טח ז ו הד‬ ‫מל‬ ‫נ‬ ‫שרק צ פ ע ס‬ ‫ת‬
Old-Greek 21 A B Γ Δ Ε Υ Ζ ΗΘ Ι Κ ΛΜ Ν ΟΠ s q Ρ Σ Τ
Classic
21 A B Γ Δ Ε Ζ ΗΘ Ι Κ ΛΜ Ν ΟΠ Ρ Σ Τ YXΩ
Greek
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21-26
C Ϝ I V,U,W,
Latin 26 A B DE Z H Þ K LM N O P s QR S T
G V J X,Y,Z
Table 10 Ugaritic abecedaria (1) of the "Northern Semitic order" (27-30 letters)
(categorized according to the comments of Rabbi Saadia Gaon)
The Greek alphabet may be transformed to the following 2-dimensional table, which displays the
three anagrams at the 2nd row for the sky-god and the two virtues (for wisdom, respectively justice):
• ΘIEYs maybe as the word “Thieus” or (deteriorated) “Zeus” in the Greek language
• YEΘIs (Wetis, transformed to MEΘIs / Metis for wisdom), now replaced by Pallas Athena
• ΘEYIs (Thewis, transformed to ΘEMIs / Themis for justice).

Sky-god Virtue “wisdom” Virtue “justice”

(old Greek alphabet) (classic Greek alphabet) (classic Greek alphabet)
# Lin- Pala Guttu Labi Den Labi Guttu Lin- Pala Den Lin- Guttu Labi Pala Den
gual tal ral al tal al ral gual tal tal gual ral al tal tal
5 Τ22 Σ21 Τ22 Σ21 Τ22 Σ21
4 Ν14 Q19 Ο16 Π17 Ρ20 Ο16 Ν14 Ρ20 Ν14 Ο16 Ρ20
3 Λ12 Κ11 Η8 Μ13 (Ts18) Π17 Η8 Λ12 Κ11 (Ts18) Λ12 Η8 Π17 Κ11 (Ts18)
2 Θ9 Ι10 Ε5 (Υ6) (s15) Μ13 Ε5 Θ9 Ι10 (s15) Θ9 Ε5 Μ13 Ι10 (s15)
1 Δ4 Γ3 Α1 Β2 Ζ7 Β2 Α1 Δ4 Γ3 Ζ7 Δ4 Α1 Β2 Γ3 Ζ7
ΘIEYs YEΘIs → MEΘIs ΘEYIs → ΘEMIs
(Zeus) (Pallas Athene) (Themis ?)
Table 11 2-Dimensional table of the early Greek alphabet (in Greek capital letters)
(in the classic Greek alphabet the letter digamma (Y) is skipped in the 2nd row & replaced by an M)
(at the second row the alphabet still displays the pentagrams ΘIEYs, MEΘIs and ΘEMIs)
The 3 keywords in the Etruscan alphabet
The Etruscan alphabet had been derived from the Greek alphabet. The name of the sky-god may be
correlating with Athina (AΘINA, Pallas Athena), who in Athens was the deity of wisdom.
Athina (AΘINA, Pallas Athena) is related to the Latin word Minerva (“wisdom”) - MINERVA.

Language Sky-god Virtue Wisdom Virtue Justice

1 Germanic *Teiws - TEIWS Wotan (from: to wit) or (W)Odin Tiwaz – TIWAZ
and his son: Víðarr VIDAR
2a Old Greek 1 Zeus (from: DIEUS) *Weyds - WEYDS (to see) ?
2b Early Greek 2 Zeus (from: DIEUS) Metis - METIS Themis – ΘEMIS
2c Classic Greek 3 Zeus (from: DIEUS) Athina (AΘINA, Pallas Athena) ?
3 Etruscan TINIA Menrva - MEN(i)RVA ?
4a Old Latin 1 JU-piter (from: DIOUS) VIDΕS (“to see”)
4b Classic Latin 2 JU-piter (from: DIOUS) Minerva (“wisdom”) - MINERVA
The 3 keywords in the Old-Latin alphabet (1)
The Latin alphabet may have been derived from the Ugaritic concept (via the Punic and Greek
alphabet). The 7th letter is a digamma and may represent various sounds such as W, Y, F, V. In the
Latin alphabet the digamma is found at the 6th letter and may be defined as “F”.
Index 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Transcription
of the Ugaritic 30 ʾa b g ḫ d h w z ḥ ṭ y k š l mḏ n ẓ s ʿ p ṣ q r s ġ t ʾi ʾu s2
alphabet
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Hebrew 22
‫ג ב א‬ ‫כ י טח ז ו הד‬ ‫מל‬ ‫נ‬ ‫שרק צ פ ע ס‬ ‫ת‬
Old-Greek 21 A B Γ Δ Ε Υ Ζ ΗΘ Ι Κ ΛΜ Ν ΟΠ s q Ρ Σ Τ
Classic
21 A B Γ Δ Ε Ζ ΗΘ Ι Κ ΛΜ Ν ΟΠ Ρ Σ Τ YXΩ
Greek
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21-26
C Ϝ I V,U,W,
Latin 26 A B DE Z H Þ K LM N O P s QR S T
G V J X,Y,Z
Table 12 Ugaritic abecedaria (1) of the "Northern Semitic order" (27-30 letters)
(categorized according to the comments of Rabbi Saadia Gaon)
The Latin alphabet may be transformed to the following 2-dimensional table, which displays the
three anagrams at the 2nd row for the sky-god and the two virtues (for wisdom, respectively justice):
• ÞIEYs maybe as the word “Thieus” or (mutated to “DIOYs”?) “Dious” → JU in Latin.
• WIÞES (from: “vides” [“to see”], equivalent to MEΘIs, later to be transformed to MINERva
for wisdom).
• IUSTE (equivalent to ΘEMIs, later to be transformed to JUSTE for justice).

Sky-god Virtue “wisdom” Virtue “justice”

(old Latin alphabet) (old Latin alphabet) (old Latin alphabet)
# Lin-gual Pala Guttu Labi Den Labi Pala Lin- Guttu Den Pala Labi Den Lin- Guttu
tal ral al tal al tal gual ral tal tal al tal gual ral
5 Τ20 S19 Τ20 S19 S19 Τ20
4 Ν14 Q17 Ο15 P16 R18 P16 Q17 Ν14 Ο15 R18 Q17 P16 R18 Ν14 Ο15
3 L12 Κ11 Η8 Μ13 (Ts18) Μ13 Κ11 L12 Η8 (Ts18) Κ11 Μ13 (Ts18) L12 Η8

2 Þ9 Ι9 Ε5 V6 (s15) V6 Ι9 Þ9 Ε5 (s15) Ι9 V6 (s15) Þ9 Ε5

1 D4 C3 Α1 Β2 Ζ7 Β2 C3 D4 Α1 Ζ7 C3 Β2 Ζ7 D4 Α1

ÞIEVs → ÞIOVs WIÞES (to “see”) IUSÞE (justice)

Table 13 2-Dimensional table of the Latin alphabet (in Latin capital letters)
(in the classic Latin alphabet the letter digamma (V) may have been shifted for Minerva)
(at the 2nd row the alphabet displays the pentagrams ÞIOVs, WIÞES (to “see”) and IUSÞE)
The 3 keywords in the classic Latin alphabet (2)
The Latin alphabet may have been derived from the Ugaritic concept (via the Punic and Greek
alphabet). The 7th letter is a digamma and may represent various sounds such as W, Y, F, V. In the
Latin alphabet the digamma is found at the 6th letter and may be defined as “F”. In classic Latin this
archaic digamma is shifted from the 6th to the 21 - 23th position. The next position for the theonym is
an “M”, which now may be inserted at the displayed word at the 2nd row, resulting in MINERva
(Minerva). The third theonym is IUSTE (iuste). The sky-god Jupiter may have been defined before
the digamma had been skipped from the alphabet.
Index 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Transcription
of the Ugaritic 30 ʾa b g ḫ d h w z ḥ ṭ y k š l mḏ n ẓ s ʿ p ṣ q r s ġ t ʾi ʾu s2
alphabet
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Hebrew 22
‫ג ב א‬ ‫כ י טח ז ו הד‬ ‫מל‬ ‫נ‬ ‫שרק צ פ ע ס‬ ‫ת‬
Old-Greek 21 A B Γ Δ Ε Υ Ζ ΗΘ Ι Κ ΛΜ Ν ΟΠ s q Ρ Σ Τ
Classic
21 A B Γ Δ Ε Ζ ΗΘ Ι Κ ΛΜ Ν ΟΠ Ρ Σ Τ YXΩ
Greek
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21-26
C Ϝ I V,U,W,
Latin 26 A B DE Z H Þ K LM N O P s QR S T
G V J X,Y,Z
Table 14 Ugaritic abecedaria (1) of the "Northern Semitic order" (27-30 letters)
(categorized according to the comments of Rabbi Saadia Gaon)
The Latin alphabet may be transformed to the following 2-dimensional table, which displays the
three anagrams at the 2nd row for the sky-god and the two virtues (for wisdom, respectively justice):
• ΘIEYs maybe as the word “Thieus” or (mutated to “ΘIOYs”?) “Dious” in Latin.
• MINER (equivalent to MEΘIs, from WIÞES transformed to MINER for wisdom).
• IURTE (equivalent to ΘEMIs, from IUSTE transformed to IURTE for justice).

Sky-god Virtue “wisdom” Virtue “justice”

(classic Latin alphabet) (classic Latin alphabet) (classic Latin alphabet)
# Lin-gual Pala Guttu Labi Den Labi Pala Lin- Guttu Den Pala Labi Den Lin- Guttu
tal ral al tal al tal gual ral tal tal al tal gual ral
5 Τ20 S19 Τ20
4 Ν14 Q17 Ο15 P16 R18 V21 Q17 Ο15 Q17 P16 Ν14 Ο15
3 L12 Κ11 Η8 Μ13 (Ts18) P16 Κ11 Τ20 Η8 S19 Κ11 Μ13 S19 L12 Η8

2 Þ9 Ι9 Ε5 V6 (s15) Μ13 Ι9 Ν14 Ε5 R18 Ι9 V6 R18 Þ9 Ε5

1 D4 C3 Α1 Β2 Ζ7 Β2 C3 D4 Α1 Ζ7 C3 Β2 Ζ7 D4 Α1

ΘIEVs (ΘIOVs) WIÞES → MIΝERva IUSTE → IURÞE

Table 15 2-Dimensional table of the Latin alphabet (in Latin capital letters)
(in the classic Latin alphabet the letter digamma (V) may have been shifted for Minerva)
(at the 2nd row the alphabet displays the pentagrams ΘIOVs, MIΝEΡva and IURÞE)
The 3 keywords in the Basque alphabet
I investigated pentagrams in the Basque language and found the Thursday as “Urtiaguna”, which in
Standard Basque, Guipuscoan Basque is labeled "Ortzi/Sky day" ( URTIA + egun 'day'). The sky-
god may have been integrated in the Thursday, which corresponds to the Germanic linguistics.
The Biscayne, Basque word is eguena, which is translated “day of days”, “day of light”, which may
indicate a prominent day of the week.

Day of the week Standard Basque, Guipuscoan Basque Biscayne, Basque

Word 5-gram Basque word Interpretation Basque word Interpretation
Thursday TEIWS Osteguna "Ortzi/Sky day" eguena day of days,
(“Urtiaguna”) ( URTIA + egun 'day') day of light

Table 16 The days of the week in the different Euskera dialects

From the the Basque dictionary we may select three words URÞΙË (the sky-god), ZAGUT / SEIUÞ
(“to know”) and IUSTA (“right”) to fill the three pentagrams as keywords for the Basque language.
Thursday as “URTIEGUN (URTIA's day)” may be named to honor a pre-Christian sky deity URTIA.
Also the month URT(i)ARRILA ( January ) refers to the deity.
The names URTIA, ZAGUT (wisdom) and JUSTE (justice) may be displayed in the Latin alphabet4:

Sky-god Virtue “to wit” Virtue “right”, “juste”

(Latin alphabet) (old Latin alphabet) (old Latin alphabet)
# Labi Den Lin- Pala Guttu Den Guttu Pala Labi Lin- Pala Labi Den Lin- Guttu
al tal gual tal ral tal ral tal al gual tal al tal gual ral
5 Τ20 S19 Τ20 S19 Τ20
4 P16 Ν14 Q17 Ο15 R18 Ο15 Q17 P16 Ν14 Q17 P16 R18 Ν14 Ο15
3 Μ13 S19 L12 Κ11 Η8 (Ts18) Η8 Κ11 Μ13 L12 Κ11 Μ13 (Ts18) L12 Η8

2 (F) V6 R18 Þ9 Ι9 Ε5 (s15) Ε5 Ι9 V6 Þ9 Ι9 V6 (s15) Þ9 Ε5

1 Β2 Ζ7 D4 C3 Α1 Ζ7 Α1 C3 Β2 D4 C3 Β2 Ζ7 D4 Α1

URÞΙË SEIUÞ / ZAGUT IUSÞE

Table 17 2-Dimensional table of the Basque language in the Latin alphabet
(in Latin capital letters and the Þ),
(in the classic Latin alphabet some letters may have been removed)
(at the 2nd row the alphabet displays the pentagrams URÞΙË, SEIUÞ / ZAGUT and IUSÞE)

4 Source: The Triad of Pentagrams in the Basque Language

The 3 keywords in the Lithuanian alphabet
The essay The Triad of Pentagrams in the Lithuanian Language lists the triads of theonyms (sky-
god and 2 virtues) for the language Lithuanian.
In the languages Germanic, Greek, Latin, Basque and Lithuanian these words seem to be composed
from a restricted number of letters. Usually the 5-letter names for the sky-god, the wisdom and
justice seem to be based on the preferred letters: T or Þ, Θ, E, I, W, V or Μ, S5. These are the key-
letters for the “keywords” for the sky-god and his two virtues, respectively in Greek his “consorts”.
The 5 categories for the 5 letters refer to the 5 points of articulation: guttural, lingual, labial, palatal
and dental.
The oldest alphabet for the Lithuanian language was a Latin alphabet with 23 letters. The first alphabet
of the Lithuanian language was proposed by Martynas Mažvydas in Catechism, the first Lithuanian
book published in 1547:
ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTVXYZ, (without J, U, W)6
The pentagrams in the relevant words for the sky-god, wisdom and justice may have been spelled as
follows: DIeVAS, IŠMANYMAS and TEISMO.

Sky-god Virtue “knowledge” Virtue “justice”

(old Latin alphabet) (classic Latin alphabet) (classic Latin alphabet)
# Lin- Pala Labi Guttu Den Pala Den Labi Guttu Lin- Lin- Guttu Pala Den Labi
gual tal al ral tal tal tal al ral gual gual ral tal tal al
5 Τ20 S19 S19 Τ20 Τ20 S19
4 Ν14 Q17 P16 Ο15 R18 Q17 R18 V6 Ο15 Ν14 Ν14 Ο15 Q17 R18 V6
3 L12 Κ11 Μ13 Η8 (Ts18) Κ11 (Ts18) P16 Η8 L12 L12 Η8 Κ11 (Ts18) P16

2 Þ9 Ι9 V6 Ε5 (s15) Ι9 (s15) Μ13 Ε5 Þ9 Þ9 Ε5 Ι9 (s15) Μ13

1 D4 C3 Β2 Α1 Ζ7 C3 Ζ7 Β2 Α1 D4 D4 Α1 C3 Ζ7 Β2

DIeVAS IŠMANYMAS TEISMO

Table 18 2-Dimensional table of the Lithuanian language in Latin alphabet (in Latin capital letters)
(in the classic Latin alphabet some letters [V → M] may have been removed, resp. shifted)
(at the 2nd row the alphabet displays the pentagrams DIeVAS, IŠMANYMAS and TEISMO)

5 The Triad of Pentagrams in the Lithuanian Language

6 Original texts of the Catechism
The 3 keywords in the ogham alphabet
A simple transformation allows us to convert a linear alphabet or signary into a two-
dimensional array, which displays a unique theonym of a sky-god on one of the rows. These
included theonyms for the sky-gods are 5-letter words (named pentagrams) such as ÞIΕVS
in a Latin alphabet, TIWÆS or TIÆWS in the Elder Futhark, respectively TIEU(X) for the
Ogham signaries7.
In these strange corrupted episode of wars, collapsing banks, infectious laboratories and growing
hyperinflation I hesitated to insert the 3 keywords in the Provencal alphabet. The evidence is rather
poor, but the indicators may also be strong. Maybe I should forget this chapter....
In an earlier paper I chose the Provencal language and their early tradition of sending missionaries
to the Irish island. At that time the missionaries belonged to the nobility of the population.
A possible source for the ogham signaries may be found in the mission of the Frankish
bishop Palladius, who was consecrated by Pope Celestine I and sent to Ireland in 431 AD -
"to the Scotti believing in Christ". The same year Palladius traveled to Scotland. The
missionaries may have initiated the ogham signaries.
A similar source for the Elder Futhark is possible in the mission of the Gothic bishop Ulfilas
(c. 311–383), who as a missionary is said to have invented a writing system based on the
Greek alphabet.
According to the Vimose inscriptions (dated to the 2nd century) the Scandinavian “kings” may have
introduced their singular Futhark runes, which were used without an “alphabetical” order.
Around 400 AD they might have defined the official order of the runic symbols in the Elder Futhark
sequence of the Kylver Stone (dated ~400 AD).
The architecture of the signaries for both the ogham and Futhark runes may have been assisted by
the missionaries as an impressive feature for the new religion Christianity.
There is a standard order8 (defined in Wikipedia), local orders (Goidelic and Pictish) and
chronological orders such as the medieval order. I decided to investigate the following 4 orders9:
Aicme Beithe Aicme hÚatha Aicme Muine Aicme Ailme
Goidelic order B L N F/V S H D T C Q M G NG SS R A O U Ε I
Pictish order B L V S N H D T K KH M G NG ST R A O U Ε I
Medieval order B L F S V H D T K Q M G NG DD R A O U Ε I
Standard order B L F S N H D T C Q M G NG Z R A O U Ε I
Table 19 3 chronological orders from Proto-Ogham (2008) and the “standard order”.
(and additionally the forfeda : CH, TH, P, Ph, X-SK, and/or EA, OI, UI, IA, AE.)
I noticed the standard alphabet may be ordered as follows:

Fig. 1 The Ogham alphabet: B,L,F,S,N – H,D,T,C,Q – M,G,Ng,Z,R – A,O,U,E,I –*,....

and the 5 Forfeda symbols

7 Notes to the Origin of the Elder Futhark and Ogham Runes...

8 From www.ancientscripts.com/ogham.html
9 Source: The Arrays (and the Presumed Theonym TIEU) of the Ogham Signary (11.02.2021)
The French word for the sky-god may have been DIEU, which on an Alpine scale locally may have
fluctuated to DIOU10 and DIAU.
In the city of Nimes the French poet Antoine Hippolyte Bigot (1825 - 1897) wrote a poem
“Fraternita”, in which he described the correlation between the Provencal words for the ego-
pronoun (“yiou”, respectively “mïou”) and the word for God (“Dïou”). Similar Occitan variants for
these words are “iéu”, respectively “Diéu”, in Frédéric Mistral's masterpiece Mirèio.
In fact the name for the city NÎMES11 is a pentagram. The name of the city (in Latin: Nemausus)
was the god of the local Volcae tribe.
The French word for “knowledge” is “savoir”, which includes the characteristic Latin expression
(VIDER) for “to see”. The virtue “justice” may be abbreviated to “IUSTE”.

Sky-god Virtue “knowledge” Virtue “justice”

(standard ogham alphabet) (standard ogham alphabet) (standard ogham alphabet)
# ling pala gutt labia dent labi palat ling guttu den pala labia dent lingu gutt
ual tal ural l al al al ual ral tal tal l al al ural
5 Ng Ng Ng
4 T I Ε U ᚕ V I T Ε ᚕ I U ᚕ T E
3 D G O M R M G D O R G M R D O
2 N Q A F Z F Q N A Z Q F Z N A
1 L C H B S B C L H S C B S L H
TIEU* VIDE* IUST*

Table 20 2-Dimensional table of the Ogham alphabet (in Latin capital letters)

(at the 4th row the alphabet displays the pentagrams DIEU(s), VIDE(r) and IUSTE)
The last letter (ᚕ) for the sky-god (DIEUX) may have interpreted as an extra wildcard (maybe
another dental R, S or Z), which also may be found in the Forfeda (ᚕ, ᚖ , ᚗ , ... ᚙ) or other lost
phonemes.
Of the five forfeda or supplementary letters, only the first, ébad, regularly appears in inscriptions,
but mostly with the value K (McManus, § 5.3, 1991), in the word koi (ᚕᚑᚔ "here").
The plural for DIEU is dieux (DIEUX).

10 “Yiou” & “Dïou” im Dialekt der Umgebung von Nimes

11 Nîmes - Nemausus god of the local Volcae tribe.
Overview of the pentagrams in various languages
The overview of the pentagrams in various languages results in the following table:
Language Sky-god Virtue Wisdom Virtue Justice
1 Germanic *Teiws - TEIWS Wotan (from: to wit) or (W)Odin Tiwaz – TIWAZ
Futhark and his son: Víðarr VIDARr
2a Old Greek 1 Zeus (from: DIEUS) *Weyds - WEYDS (to see) ?
2b Early Greek 2 Zeus (from: DIEUS) Metis - METIS Themis – ΘEMIS
2c Classic Greek 3 Zeus (from: DIEUS) Athina (AΘINA, Pallas Athena) ?
3 Etruscan TINIA Menrva - MEN(i)RVA ?
4a Old Latin 1 JU-piter (from: DIOUS) VIDΕS (“to see”) IUS(ÞE)
4b Classic Latin 2 JU-piter (from: DIOUS) Minerva (“wisdom”) - MINERVA IUR(ÞE)
5 Basque URÞΙË SEIUÞ / ZAGUT IUSÞE
6 Lithuanian DieVAS IŠMANYMAS TEISMO
7 Ogham TIEU(*) VIDE(*) IU(*)TE

Table 21 Overview of the sky-gods and the virtues justice and wisdom

In the overview most entries may be identified as pentagrams, which represent all 5 categories.
Only the Etruscan name “Tinia” and the Basque name “URÞΙË“ for the sky-god seem to need some
more investigations.

The Latin word for IUS seems to be an abbreviation for IUS / IUR (the law).

row language Sky-god Virtue “wisdom” Virtue “justice”

3 Futhark 1 T Æ I W S W I T Æ S T I W Æ S
3 Futhark 2 T Æ I W S V I D A RR T I W A Z
2 Old Greek 1 Θ9 Ι10 Ε5 Υ6 (s15) W6 Ε5 Ι10 Θ9 (s15) Θ9 Ε5 Μ13 Ι10 (s15)
2 Early Greek 2 Θ9 Ι10 Ε5 Υ6 (s15) Μ13 Ε5 Θ9 Ι10 (s15) Θ9 Ε5 Μ13 Ι10 (s15)
2 Classic Greek 3 Θ9 Ι10 Ε5 Υ6 (s15) Μ13 Ε5 Θ9 Ι10 (s15) Θ9 Ε5 Μ13 Ι10 (s15)
2 Etruscan Θ9 Ι10 N I A M E N (i) R
2 Old Latin 1 Þ9 Ι9 Ε5 V6 (s15) V21 Ι9 Þ9 Ε5 (s15) Ι9 V6 (s15) Þ9 Ε5
2 Classic Latin 2 Þ9 Ι9 Ε5 V6 (s15) Μ13 Ι9 Ν14 Ε5 R18 Ι9 V6 (s15) Þ9 Ε5
2 Basque V6 R18 Þ9 Ι9 Ε5 (s15) Ε5 Ι9 V6 Þ 9 Ι9 V6 (s15) Þ9 Ε5
2 Lithuanian Þ9 Ιe9 V6 Ε5 (s15) Ι9 (s15) Μ13 Ε5 Þ9 Þ9 Ε5 Ι9 (s15) Μ13
4 Ogham T I E U (*) V I D E (*) I U (*) T E
Table 22 The triads of theonyms (sky-god and 2 virtues) for the languages Germanic (Futhark),
Greek, Latin, Basque, respectively Lithuanian
Summary
Without the help of the pentagrams and the 2-dimensional alphabets it would have been difficult to
understand the Germanic, Roman, Greek, Basque and Lithuanian mythologies. The pentagrams
however guided me to an insight at these mythologies.
Originally the European populations seem to have started with a sky-god and two virtues (wisdom
and justice). The wisdom had been based on the common words for “to see” and “to wit”. The
justice may have been interpreted as a “seeing backward”, as an antipodal method in the sense of
“wisdom” as a “seeing forward”.
In a secondary evolutionary phase the virtues (wisdom and justice) used be be transformed in
deities, named Wotan, Metis, and Menrva, Minerva for “wisdom”, respectively Tiwaz, Themis, and
Juste for “justice”.
In contrast to the words for the virtues the names for the sky-gods may remain unchanged for
centuries. The virtues often may be modified after a modification of the alphabet. The “W” of
Wotan may have been matched to the “M” in Metis and in Menrva and Minerva.
The pentagrams may help us to understand and correct the interpretatio romana , Interpretatio
germanica and Interpretatio graeca. The correct links may be understood as the mapping table 1 of
this paper.
Contents
Abstract.................................................................................................................................................1
Introduction..........................................................................................................................................2
The 3 keywords in the Futhark signary...........................................................................................3
The 3 keywords in the Old-Greek alphabet (1)...............................................................................4
The 3 keywords in the early Greek alphabet (2)..............................................................................5
The 3 keywords in the classic Greek alphabet (3)...........................................................................6
The 3 keywords in the Etruscan alphabet........................................................................................7
The 3 keywords in the Old-Latin alphabet (1).................................................................................8
The 3 keywords in the classic Latin alphabet (2)............................................................................9
The 3 keywords in the Basque alphabet........................................................................................10
The 3 keywords in the Lithuanian alphabet...................................................................................11
The 3 keywords in the ogham alphabet.........................................................................................12
Overview of the pentagrams in various languages.............................................................................14
Summary.............................................................................................................................................15