leqcia 19

usasrulod mcire da didi funqciebi.

funqciis uwyvetoba. uwyvetobis ekonomikuri Sinaarsi

19.1. usasrulod mcire funqciebi. α ( x) funqcias ewodeba usasrulod mcire, roca x → x 0, Tu

lim α ( x ) =0.
x→ x 0
+¿¿ −¿¿
analogiurad ganisazRvreba usasrulod mcire funqcia, roca x → ± ∞ , x → ∞ , x → x 0 an x → x 0 .
ase magaliTad:
lim α ( x ) =0
x→−∞

aRniSnavs, rom rogoric ar unda iyos (x n) n≥ 1 mimdevroba x n →−∞ , funqciis Sesabamis

mniSvnelobaTa α ( x n) mimdevroba aris usasrulod mcire. α (x n)→ 0, roca n → ∞.
CamovayaliboT daumtkiceblad usasrulod mcireTa zogierTi Tvisebebi:
1. usasrulod mcireTa sasruli raodenobis jami da sxaoba kvlav usasrulod mcirea.
2. usasrulod mcireTa namravli, aseve usasrulod mcirisa da SemosazRvrulis namravli usasrulod
mcirea.
3. mocemul wertilSi usasrulod mcirisa da iseTi funqciis Sefardeba, romlis zRvari aRiniSnul
wertilSi gansxvavdeba nulisagan, aris usasrulod mcire imave wertilSi.
magaliTi 1. davuSvaT α ( x )=5 x−10 , β ( x )=l g( x−1). radgan lim α ( x )=¿ lim β ( x )=0 ¿,
x →2 x →2

amitom α da β usasrulod mcireebi arian x=2 wertlSi. radgan f ( x )=sin ⁡x SemosazRvrulia (|sin x|≤1
), xolo φ ( x )=x 2−5 funqciis zRvari, roca x → 2, aris (-1), amitom α ( x ) ± β ( x ) funqciebi (pirveli
α (x )
Tvisebis ZaliT), α ( x ) f ( x ) da α ( x ) β (x) (more Tvisebis ZaliT), aseve , (mesame Tvisebis ZaliT)
φ( x )
funqciebi iqnebian usasrulod mcire, roca x → 2.
me-3 Tviseba ar ganixilavs ori usasrulod mcire α ( x) da β ( x ) funqciis fardobis sakiTxs,
vinaidan, ise rogorc mimdevrobis dros es Sefardeba ganusazRvrelia. igi SesaZlebelia nulis toli iyos,
e.i.
α (x)
lim =0 .
x→ x β (x)
0

aseT semTxvevaSi amboben, rom α ( x) ufro maRali rigis usasrulod mcirea vidre β (x) da
Caweren α ( x )=0 ( β( x ) ), roca x → x 0. SesaZlebelia piriqiT, aRmoCndes, rom
α (x)
lim =∞ .
x→ x β (x)
0

maSin, vityviT, rom α (x) ufro dabali rigis usasrulod mcirea vidre β ( x). Tu
α (x)
lim = A ≠ 0.
0 x→ x β (x)

maSin α da β -s uwodeben erTi da imave rigis usasrulod mcireebs, xolo Tu A=1, anu
α (x)
lim =1 ,
x→ x β (x)
0

maSin α da β -s ekvivalenturi usasrulod mcireebi ewodebaT. ekvivalentur funqciiebs

aRniSnaven ase α ( x ) ≈ β( x). vTqvaT α da β usasrulod mcireebi arin, roca x → x 0 da α ≈ α 1 , β ≈ β 1, Tu

172
 lim α (x) lim α 1 ( x )
arsebobs aseTi zRvari x → x0 maSin Turme arsebobs zRvari x → x0
da es zRvrebi tolia.
β( x) β1 ( x )
marTlac ekvivalentobis gansazRvris Tanaxmad, tolobidan
α 1 ( x ) α 1 (x) β ( x) α ( x)
= ∙ ∙ ,
β1 ( x ) α ( x ) β1 ( x ) β ( x)
miviRebT dasamtkicebels.
moviyvanoT funqciis magaliTi, romelsac wertilSi zRvari ar gaaCnia da vuCvenoT, rom
usasrulod mcireTa Sefardebas SeiZlebelia zRvari saerTod ar qondes.
1
magaliTi 2. vuCvenoT, rom α ( x )=x ∙ sin da β ( x )=x usasrulod mcireTa fardobas x 0=0
x
wertilSi zRvari ar gaaCnia.
1
y=sin
amoxsna: rogorc wina leqciaSi vnaxeT x funqcias ar gaaCnia zRvari roca
1
α (x )/ β( x )=sin
x →0 . vinaidan x amitom am fardobis zRvari ara aqvs roca x →0 .
19.2 ori mniSvnelovani zRvari. am punqtSi moviyvanoT ori funqciis zRvari, romlebic
yvelaze ufro xSirad gamoiyenebian maTematikasa da mis gamoyenebebSi.
sin x
Teorema: x funqciis zRvari x=0 wertilSi arsebobs da udris erTs, anu
sin x
lim =1
x →0 x
aRniSnul zRvars ewodeba pirveli mniSvnelovani zRvari. igi gamoiyeneba rigi sxva
zRvrebis gamoTvlisas. wina punqtis aRniSvnebis gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba davweroT, rom
sin x ~ x , roca x →0 .
1−cos x
lim =1
magaliTi 3. ipoveT zRvari x →0 x2 . visargebloT wina pinqtSi moyvanili
ekvivalenturi mcireebis TvisebebiT. vinaidan

( ) ()
2 2 2
x x x x
1−cos x =2sin 2 =2 sin ~2 =
2 2 2 2 .

( )
x
1
f (x )= x+
Teorema: (meore mniSvnelovani zRvari). x funqciis zRvari roca x →+∞
arsebobs da tolia e -si.
rogorc mimdevrobis zRvris SemTxvevaSi avRniSneT e ricxvi aris erT-erTi
ax
fundamenturi sidide maTematikaSi. maCveneblian e saxis funqcias ewodeba eqsponenta,
xolo e fuZis mqone logariTms naturaluri ln .

( )
x
4
lim 1+
magaliTi 4. ipoveT x→ ∞ x . SemoviRoT aRniSvna x=4 y . maSin y →∞ roca
x →∞ da gvaqvs

[( ) ] [ ( ) ]
y 4 y 4

( )
4 x
( )
4y
4 1 1
lim 1+ =lim 1+ =lim 1+ = lim 1+ =e 4
x→∞ x x →∞ 4 y x →∞ y x →∞ y
19.3 usasrulod didi funqciebi.

173
 gansazRvra: vityviT, rom y=f ( x ) funqcia aris dadebiTi, anu plus
(uaryofiTi, anu minus) usasrulod didi x0 wertilSi marjvnidan, Tu x 0 -sken marjvnidan krebadi
nebismieri ( x n )n≥1 mimdevrobisaTvis adgili aqvs tolobas
lim f ( x n )=+ ∞ ,
x→∞ ( lim f ( x
x →∞
n )=−∞ ),
da am SemTxvevaSi davwerT

x → x +0 (
lim f ( x )=+ ∞ , lim f ( x )=−∞ ,
+
x→ x0 )
sruliad analogiuri azri aqvs tolobebs
lim f ( x )=+ ∞ , lim f ( x )=−∞ ,
x → x−0 ( −
x→ x0 )
rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom y=f ( x) funqcia aris dadebiTi (uaryofiTi) usasrulod didi
marcxnidan.
grafikulad aRniSnuli SemTxvevebi eskizze SeiZleba ase gamovsaxoT:
y y y

0
x0 x 0
x0 x 0
x0 x
lim f ( x )    lim f ( x)     lim f ( x)   
x x0  x x   x x 
 0   0 
y

gansazRvra: Tu f (x ) funqcia aris plus (minus) usasrulod

didi x0 wertilSi marcxnidanac da marjvnidanac, maSin vityviT,
rom f (x ) funqcia plus (minus) usasrulod didia x0 wertilSi da 0
x0 x
davwerT

x→ x0 (
lim f ( x )=+∞ , lim f ( x )=−∞
x→ x
0
)  lim f ( x)   
 x x
 0



y
y

0 x0 x
0
x0 x

x0 x0 174
 analogiurad ganisazRvrebian plus da minus usasrulod didi funqciebi roca x →±∞ an
x →∞ . mkiTxvels vurCevT Camoayalibos yvela gansazRvrebebi da Seasrulos Sesabamisi
grafikebis eskizebi.
gansazRvra: Tu funqcia aris plus (minus) usasrulod didi x0 wertilSi romelime mxridan
mainc (marcxnidan an marjvnidan), maSin vityviT, rom x=x 0 wrfe warmoadgens f (x )
funqciis vertikalur asimptots.
kavSiri usasrulod did da mcire funqciebs Soris iseTivea, rogorc mimdevrobis
SemTxvevaSi. kerZod, Tu f (x ) usasrulod mcirea, roca x →x 0 , maSin g( x )=1 /f ( x ) funqcia
usasrulod didia, roca x →x 0 da piriqiT. aseT dros Cven vgulisxmobT, rom rogorc usasrulod
mcire, aseve usasrulod didi funqciebi gansxvavdebian nulisagan x0 -is raime midamoSi.
19.4. uwyveti funqciis cneba. ise, rogorc zRvris, aseve funqciis uwyvetobis cneba
warmoadgens maTematikis ZiriTad cnebas.
lim f ( x )=f (x 0 ).
gansazRvra. f (x) funqcias ewodeba uwyveti x 0 wertilSi, Tu sruldeba piroba x→ x 0

maSasadame, x 0 wertilSi uwyveti funqcia aucileblad gansazRvruli unda iyos am wertilSi (e. i.
unda arsebobdes f ( x 0)) unda arsebobdes funqciis zRvari, roca x → x 0 da es zRvari unda emTxveodes
funqciis mniSvnelobas am wertilSi.
magaliTi 5. gamoikvlieT Semdeg funqciaTa uwyvetoba x=0 wertilSi:
1
{ {
2
x+ 1, როცა x ≥ 0 ,
a) y= ; b) g) y= x ,როცა x ≠ 0 d) y=x 2.
x x−1 ,როცა x <0 ; 1 , როცა x=0
amoxsna: a) x=0 wertilSi f ( x) funqcia (ix. nax. 1. a) ar aris uwyveti, radgan igi araa
gansazRvruli x=0 wertilSi, e.i. ar arsebobs f (0).

y y

1•
O
O x x
• -1

a) b)
y y

•1
x x
O O
175
 g) d)

b) x=0 wertilSi y=f (x ) funqcia (nax. 1. b) ar iqneba uwyveti. funqcia marTalia,

gansazRvrulia x=0 wertilSi, magram am wertilSi ar arsebobs misi zRvari, radgan calmxrivi zRvrebi
gansxvavebulia f ¿ .
g) f ( x) funqcia (nax. 1. g) gansazRvrulia x=0 wertilSi, mas am wertilSi gaaCnia zRvari f ¿ ,
magram ar aris uwyveti, vinaidan aRniSnuli zRvari gansxvavdeba funqciis mniSvnelobisagan,
lim f ( x )=0 da f ( 0 )=1.
x →0

d) f (x) funqcia (nax. 1. d) uwyvetia x=0 wertilSi, radgan lim f ( x )=f (0).
x →0
19.5. calmxrivi uwyvetoba da wyvetis wertilebi.
gansazRvra. f ( x ) funqcias ewodeba marjvnidan (marcxnidan) uwyveti, Tu
lim ¿
+¿
x→ x 0 f ( x ) =f ¿¿ ¿
marjvnidan uwyveti funqcia mocemulia nax. 1. b-ze, cxadia, rom x 0 wertilSi funqciis
uwyvetobisaTvis aucilebelia da sakmarisi, rom Sesruldes pirobebi:
f¿
x 0 wertils ewodeba f ( x ) funqciis wyvetis wertili, Tu funqcia x 0 wertilSi ar aris uwyveti. (1)-dan
gamomdinare SesaZlebelia aseTi klasifikacia wyvetis wertilebisa.
1°. f ¿ . e.i. arsebobs zRvari, magram igi ar udris wertilSi funqciis mnisvnelobas. wyvetis aseT
wertils ewodeba asacilebeli wyvetis wertili (nax. 1. g).
2°. orTave calmxrivi zRvrebi arseboben da f ¿ (nax. 1. b). aseT SemTxvevaSi h f ( x 0 )=¿ ricxvs
ewodeba f funqciis naxtomi x 0 wertilSi.
aRniSnuli ori saxis wyvetis wertilebs ewodeba pirveli gvaris wyvetis wertilebi.
3°. meore gvaris wyvetis wertili, roca f ¿ an f ¿ zRvrebidan erT-erTi ar arsebobs an usasrulod
didia (nax. 1. a, x 0=0 ).
f ( x ) funqcias ewodeba uwyveti Ria X Sualedze, Tu igi uwyvetia Sualedis nebismier wertilSi,
xolo uwyvetia [ a ; b ] segmentze, Tu igi uwyvetia ( a ; b ) intervalze, xolo a da b wertilebSi uwyvetia
marjvnidan da marcxnidan Sesabamisad.
19.6. uwyveti funqciis Tvisebebi. CamovTvaloT wertilSi da Sualedze uwyveti funqciebis
zogierTi Tvisebebi.
1. Tu f (x) da φ (x) funqciebi uwyveti arian x 0 wertilSi, maSin maTi jami da sxvaoba
f ( x)± φ(x) , namravli f ( x)φ( x ), fardoba f (x)/φ ( x) (roca φ (x 0)≠0 ), agreTve uwyvetia x 0 wertilSi.
es Tviseba gamomdinareobs funqciis zRvris Sesabamisi Tvisebidan (18.3) da uwyvetobis
gansazRvridan.
2. Tu y=f ( x ) funqcia uwyvetia x 0 wertilSi da f ( x 0) ≠ 0, maSin arsebobs x 0-is raime midamo,
romelSic funqcia inarCunebs f ( x¿ ¿ 0)¿-is niSans.
3. Tu y=f (U ) funqcia uwyvetia U 0 wertilSi, xolo U =φ( x ), funqcia uwyvetia x 0 wertilSi,
maSin rTuli funqcia y=f (φ(x)) uwyvetia x 0 wertilSi.
SualedSi uwyveti funqciis Tvisebebia:
1. Tu y=f ( x ) funqcia uwyvetia [ a ; b ]-ze, maSin is SemosazRvrulia aRniSnul segmentze (nax.
2).

y y y

x m x C x
176
0 0 0
 2. Tu y=f (x ) funqcia uwyvetia [ a ; b ] segmentze, maSin igi am segmentze miiRebs udides da
umcires mniSvnelobebs M da m Sesabamisad (nax.3).
3. Tu y=f (x ) funqcia uwyvetia [ a ; b ]-ze da segmentis boloebze Rebulobs sxvadasxva niSnis
mniSvnelobebs (anu f ( a ) ∙ f ( b ) <0), maSin arsebobs erTi mainc C ∈(a ;b) wertili iseTi, rom f ( C )=0 .
4. segmentze uwyveti funqcia am segmentze Rebulobs yvela mniSvnelobas, romelic
moTavsebulia umcires da udides mniSvnelobebs Soris.
5. Tu y=f (x ) funqcia mkacrad zrdadi (klebadi) da uwyvetia raime X Sualedze, maSin misi
Seqceuli funqcia x=f −1 ( y ), agreTve mkacrad zrdadi (klebadi) da uwyvetia Tavis gansazRvris areSi.
19.7. elementaruli funqciiebis uwyvetoba. CvenTvis cnobilia elementarul funqciaTa klasi.
vaCvenoT, rom elementaruli funqciiebi uwyvetia maTi gansazRvris areSi.
1°. mudmivi funqcia y=C=const . aRniSnuli funqciis uwyvetoba aSkaraa.
2°. xarisxovani funqcia y=x n ( n∈ N) . uwyvetobis gansazRvris safuZvelze advilad vuCvenebT,
rom y=x funqcia uwyvetia nebismier wertilSi. maSin uwyvet funqciebze Teoremebis ZaliT
n n−1
y=x ∙ x … x=x n ∈ N da aseve nebismieri P ( x ) =a0 x + a1 x +…+ an−1 x +a n mravalwevri uwyvetia
n

P ( x)
nebismier x 0 ∈ R wertilSi, xolo ukveci racionaluri funqcia y= , sadac P( x ) daQ(x )
Q( x )
warmoadgenen x cvladis mravalwevrebs, uwyvetia x -is yvela mniSvnelobisaTvis, garda x -is im
mniSvnelobisa, romlisTvisac mniSvneli Q ( x ) =0.
3°. daumtkiceblad miviRoT, rom saSualo skolis kursidan kargad cnobili maCvenenliani funqcia
y=a x , a ≠1 , a> 0 uwyvetia nebismier x ∈ R wertilSi.
4°. logariTmuli funqcia y=log a x : ( 0 ;+ ∞ ) →(−∞ ;+ ∞) uwyvetia gansazRvris areSi 19.6-is
mexuTe Tvisebis gamo, rogorc maCvenebliani funqciis Seqceuli funqcia.
−n 1
5°. xarisxovani funqciis uwyvetoba zogad SemTxvevaSi. funqcia y=x = n ,n ∈ N uwyvetia,
x
roca x ≠ 0 , rogorc uwyveti funqciiebis fardoba. Tu n kenti naturaluri ricxvia, maSin y= √n x funqcia
warmoadgens x= y n uwyveti funqciis Seqceul funqcias. amitom igi uwyvetia. Tu n luwi naturaluri
ricxvia, maSin y= √n x x ≥ 0 warmoadgens x= y n uwyveti funqciis Seqceul funqcias. am
m
SemTxvevaSic radikali aris uwyveti funqcia. Tu r = ( n ∈ N ,n ≠ 1 , m∈ Z ) racionaluri ricxvia, maSin
n
y=x =√ x funqcia uwyvetia, roca
r n m
x >0 , rTuli funqciis uwyvetobis Teoremis ZaliT.
Tu α iracionaluri ricxvia, maSin xarisxovani funqcia y=x α gansazRvrulia nebismieri x >0-Tvis
da adgili aqvs tolobas:
α α ln x
x =e
maCvenebliani da logariTmuli funqciis uwyvetobisa da rTuli funqciis uwyvetobis Sesaxeb
mesame Tvisebis ZaliT (ix. 19.6), ukanaskneli tolobidan cxadia, rom y=x α xarisxovani funqcia
uwyvetia, roca x >0.
sin x
6°. trigonometriuli funqciebi sin x da cos x uwyveti arian nebismier wertilSi. radgan tg x =
cos x
funqcia warmoadgens uwyveti funqciebis fardobas, amitom igi uwyvetia yvelgan, sadac cos x ≠ 0, e.i.
π
x ≠ + πk , k ∈ Z . analogiurad y=ctg x funqcia uwyvetia yvelgan, garda x=πk , k ∈ Z wertilebisa.
2
7°. Seqceuli trigonometriuli funqciebi y=arcsin x , y=arccos x , y=arctg x , y=arcctg x
uwyvetni arian, maTi gansazRvris areSi, radgan warmoadgenen uwyveti funqciebis Seqceul
funqciebs.

177
 amrigad, Cvens mier damtkicebulia, rom ZiriTadi elementaruli funqciebi uwyvetia maTi
gansazRvris areSi. aqedan gamomdinare yoveli elementaruli funqcia, rogorc uwyvet funqciaTa
kompozicia, uwyvetia Tavis gansazRvris areSi.
19.8. uwyvetobis ekonomikuri interpretacia. umetesoba funqciebisa, romlebic ekonomikaSi
gamoiyenebian, arian uwyvetni, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs gamovTqvaT ekonomikuri Sinaarsis
sakmaod mniSvnelovani debulebebi. miuxedavad amisa, SevniSnoT, rom ekonomikur amocanebSi
gvxvdeba rogorc uwyveti, aseve wyvetili funqciebi. gavixsenoT 14.3-Si ganxiluli sagadasaxado
ganakveTis funqcia, romlis grafiks aqvs aseTi saxe (nax. 5. a).

N% P

•
•
O Q1 Q2 Q3 Q1 Q2 Q3

a) b)
(nax. 5)

Sualedis boloebze am funqcias gaaCnia pirveli gvaris wyvetis wertilebi (nax. 5). magram Tavad
wliuri Q Semosavalze damokidebuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadis P funqcia uwyvetia (nax. 5. b).
aqedan, kerZod, gamomdinareobs, rom Tu ori adamianis wliuri Semosavlebi umniSvnelod
gansxvavdebian, maSin maT saSemosavlo gadasaxadebs (daqviTvebs) Sorisac sxvaoba ar unda iyos
didi. sainteresoa, rom es garemoeba adamianTa didi umravlesobis mier, aRiqmeba rogorc savsebiT
bunebrivi movlena.
Tavisi arsiT iseTi funqciebi, rogoricaa moTxovnilebis funqcia D( x ), miwodebis funqcia K ( x )
(ix. punqti 14.3) uwyvetad arian damokidebuli x -ze. maSasadame, fasebis mcire cvlilebisas
moTxovnilebac da miwodebac umniSvnelod icvlebian. magram ufro Rrma analizis Sedegad
aRmovaCenT wminda fsiqologiur mizezebs, romelTa gamo magaliTad, moTxovnileba SeiZleba
Seicvalos naxtomiseburad. ase xdeba roca fasi izrdeba. fasis TandaTanobiT zrdas mosaxleoba nel-
nela egueba da moTxovnileba umniSvnelod mcirdeba. magram, rogorc ki fasi gadaaWarbebs
garkveul zRvrul sidides, moTxovnis sidide SeiZleba naxtomiseburad Semcirdes. es kargad ician
finansistebma, romlebic muSaoben savaluto da sxva finansur bazrebze.
magaliTi 6. davuSvaT, rom x aris warmoebis mier daxarjuli eleqtroenergia kv/sT-Si, xolo y
misi Rirebuleba TeTrebSi. maT Soris kavSiri gamoisaxeba Semdegi gantolebiT y=kx , sadac k
1kv/sT-is Rirebulebaa. daadgineT Rirebulebis uwyvetobis sakiTxi.
amoxsna: Tu eleqtroenergiis fasi ucvlelia, maSin cxadia funqcia iqneba uwyveti.
vTqvaT, eleqtroenergiis ekonomiis stimulirebisaTvis SemoRebulia gansxvavebuli tarifi: x=x 0
mniSvnelobamde tarifi iyos k TeTri 1kv/sT-vis, xolo x > x 0-Tvis tarifi gaizardos m-iT da iyos (k + m)
TeTri, e.i.

{ y=
kx , როცა x> x0 ,
( k + m) x ,როცა x > x 0 .
mivceT x 0-s nazrdi ∆ x (∆ x >0). maSin x=x 0 +∆ x da funqciis nazrds eqneba saxe
∆ y = y ( x 0 + ∆ x ) − y ( x ) =( k +m ) ( x 0+ ∆ x )−k x 0=m x 0+(k + m)∆ x
aqedan
lim ∆ y=m x 0 ≠ 0 ,
∆ x →0
e.i. am SemTxvevaSi funqcia aRar aris uwyveti, aramed cvlilebisas ganicdis wyvetas.

178
 magaliTi 7. sabanko anabarze sargeblis daricxva.banki mosaxleobidan iRebs anabrebs 2%-
iani martivi kvartaluri sargebliT, romlis daricxvac xorcieldeba yoveli kvartlis bolos. CawereT erTi
wlis ganmavlobaSi dagrovili Tanxis funqcia, Tu Setanilia $100000. aageT am funqciis grafiki.
ipoveT wyvetis wertilebi da axseniT maTi Sinaarsi.
amoxsna: yoveli kvartlis bolos $100000-s emateba am Tanxis 2%, e.i. 100000 ∙0,01 ∙ 2=2000 .
amitom erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi dagrovili Tanxis funqcias eqneba saxe:

{
F 100000 ,თუ 0≤ t< 0,25
F ( t )= 102000 ,თუ 0,25≤ t< 0,50
106000 104000 ,თუ 0,50≤ t< 0,75
104000 106000 , თუ 0,75≤ t <1
misi grafiki ase gamoisaxeba.
wyvetis wertilebi Seesabamebian kvartlis boloebs.
102000 pirveli kvartlis nebismier dRes anabari Seadgens $100000,
100000 meore kvartlis pirvelive dRidan anabris raodenobaa
$102000, mesame kvartlis pirveli dRidan _ $104000 da
0 meoTxe kvartlis pirveli dRidan $106000. ase, rom Tu
0,25 0,50 0,75 1 x gsurT bankidan anabris gamotana, sjobs daelodoT
momdevno kvartlis pirvel dRes, radgan yoveli kvartlis
nax. 6 bolo dRe $2000-iT naklebia momdevno kvertlis pirvel
dReze.
miRebuli funqciisaTvis t=0,25 t=0,50 t=0,75 wertilebi arin pirveli gvaris wyvetis wertilebi.
magaliTi 8. saSemosavlo gadasaxadi. aSS-s erT-erT StatSi wliuri Semosasvali, romelic ar
aRemateba $20000, ar ibegreba. Tu wliuri Semosavali $20000-ze metia, magram ar aRemateba
$30000 maSin begara Seadgens Semosavlis 1%-s, xolo wliuri Semosavali, romelic $30000-ze metis
ibegreba 2%-iT. CawereT begaris funqcia, aageT misi grafiki da gaarkvieT wyvetis wertilebis
Sinaarsi.
amoxsna. Tu wliuri Semosavalia x , maSin T (x) begaris funqcias aqvs Semdegi saxe:

{
0 ,როცა 0 ≤ x ≤ 20000 ,
T ( x )= 0,01 x , როცა 20000< x ≤ 30000 ,
0,02 x ,როცა x >30000.
600 misi grafikia.
funqcia wyvetas ganicdis x=20000 da x=30000 wetilebSi
(pirveli gvaris wyveta). Tu Tqveni Semosavalia $20000 an naklebi
300
begaras ar ixdian. sakmarisia Tqveni Semosavali 1%-iT gaizardos,
gadasaxeli geqnebaT begara $200 odenobiT. analogiurad Tu Tqveni
200
Semosavali gadaaWarbebs $30000-s, maSin begara $600 tolia.
maSasadame wyvetis wertilebSi adgili aqvs begaris naxtomisebr
0 20000 30000
zrdas.
nax. 8

savarjiSoebi

19.1. vuCvenoT, rom f (x ) usasrulod mcirea x 0 wertilis midamoSi:

2 x−4 3 x−12
f (x )= f (x )=
1) x 2 +5 ; x 0=2 2) 2 x 2 + 7 ; x 0=4

3)
f (x )=x sin ( 1x ) ; x =0
0 4)
f (x )=( x−1 )3 sin 4
1
x−1 ; x 0=1

179
 f ( x )=
x +5 sin x
2
f (x )=
5) x + 7 x+ 40 ; x →∞ 6) x ; x →∞ .

19.2. SevadaroT β (x )=x usasrulod mcires Semdegi usasrulod mcire funqciebi x 0=0
wertilis midamoSi:
2
1) α (x )=3 x 2) α (x )=x
3
3) α (x )=2 sin x 4) α (x )=sin x
3
5) α (x )=√ tg x
2
6) α (x )=1−cos x
2
7) α (x )=x +sin x 8) α (x )=x +tgx
3
9) α (x )=√ sin x 10) α (x )=√ 9+x−3
5

19.3. vuCvenoT, rom α (x ) da β(x ) usasrulod mcire funqciebi ekvivalenturi arian x 0=0
wertilis midamoSi:
1
β (x )= x
1) α (x )= √ 1+ x−1 ; 2
2
2) α (x )= 1+ x+x −1 ; β (x )=sin 2 x √
2
√
3) α (x )= 1+ x −1 ; β (x )=1−cos x
2
4) α (x )=tg( x+5 x ) ; β (x )=x

19.4. p da q parametrebis ra mniSvnelobebisTvis iqnebian ekvivalenturi x 0=0 wertilis

midamoSi α (x ) da β(x ) usasrulod mcireebi:
4 5 q
1) α (x )= p sin x+x ; β (x )=(tgx )
q
2) α (x )=√ sin x ; β (x )=tg x−px
6 4 2

19.5. ekvivalenturebiT Secvlis principis gamoyenebiT gamoTvaleT zRvrebi:

sin 10 x sin 5 x
lim lim
1) x →0 x 2) x →0 sin 7 x
2
7x
2 x sin 4 x
lim lim 3
3) x →0 1−cos x 4) x →0 arctg x
sin x+sin3 x x +arctg 2 x
lim lim
5) x→0 tg2 x 6) x →0 4 x−7 x
sin x−sin a 1−cos5 x
lim lim
7) x →0 x−a 8) x →0 cos x−cos3 x
cosαx−cos βx tgx−sin x
lim lim
9) x →0 x2 3
10) x →0 sin x
2 2
sin x−tg x 2
lim lim (1+3 tg 2 x )4 ctg x

11) x →0 x4 12) x →0

180
 1

(
cos3 x
)
1
x lim tg 2 x
lim (cos x )
13) x →0 14) x→0 cos4 x
2
sin 2 x sin(5 x+4 x )
lim lim
16) x →0 tg10 x
2
15) x →0 x +3 x
tgbx sin(tg3 x )
lim 2
lim 2
17) x →0 sin(ax +x ) 18) x →0 tg( 4 x+x )
3 2 3
sin3 ( √ x) 3 arctg ( x +x )
lim lim
19) x→0 tg(sin 3 x) 20) x →0 2tg 4 √ x

lim f ( x ) lim f (x ) lim f ( x )

19.6. naxazze mocemuli funqciisaTvis ipoveT x → a− , x → a+ , x →a , Tu
a=−2;1;3;5 .

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 x5 6

1
y=
19.7. uCveneT, rom x−3 funqcia dadebiTi usasrulod didia marjvnidan da uaryofiTi
usasrulod didia marcxnidan x=3 wertilSi.

1
y=
19.8. uCveneT, rom ( x−5 )2 funqcia dadebiTi usasrulod didia x=5 wertilSi.

2
f (x )=
19.9. gaaCnia Tu ara √ x−1 funqcias vertikaluri asimptoti?

1
f ( x )= 2
19.10. ipoveT x −5 x+ 6 funqciis vertikaluri asimptotebi.

181
 1
f ( x )= 2
19.11. a -s ra mniSvnelobisaTvis eqneba x + ax +5 funqcias erTaderTi
vertikaluri asimptoti?

19.12. aqvs Tu ara horizontaluri asimptoti funqciebs?

f (x )=
6 x−5
f (x )= √ x 2+1
1) 1+ √ x 2 +3 2) x +1

19.13. naxazis mixedviT upasuxeT Semdeg SekiTxvebs:

y
5

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 x5 6

-1

-2

-3

lim f ( x ) lim f ( x )
1) ipoveT x →−∞ da x →+∞ ;
2) ipoveT calmxrivi zRvrebi x=−3;−1;0;2;3;5 wertilebSi;
3) gaaCnia Tu ara funqcias horizontaluri da vertikaluri asimptotebi?

19.14. gansazRvris safuZvelze daamtkiceT Semdeg funqciaTa uwyvetoba:

2 3
1) f (x )=x +x−2 ; x∈(−∞;+∞) 2) f (x )=x −2 x +4 ; x∈(−∞;+∞)
2
x +3 x−5
f (x )=
3) f (x )=√ x−4 ; x∈[ 4;+∞) 4) √ x 2−2 x +12 ; x∈(−∞;+∞)
19.15. daamtkiceT, rom Semdeg funqciebs aqvT asacilebeli wyvetis wertili:
2 2
x −4 x + 5 x +6
f (x )= f (x )=
1) x−2 2) x +3

182
 3)
f (x)=¿{−x; x<0;¿{1; x=0;¿ ¿
19.16. uCveneT, rom f (x ) funqcia x 0 wertilSi ganicdis pirveli gvaris wyvetas. ipoveT
naxtomi da aageT grafiki:

1)
f (x )=¿ { x 2 ; x≤0; ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
19.17. uCveneT, rom f (x ) funqcias x 0 wertilSi gaaCia meore rigis wyvetis wertili:

1)
f ( x )=¿ { 1
x−1
; roca x≠1; ¿ ¿ ¿¿

19.18. ipoveT funqciis wyvetis wertilebi, gamoarkvieT romeli gvaris wyveta aqvs
funqcias da gaarkvieT calmxrivi uwyvetobis sakiTxi am wertilebSi:

1)
f (x )=¿{x+3; roca x≤0; ¿ {3+x ; roca 0<x<2;¿ ¿
2
2)
f(x )=¿{−1;roca x<2;¿ {−x +3; roca 2≤x≤4; ¿¿¿¿
2

3)
f (x)=¿ { x +1; roca x≤0; ¿ ¿¿¿
2
4)
1
x {
f (x )=¿ ; roca x≠0; ¿ ¿¿¿

19.19. p -s romeli mniSvnelobisaTvis iqneba

f(x)=¿ { px+3; roca x≤2; ¿¿¿¿

funqcia uwyveti x=2 wertilSi?

19.20. daadgineT a da b parametrebis ra mniSvnelobebisTvis iqneba funqcia uwyveti:

f (x )=¿{x ;roca x≤2; ¿ {ax+b; roca 2<x≤3; ¿ ¿ ¿

2

19.21. daadgineT arsebobs Tu ara a parametris iseTi mniSvneloba, romlisTvisac

funqcia uwyvetia x 0 wertilSi, Tu:

f (x)=¿ {ax 2+1; roca x>0; ¿ ¿¿¿

183
19.22. cnobilia, rom f (x ) uwyvetia namdvil ricxvTa simravleze. ipoveT f (x 0 ) , Tu:
2
x −1
f (x )=
1) x 0=1 da x−1 , roca x≠1
x3 +1
f (x )= 2
2) x 0=−1 da x −1 , roca x≠−1

184