Limit Jam IIM

Institute for JAM, NET, M.Sc. (Ent.), B.Sc.
, I &II Grade
.
Course: IIT JAM 21 Module-: Real Analysis
Unit 3: Limits
Limit
Definition: Let f : D → be a function and a  such that f ( x ) is defined in a nbd of ' a ' . A real
number L is said to be the limit of f ( x ) at x = a if  0    0 such that 0  x − a   ,
 f ( x ) − L .
(1) Right Hand Limit:- L1  is said to be right hand limit of f ( x ) at x = a if  0   0

such that a  x  a +   f ( x ) − L1  . It is denoted by lim f ( x ) = L1
x →a+
(2) Left Hand Limit:- L2  is said to be right hand limit of f ( x ) at x = a if  0 S  0

such that a −   x  a  f ( x ) − L2  . It is denoted by lim f ( x ) = L2
x →a −
 The limit lim f ( x ) exists if both one sided limits lim f ( x ) and lim f ( x ) exists and are
x →a x →a − x →a +
equal .
i.e. if lim f ( x ) = L = lim f ( x )
x →a + x →a −
then lim f ( x ) = L .
x →a
Indeterminate Forms:
 0
(i) ,
 0
0 0
(ii) 0 = =
1 0
(iii) y = 00  log y = log ( 00 )  0  log ( 0 ) = 0  
(iv) y = 0  log y = log ( 0 )  0  log (  ) = 0  
(v) y = 1  log y = log (1 )  0  log (1) =  0
(vi) 1 −  2 is also an indeterminate form as the 1 and  2 doesn’t necessarily approach to
the same infinity.
Dr. Ashutosh Sharma

Dr.Onkar Singh Bhati
(Innovative Institute of Mathematics, Ground Floor Krishna Tower, Gopalpura Mod, Near Big
Bazaar, Jaipur Contacts: 7792988108,8696149555 Page -1
Institute for JAM, NET, M.Sc. (Ent.), B.Sc., I &II Grade
Practice Set : 1
Q.1 considers the following graph of the function y = f ( x ) which of the following is/are correct?
0 1 2 3 4
(a) lim f ( x ) does not exist. (b) lim f ( x ) does not exist
x →1 x →2
(c) lim f ( x ) = 3 (d) lim f ( x ) does not exist

x →3 x →1.99
cos x, if x  0
Q:2 The value of K for which lim f ( x ) exists. Where f ( x ) = 
x →0
 x + K , if x  0
(a)0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
Q:3 from the following statement (s) which statement implies that lim f ( x ) g ( x ) exists.
x →c
(a) Both lim f ( x ) and lim g ( x ) exist.

x →c x →c
(b) lim f ( x ) exist and lim g ( x ) doesn’t exist

x →c x →c
(c) Both lim f ( x ) and lim g ( x ) doesn’t exist.

x →c x →c
(d) All of these

Q:4 If lim ( f ( x ) + g ( x ) ) exist, then which of the following statement is correct?
x →c
(a)If lim f ( x ) exist then lim g ( x ) must exist.

x →c x →c
(b) If lim f ( x ) doesn’t exist then lim g ( x ) doesn’t exist.

x →c x →c
(c) If lim f ( x ) doesn’t exist then lim g ( x ) may exist

x →c x →c
(d) If lim f ( x ) exist then lim g ( x ) need not exist

x →c x →c
e −11/ x
Q:5 lim =
x →0 e1/ x + 1
(a)1 (b) -1 (c) Does n’t exist (d) 0
Dr. Ashutosh Sharma

Innovative Institute of Mathematics, S-10, Mahaveer Nagar, Near Jaipur Hospital, Jaipur
Contacts: 9461777799, 9928363694 Page 2
Sandwich Theorem for Evaluating Limits:

If f ( x )  g ( x )  h ( x ) in a nbd of a point ' a ' and both lim f ( x ) and lim h ( x ) exists and are equal.
x →a x →a
i.e. lim f ( x ) = L = lim h ( x ) then lim g ( x ) exists and lim g ( x ) = L .

x →a x →a x →a x →a
Ex: 1. If . denotes the greatest integer function then find the value of
lim
 x  +  2 x  + .... +  n x 
n → n2
Solution: nx − 1   nx    nx  . Putting n = 1, 2,3...n and adding them,
x  n − n    nx   x.
n …(1)
n2
Now lim  x 2 −  = x.lim 2 − .lim =


 n 1
 n 1 x
n →

 n n → n

n → n n 2
 n
  n x
 lim  x. 2  = x lim 2 =
n →

 n  
n → n 2
As the two limits are equal by equation (1),
   nx  
  x
lim  2 =
n →

 n 
 2
Use of Expansion in evaluating Limits :-

Some Useful Expansions:

x 2 x3 xn
(i) ex = 1 + x + + + ... = 
2! 3! n =0 n !
( −1) x
n
 n
x 2 x3
(ii) e = 1 − x + − + ... = 
−x
2! 3! n =0 n!

x2 x4 x2n
(iii) cosh x = 1 + + + ... = 
2! 4! n =0 ( 2n ) !
x3 x5 
x 2 n +1
(iv) sinh x = x + + + ... = 
3! 5! n = 0 ( 2 n + 1) !
Dr. Ashutosh Sharma

Contacts: 9461777799, 9928363694 Page 3
( x ln a ) ( x ln a )
n 2

(v) a =e =
x x ln a
n =0
= 1 + x ln a +
n!
+ ...
2!
2 3 4 n
x x x n −1 x
(vi) ln (1 + x ) = x − + − + ... =  ( −1) ; −1  x  1
2 3 4 n =1 n

x 2 x3 x 4 xn
(vii) ln (1 − x ) = − x − − − + ... = −
2 3 4 n =1 n
( −1) x 2 n+1
n

x3 x5 x 7
(viii) sin x = x − + − + ... = 
3! 5! 7! n = 0 ( 2 n + 1) !
( −1) x 2 n
n

x2 x4 x6
(ix) cos x = 1 − + − + ... = 
2! 4! 6! n=0 ( 2n )!
x3 2 x5
(x) tan x = x + + + ...
3 15
x3 x5 x 7
(xi) tan −1 x = x − + − + ...
3 5 7
−1 x3 12.32 x5
(xii) sin x = x + + + ...
3! 5!
 x 11 2 
(xiii) (1 + x ) x = e 1 − +
1
x − ... 
 2 24 
sin x − x
Q:1 Evaluate lim
x →0 x3
sin x − x  0 
Solution: lim  Form 
0 
x →0 3
x
 x3 x5 
 x − + ....  − x
= lim 
3! 5! 
x →0 x3
 −1 x 2  −1
= lim  + ... =
x →0 3!
 5!  6
1
(1 + x ) − e + ex
1/ x
Q:2) Evaluate lim 2

x →0 2
x
1  x 2 x3 
1
log (1+ x )  x − + ...
Solution: (1 + x )
x  2 3 
=e =e
1/ x x
Dr. Ashutosh Sharma

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x x 2
− x x2
1− + ... + ....
=e 2 3
= e.e 2 3
  − x x2  1  x2 
2

= e 1 +  + ...  +  − x + ...  + ...
  2 3  2!  3  
 x 11 2 
= e 1 − + x ...
 2 24 
1
(1 + x ) − e + ex
1/ x
Hence lim 2 = 11e

x →0 2
x 24
Practice Set 2
Evaluate the following limits
5sin x − 7sin 2 x + 3sin 3x
1. lim
x →0 x 2 sin x
sin x + log (1 − x )
2. lim
x →0 x2
ex −1 − x
3. lim
x →0 x2
(1 − x ) − e−1
1/ x
4. lim
x →0 x
Factorization method (In algebraic functions)
f ( x)
Consider lim
x→a g ( x)
f ( x) 0
If by substituting x = a, reduces to the form , then ( x − a ) is a factor of both f ( x ) and
g ( x) 0
g ( x ) . So we first factorize f ( x ) and g ( x ) and then cancel out the common factor to evaluate the limit.
x2 − 5x + 6
Exp. Evaluate lim
x →2 x2 − 4
x2 − 5x + 6  0 
Solution: lim ,  form 
x →2 x −4 0
2

Dr. Ashutosh Sharma

Contacts: 9461777799, 9928363694 Page 5
= lim
( x − 2 )( x − 3) = lim ( x − 3) = −1
x → 2 ( x − 2 )( x + 2 ) x→2 ( x + 2 ) 4
 2 1 
Exp.: Evaluate lim  + 
x →1 1 − x 2 x −1 

 2 1 
Solution: we have lim 
x →1 1 − x
+  (  −  form )

2
x −1 
 2 1  2 − (1 + x )
= lim  −  = lim
x →1 1 − x 1 − x  x→1 1 − x 2

2
 2 1  2 − (1 + x )
= lim  −  = lim
x →1 1 − x 2 1 − x  x→1 1 − x 2

1− x 1
= lim = .
x →1 1 − x 2 2
Rationalization Method
This is particularly used when either the numerator or the denominator or both involved
expressions consist of squares roots and on substituting the value of x the rational expression takes the
0 
form , .
0 
2+ x − 2
Exp. Evaluate lim
x →0 x
2+ x − 2 2+ x + 2
Solution: lim
x →0 x 2+ x + 2
1
= lim
x →0 2 + 2+ x
1
=
2 2
Dr. Ashutosh Sharma

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L’HOPITAL’S RULE FOR EVALUATING LIMITS
f ( x) 0 
Rule: If lim takes or form, then
x→a g ( x) 0 
f ( x) f '( x)
lim = lim
x→a g ( x ) x→a g ' ( x )
df ( x ) dg ( x )
Where f ' ( x ) = and g ' ( x ) =
dx dx
Ex: - Let f ( x ) be a twice differentiable function and f " ( 0 ) = 2 . Then evaluate
2 f ( x) − 3 f ( 2x) + f ( 4x )
lim
x →0 x2
0
Solution: The given limit has form.
0
Using L’Hopital’s Rule, we have
2 f '( x ) − 6 f '( 2x ) + 4 f '( 4x )  0 
Limit= lim  form 
x →0 2x  0 
2 f " ( x ) − 12 f " ( 2 x ) + 16 f " ( 4 x ) 6 f ' ( 0 )

= lim = =6
x →0 2 2
sin −1 x − tan −1 x
Ex:- Evaluate lim
x →0 x3
Solution: lim
sin −1 x − tan −1 x
= lim
(1 + x2 ) − 1 − x2
[Using L’Hopital’s Rules]
x →0 x3 x →0
3x 2 1 − x 2 (1 + x 2 )
= lim
(1 + x ) − (1 − x ) 
2 2
1
2
( Rationalizing )
3x 1 − x (1 + x ) (1 + x ) +
x →0 2 2 2 2
1 − x2
x 4 + 3x 2 1
= lim 
x →0
3x 2 1 − x 2 (1 + x 2 ) (1 + x ) +
2
1 − x2
x2 + 3 1 1
= lim  =
x →0
3 1 − x (1 + x
2 2
) (1 + x ) +2
1− x 2 2
Dr. Ashutosh Sharma

Contacts: 9461777799, 9928363694 Page 7
Practice Set -3
Evaluate the following Limits
lim log tan 2 x ( tan 2 2 x )

1/ In( tan x )
(i) (iv) lim tan x log sin x (vii) lim ( 2 − tan x )
x →0 x → 2 x → 4
log cos x a x − xa
lim+ x m ( log x ) , m, n 
n
(ii) (v) lim (viii)If lim = −1 and a  0
x →0 x →0 x x→a x x − a a
2x −1
(iii) lim x x (vi) lim then find the value of a .
(1 + x ) − 1
12
x → 0+ x →0
(ix) If 1 ,  2 ,...,  n are the roots of equation x n + nax − b = 0, show that

(1 −  2 )(1 − 3 ) ... (1 −  n ) = n (1n−1 + a )
Evaluation of Algebraic limit using some standard Limits:-
Standard Limits :-
xn − an
(1) If n  Q , then lim = na n −1
x →a x−a
(1 + x ) −1
n
(2) lim =1
x →a x
x10 − 1024
Ex:- Evaluate limit lim
x →2 x 5 − 32
x10 − 1024
10  210−1
Solution: lim x5 − 2 = = 64
x→2 x − 32 5  25−1
x−2
x+ x+ x + x −4
Ex: - Evaluate lim
x →1 ( x − 1)
x1/ 2 + x1/ 4 + x1/8 + x1/16 − 4
Solution: lim
x →1 ( x − 1)
 x1/2 − 1 x1/4 − 1 x1/8 − 1 x1/16 − 1 
= lim  + + + 
x →1
 x −1 x −1 x −1 x −1 
1 1 1 1
= + + +
2 4 8 16
Dr. Ashutosh Sharma

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15
=
16
Evaluation of Algebraic Limits at Infinity :-

1 1
We know that lim = lim =0
x → x x → x 2
 am
b , if m = n
a x m + a x m −1 + .... + a0 
n
➢ lim m n m−1 n − 2 =  or − , if m  n
x → b x + b + .... + b0
n −1 x 0 ,
n
if m  n


➢ For evaluating limit x → − , Put x = − y and then evaluate limit for y → 
ax 2 + bx + c
Q. Evaluate lim
x → dx 2 + ex + f
 b c
x2 a + + 2 
Solution: lim 
x x  a
=
2  e f  d
x →
x d + + 2 
 x x 
3x 2 − 1 − 2 x 2 − 1
Q. lim
x → 4x + 3
 1 1 
x 3− 2 − 2− 2 
x x  3− 2
Solution: lim  =
x →  3 4
x 4 + 
 x
Q. lim
x →−
( 25 x 2 − 3x + 5 x )
Solution: Put y = − x
 lim
x →−
( 25x − 3x + 5x )
2
= lim ( 25 y + 3 y − 5 y )
2
y →
 25 y 2 + 3 y − 25 y 2  3y
= lim   = lim
y →  
 25 y + 3 y + 5 y  25 y + 3 y + 5 y
2 y → 2
3
=
10
Dr. Ashutosh Sharma
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n p sin 2 ( n !)
Q. Evaluate lim ( 0  p  1)
n → n +1
sin ( n !) 2
some number between 0 to 1
Solution: lim = =0
n →
1− p  1 
n 1 + 
 n
(
Ex:- Evaluate lim ( −1) sin  n2 + 0.5n + 1 , where n 
n →
n −1
)
Solution: l = lim ( −1) sin  n2 + 0.5n + 1
n →
n −1
( )
 n 
= lim ( −1) ( −1)
n −1 n −1
sin  n −  n 2 + + 1 
n → 2 

 n  n 
  n − n + + 1  n + n + + 1  
2 2
 2  2 
= lim sin    
n →  n 
  n + n 2
+ + 1  
 2 
   
 
 n2 − n2 − n − 1 
 
= lim sin   2
n →  
 n 1 + 1 + 1 + 12  
 2n n  
 
 −1  −1
= sin    =
 4  2
Practice Set -4
Evaluate the following Limits :
( x + 7) − 3 2x − 3
(i) lim
x →2 3
( x + 6 ) − 2 3 3x − 5
3x 2 − 1 − 2 x 2 − 1
(ii) lim (vi) lim  a 2 x 2 + ax + 1 − a 2 x 2 + 1
x → 4x + 3 x →  
x 2 + 1 − 3 x3 + 1 3x − a − x + a
(iii) lim 4 (vii) lim
x →
x4 + 1 − 5 x4 + 1 x→a x−a
( 2 x − 3) ( x −1 ) (1 2
− 22 + 32 − 42 + 52 + ...n terms )
(iv) lim (viii) lim
x →1 2x2 + x − 3 n → n2
Dr. Ashutosh Sharma

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100
x k
− 100
 1 1
(v) lim k =1
(ix) lim  3 − 
x →1 x −1 h →0 h 8 + h
 2h 
Evaluation of Trigonometric Limits:-

Standard Limit:
sin x tan x sin ( x − a ) sin −1 x

(1) lim = lim = lim = lim
x →0 x x →0 x x →a x−a x →0 x
−1
tan x
= lim =1
x →0 x
Ex:- Evaluate the following Limits.
sin 3x sin ( log x ) sin ax
(a) lim (b) lim (c) lim
x →0 x x →1 log x x →0 sin bx
sin 3x
Solution: (a) lim
x →0 x
3sin 3x sin 3x
= lim = 3lim = 3 (1) = 3
x →0 3x x →0 3x
sin ( log x )
(b) L = lim
x →1 log x
Let log x = t then

sin t
L = lim =1
t →0 t
 sin ax 
  ( ax ) a
(c) L = lim
sin ax
= lim  ax 
=
x → 0 sin bx x → 0  sin bx 
 ( bx )
b

 bx 
Ex:- Evaluate the following Limits.

1 − cos 2 x 1 + cos 2 x
(a) lim (c) lim
x2 ( − 2 x )
x →0 2
x→
2
tan x − sin x
(d) lim 2 x −1 tan 
a 
(b) lim x 
x →0 x3 x →
2 
1 − cos 2 x  0 
Solution: (a) lim  form 
0 
x →0 2
x
Dr. Ashutosh Sharma
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2
2sin 2 x  sin x 
= lim = 2  lim  =2
 x →0 x 
x →0 2
x
tan x − sin x
(b) lim
x →0 x3
 x3 2 5   x3 x5 
 + + −  − + ... 
3 15  
x x x
= lim  3! 5!  1
=
x →0 x3 2
1 + cos 2 x  0 
(c) lim 2 
, form 
x → ( − 2 x ) 0 
2
 
1 + cos 2  + h 
= lim 2  = lim 1 + cos ( + 2h )
h →0 
   h →0 4h 2
 − 2  + h 
 2 
1 − cos 2h 1
= lim =
h →0 4h 2 2
 a 
tan  x 
 a  0 
(d) lim 2 x −1 tan  x  = lim .    form 
a 2
x →0
2  x → 2  a  0 
 x
2 
a tan y a
= lim =
2 y →0 y 2
Practice Set: 5
Evaluate the following limits:

x2 − x − 2 cot 2 x − cos ec 2 x
(i) lim (iv) lim
x→2 x 2 − 2 x − sin ( x − 2 ) x →0 x
 x +1   tan 2 x − x
(ii) lim x  tan −1 −  (v) lim
x →
 x+4 4  x →0 3x − sin x
    
2  3 sin  + h  − cos  + h  
1 − cos mx 6  6 
(iii) lim (vi) lim 
x →0 1 − cos nx h →0
(
3h 3 cosh − sinh )
Dr. Ashutosh Sharma

Contacts: 9461777799, 9928363694 Page 12
Evaluation of Exponential and Logarithmic Limits
Standard Limits:-
a x −1 log (1 + x )
(a) lim = log e a (c) lim =1
x →0 x x →0 x
ex −1
(b) lim =1
x →0 x
2x − 1
Ex:- lim
x →0 1 + x −1
2x − 1  0 
Solution: We have lim  form 
x →0 1 + x −1  0 
2x − 1 1+ x +1
= lim .
x →0 1 + x −1 1 + x +1
 2x − 1 
= lim 
x →0
 lim
 x  x →0
( )
1 + x + 1 = 2log 2 = log 4
10 x − 2 x − 5 x + 1
Ex:- Evaluate = lim
x →0 x tan x
10 x − 2 x − 5x + 1  0 
We have = lim  form 
x →0 x tan x 0 
= lim
(5 x
− 1)( 2 x − 1)
= lim
5x − 1 2 x − 1 x
. .
x →0 x tan x x →0 x x tan x
= ( log 5 )( log 2 )(1)
= ( log 5 )( log 2 )
32 x − 23 x
Ex:- Evaluate lim
x →0 x
32 x − 23 x 0 
We have lim  form 
x →0 x 0 
Dr. Ashutosh Sharma

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
 3 − 1   2 − 1  
2x 3x

= lim   −   
x →0

 x   x   

 3 − 1  
2x
  23 x − 1 
= lim  .2   − lim  .3 
x →0

 2 x 
x →0
 3x 
9
= 2 log 3 − 3log 2 = log  
8
Practice Set:-6
log x − log a sin ( e x − 2 − 1)

(i) lim (iv) lim
x →a x−a x→2 log ( x − 1)
log ( 5 + x ) − log ( 5 − x ) e x − cos x
2
(ii) lim (v) lim

x →0 x x →0 x2
x2 − x
x
e x + e− x − 2
(iii) lim (vi) lim
x →0 1 − cos x x →0 x2
g( x)
LIMITS OF THE FORM lim ( f ( x ) )
x →a
Form: 00 ,  0
g ( x)
Let L = lim ( f ( x ) )
x →a
g ( x)
Then, log L = log lim  f ( x )  
 x →a 
g ( x)
= lim log e  f ( x ) 
x →a  
= lim g ( x ) log e  f ( x ) 
x →a
lim g ( x ) log f ( x )
Or L = e x→a
Dr. Ashutosh Sharma

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1
Ex:- Evaluate lim x x
x →
1
log lim x1/ x
Solution: lim x = e x x→
x →
log x
lim
=e x→ x
= e0 = 1
Form 1
x
 1
(1) lim (1 + x )
1
x
= e or lim 1 +  = e
x →0 x →
 x
g ( x)
(2) L = lim  f ( x )  . If lim f ( x ) = 1 and lim g ( x ) = 
x →a x →a x →a
lim  f ( x ) −1 g ( x )
= e x →a
Ex:- lim (1 + x )
cos ecx
x →0
lim  x +1−1 cos ec x
Solution:- lim (1 + x ) = e x→0 =e
cos ecx
x →0
Ex:- Evaluate lim ( cos x )

cot x
x →0
lim ( cos x −1) cot x
Solution: lim ( cos x ) = e x→0
cot x
x →0
= e =1 0
Practice Set:- 7

 sin x 
sin x  x −sin x 
x
(i) lim  (v) lim 1 + 

2

x →0
 x  x →
 x 
2 x
 ax + bx + cx 
(vi) lim7 ( 2 x 2 − 9 x + 8)
cot ( 2 x − 7 )
(ii) lim 
x →0
 ; ( a, b, c  0 )
 3  x→
2
  
sec2  
x+2
x +3
     2 − qx 
(iii) lim  
 (vii) lim sin 2  
x →
 x +1  x →0
  2 − px  
c + dx
(iv) lim 1 +  1

 a, b, c, d  0
x → a + bx
 
Dr. Ashutosh Sharma

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FINDING UNKNOWNS WHEN LIMIT IS GIVEN
sin 2 x + a sin x
Q. 1 If L = lim is finite, Then find the value of a and L .
x →0 x3
sin 2 x + a sin x
Solution: L = lim
x →0 x3
2sin x cos x + a sin x
= lim
x →0 x3
sin x  2 cos x + a 
= lim  
x →0 x  x2 
Now, D tends to 0 when x → 0 , Then N r also must tend to zero for which
r
2cos x − 2
lim ( 2 cos x + a ) = 0  a = −2 Now, L = lim = −1
x →0 x →0 x2
tan 2 x − n sin x
Q.2 If m, n  I 0 and lim = some integer, then find the value of n and also the value of
x →0 x3
limit.
tan 2 x − n sin x
Solution: L = lim
x →0 x3
sin 2 x − n sin x cos 2 x
= lim
x →0 x3 cos 2 x
sin x ( 2 cos x − n cos 2 x ) 1
= lim 2
.
x →0 x x cos 2 x
= lim
( 2 cos x − n cos 2 x )
x →0 x2
Now, for x → 0, x 2 → 0
Therefore, for x → 0 , 2 cos x − n cos 2 x → 0 So, n = 2
L = lim
( 2 cos x − 2 cos 2 x )
x →0 x2
−2sin x + 4sin 2 x
= lim
x →0 2x
=3
Dr. Ashutosh Sharma

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Practice Set: 8
cos 4 x + a cos 2 x + b
(1)If lim is finite , find a and b ?
x →0 x4
 x2 + 1 
(2)If lim  − ( ax + b )  = 0, then find the values of a and b ?
x →
 x +1 
(3)If lim (1 + ax + bx 2 )
2/ x
= e3 then find the values of a and b ?
x →0
Integration as limiting case of summation:

n
b−a
f ( x ) dx = lim n f ( a + rh ) where h =
b
We know that  a h →0
r =1 n
Now, in a special case, Let a = 0 & b = 1

1 n r
f ( x ) dx = lim 
1
Then we have  0 h →0 n
r =1
f 
n
1 Kn  r 
f ( x ) dx = lim 
1
More generally ,  0 h → n
r =1
f 
n
 1 1 1 
Ex:- lim n  + + ... + 
 ( n + 1)( n + 2 ) ( n + 2 )( n + 4 ) 6n 2 
n →
Solution: The given limit is

n
1
L = lim  n.
n →
r =1 ( n + r )( n + 2r )
1 n 1
= lim
n → n

r =1  r   2r 
1 +  1 + 
 n  n 
1 n 1
= lim
n → n

r =1  r   2r 
1 +  1 + 
 n  n 
1 dx 1  −1 2 
= =  +  dx
( )(
0 1+ x 1+ 2x
) 0 1+ x 1+ 2x 
Dr. Ashutosh Sharma

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=  − log (1 + x ) + log (1 + 2 x )  0
1
3
= log  
2
Practice Set: 9
n
k
(i) lim 
k =1 k + n
n → 2 2
1 1 1 1 
(ii) lim  + + + ... + 

n → na na + 1 na + 2 nb 
( n + 1)( n + 2 ) ... ( n + n )  n

1
(iii) lim
n → n
1 1 2 4 1 
(iv) lim  2 sec 2 2 + 2 sec 2 2 + ... + sec 2 1

n → n n n n n 
n n
1
 r
r
(v) lim r =1 r =1
n
n →
r
r =1
Telescoping Series:-

A series a n is said to be telescoping series if there exists a sequence bn  and a positive
n =1
integer r such that an = bn − bn + r or an = bn+r − bnn 
1  1 1 1 
Ex: - lim  + + ... + 
n → n  2+ 4 4+ 6 2n + 2n + 2 
1 − 2n + 2n + 2 − 2n + 2n + 2
Solution: Let an =  =
2n + 2n + 2 − 2n + 2n + 2 2n − 2n + 2
2n + 2 − 2n
an =
2
1 − 2 + 4 − 4 + 6 − 2n − 1 + 2n − 2n + 2n + 2 
 lim  + + ... + + 
n → 2 2 2 2
n  
Dr. Ashutosh Sharma

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1 
 lim − 2 + 2n + 2 
n → 2 n 
1 2 2 1 1
 lim  2 + − =  2=
n → 2 n n 2
 2
Practice Set : 10
 1 1 1 1 
(1) lim  + + + ... + 
n → 1  2
 2  3 3 4 n ( n + 1) 
 3 5 7 
(2) lim  2 2 + 2 2 + 2 2 + ...
n→ 1  2  
 2 3 3 4 
 1 2 3 
(3) lim  + + + ...
n→ 1 + 12 + 14 1+ 2 + 2 1+ 3 + 3
 
2 4 2 4
 1 1 1 
(4) lim 1 + + + ... +
n →
 1+ 2 1+ 2 + 3 1 + 2 + 3 + .. + n 
n
1
(5) lim 
r =1 r ( r + 1)( r + 2 )( r + 3 )
n →
1 1 1 1
(6) Find the sum of the series + 2 + 2 + 2 + ... (  terms )
3 +1 4 + 2 5 + 3 6 + 4
2
Exercise
1. If f ( x ) = 0 be a quadratic equation such
 3 2  sin ( sgn ( x ) ) 
that f ( − ) = f ( ) = 0 and f   = − 3. lim   , where . denotes the
 ( sgn ( x ) ) 
, x →0
2  4 
f ( x) greatest integer function is equal to.
then lim is equal to
x →− sin ( sin x ) (a)0 (b) 1
(a)0 (b)  (c) -1 (d) Does not exist
(c) 2 (d) None of these 2 + 2 x + sin 2 x
4. lim is equal to.
x → ( 2 x + sin 2 x ) esin x
1
x 2 tan
2. lim x is equal to. (a)0 (b) 1
x →−
8x + 7 x + 1
2
(c) -1 (d) Does not exist
 x  x 2 
2
1 1
(a) − (b) 5. Let lim = l and lim 2 = m, where 
2 2 2 2 x →0 x2 x →0 x
1 denotes greatest integer, then

(c) (d) Does not exist
2 (a) l exists but m does not
Dr. Ashutosh Sharma
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(b) m exists but l does not ( x + 1) + ( x + 2 ) + ... + ( x + 100 )
10 10 10
(c) both l and m exist 12. lim is

x → x10 + 1010
(d) neither l nor m exists equal to.
x sin ( x −  x )
6. lim where . denotes the (a)0 (b) 1
x →1 x −1 (c) 10 (d) 100
greatest integer function is equal to.  x3 + 1 
(a)0 (b) -1 13. If lim  − ( ax + b )  = 2, then
 x +1
x → 2

(c) Non-existent (d) None of these
(a) a = 1, b = 1 (b) a = 1, b = 2
 1 + tan x 
cos ecx
7. lim 
x → 0 1 + sin x
 is equal to. (c) a = 1, b = −2 (d) None of these
 
sin x n
1 14. lim , ( m  n ) is equal to.
(a) e (b) ( sin x )
x →0 m
e
(c) 1 (d) None of these (a)1 (b) 0
2 x −3 (c) n/m (d) None of these
8. If f ( x ) = .g ( x ) = and
x −3 x+4 1 x 
x
2 ( 2 x + 1) 15. lim  −  is equal to.

h ( x) = − 2 , then 
x → e 1+ x 
x + x − 12 e
(a) (b) 0
lim  f ( x ) + g ( x ) + h ( x )  is. 1− e
x →3
e
A:) -2 B:) -1 (c) e 1− e
(d) None of these
2 2 x + 3 x + 4 x + ... + n n x
C:) −
3 4
D:) 0 16. lim is
7 x →
( 2 x − 3) + 3 ( 2 x − 3) + ... + n ( 2 x − 3)
x ( e x − 1)
9. lim is equal to. equal to.
x →0 1 − cos x
(a)1 (b) 
(a)0 (b) 
(c)-2 (d) 2 (c) 2 (d) None of these
( x + y ) sec ( x + y ) − x sec x is equal to.
n →
(
10. lim n2 x1/ n − x 1/ ( n +1)
) , x  0 , is equal to. 17. lim
y →0 y
(a) sec x ( x tan x + 1)
x
(a)0 (b) e (b) x tan x + sec x
(c) log e x (d) None of these
(c) x sec x + tan x (d) None of these
1/ (1− x )
1+ 2 + x − 3   x
11. The value of lim is. 18. lim cos ec (where  represents
x →2 x−2 x →1
 2 
1 1 the greatest integer function) is equal to.
(a) (b)
8 3 4 3 (a)0 (b) 1
(c) 0 (d) None of these (c)  (d) Does not exist
Dr. Ashutosh Sharma

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n( n −1)
( )
1 1
 n2 − n + 1 
19. lim  2
n → n − n − 1
 is equal to. (2 )
x ex
− 3 xn ex
  24. The value of lim (where

x → xn
(a) e (b) e2 n  N ) is.
(c) e −1 (d) 1
(a) log n  
2
(b) 0
20. If f ( x ) = lim n ( x − 1) , then for
1/ n
3
n →
x  0, y  0, f ( xy ) is equal to. (c) n log n  

2
(d) Not defined
3
(a) f ( x ) f ( y ) (b) f ( x ) + f ( y )
25. If f : (1, 2 ) → R satisfies the inequality
(c) f ( x ) − f ( y ) (d) None of these
cos ( 2 x − 4 ) − 33 x2 4x − 8
 f ( x)   f ( x)  ,  x  (1, 2 ) ,
21. If lim  2 x−2
 exists, then
x→a
 g ( x )  then lim− f ( x ) is.
x →2
(a)both lim f ( x ) and lim g ( x ) must exist (a)16

x →a x →a
(b) lim f ( x ) need not exist but lim g ( x ) (b) cannot be determined from the given
x →a x→
information
exists (c) -16
(c) neither lim f ( x ) nor lim f ( x ) may not (d) Does not exist
x →a x →a
exist 1
26. lim (where  x denotes the
(d) lim f ( x ) exists but lim g ( x ) need not x →−1
x − − x
x →a x →a
exist. fractional part of x) is equal to.

(a)Does not exist (b) 1
n.3n 1 1
22. If lim = , then the (c)  (d)
n ( x − 2 ) + n.3 − 3
+ 2
n → n n 1 n
3
1− cos( x +1)
range of x is (where n  N )  x4 + x2 + x + 1  ( x +1)2
27. lim   is equal to:
(a)  2,5 )  x − x +1 
x →−1 2
(b) (1,5)
(c ) ( −1,5 ) (d) ( −,  ) (a)1 (b) ( 2 / 3)
1/2
(c) ( 3 / 2 )
1/2
(d) e1/2
20
23. lim  cos 2 n ( x − 10 ) is equal to. 28. The value of
n →
x =1
  x3 − 4 x −1  x + 2 x 2  
−1
(a)0 (b) 1 lim   3
x →2 
 −  −   is.
(c) 19 (d) 20   x −8   x − 2 x − 2  
(a)1/2 (b)2
(c) 1 (d) None of these
Dr. Ashutosh Sharma

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(2 + x) − ( 2n + x )
m 1/ m 1/ n
 1x + 2 x + 3x + ... + n x 
1/ x
34. lim is equal to.
x →0
29. lim   = x
x →0
 n  1 1
(a) − n
(a) ( n !) (b) ( n !)
n 1/ n m
m2 n2
1 1
(c) n ! (d) ln ( n !) (b) m
+ n
m2 n2
30. Among (i) lim sec −1 
x  1 1
 and (ii) (c) − n −1
x →
 sin x  m2 m −1
n2
 sin x  1 1
lim sec −1   (d) m −1
+ n−1
x →
 x  m2 n2
(a) (i) exists , (ii) does not exist  x + 1, x  0
35. Let f ( x ) =  and
(b) (i) does not exist, (ii) exists  2 − x, x  0
(c) both (i) and (ii) exists  x + 3, x 1
(d) neither (i) nor (ii) exists.  2
g ( x ) =  x − 2 x − 2 1  x  2, then lim g ( f ( x ) )
x →0

31. lim ( ( x + 5 ) tan −1 ( x + 5 ) − ( x + 1) tan −1 ( x + 1) ) is  x − 5 x  2
x →
is.
equal to.
(a)2 (b) 1
(a)  (b) 2 (c) -3 (d) Does not exists
(c)  / 2 (d) None of these
nx n +1 − ( n + 1) x n + 1
 100 x   99sin x   36. lim . where n = 100 is
32. The value of lim   + x  
x →1
(e x
− e ) sin  x
x →0
  sin x  
equal to.
(where [.] represents the greatest integral
5050 100
function ) is (a) (b)
e e
(a)199 (b) 198
5050 4950
(c) 0 (d) None of these (c) − (d) −
e e
33. If lim ( x sin 3 x + ax + b ) exists and is
−3 −2
1 e( ) 
n −1 / n
x →0 e1/ n e 2/ n
37. The value of lim  + + + ... + 
equal to 0, then . n →
n n n n 
(a) a = −3 and b = 9 / 2 is.
(b) a = 3 and b = 9 / 2 (a)1 (b) 0
(c) a = −3 and b = −9 / 2 (c) e-1 (d) e + 1
(d) a = 3 and b = −9 / 2
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38. The value of 1
44. L = lim n , Then
 2n n n ( −1) 
n n → n!
n +1
lim  2 cos − .  is (a) L = 0 (b) L = 1
n → 2n − 1 2n − 1 1 − 2n n 2 + 1
 
(c) 0  L   (d) L = 
(a)1 (b) -1 (NET JUNE 2017)
(c) 0 (d) None of these 1 2 n −1
log (1 + x + x ) + log (1 − x + x
2 2
) 45. lim
n → n 4
j j =0
3
equals
39. lim =
x →0 sec x − cos x (a)4 (b) 16
(a)-1 (b) 1 (c)1 (d) 8
(c) 0 (d) 2 (NET DEC. 2016)
 a−x 1  1 1
40. The value of lim a 2 − x cot 2
is. lim  + + ...
x →a 2 a+x n → n 2+ 4 4+ 6
46. is.
2a
(b) −
2a 1 
(a) + 
  2n + 2n + 2 
4a 4a 1
(c) (d) − (a) 2 (b)
  2
cot −1 ( x − a log a x ) 1
41. lim ( a  1) is equal to. (c) 2 + 1 (d)
x → sec −1 ( a x log x a ) 2 +1
(a)2 (b) 1 (NET DEC. 2015)
2x
1 −t 2
x →0 x 
(c) log n 2 (d) 0 47. The limit lim e dt
n +1
1
42. A ( n ) = 
x
dx when n  1 for c  let (a)does not exist
n x3
lim n c A ( n ) = L Then (b) is infinite
n →
(c) exists and equal to 1
(a) L = 0 if c  3
(d) exists and equals 0 (NET JUNE
(b) L = 1 if c = 3
2015)
(c) L = 2 if c = 3
(d) L =  if 0  c  3
1  1 1 1 
(Net Dec. 2018) 48. lim  + + ... + 
n
n → n  1+ 3 3+ 5 2n − 1 + 2n + 1 
43. Evaluate lim  k =0
n
.
n → k + n2
2 equals.
 (a) 2 (b)
1
(a) (b) 
2 2
  1
(c) (d) (c) 2 + 1 (d)
8 4 2 +1
(NET DEC. 2017) (NET JUNE 2014)
Dr. Ashutosh Sharma

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49. Let p ( x ) be a polynomial in the real 53. Let f ( x ) = ( ln x ) , x  0 then
2
p (n) f ( x)
variable x of degree 5. Then lim is. (a) lim does not exist
n → 2n x →
x
(a)5 (b)1 (b) lim f ' ( x ) = 2
(c) 0 (d)  x →
(NET JUNE 2014) (c) lim ( f ( x + 1) − f ( x ) ) = 0

x →
50. Which of the following is/are correct? (d) lim ( f ( x + 1) − f ( x ) ) does not exist
n +1 x →
 1
(a) 1 +  → e as n →  (JAM MA 2019)
 n 
n + 1 + n + 2 + ... + n + n
 1 
n
54. lim (round of to
(b) 1 +  → e as n → 
n → n n
 n +1 2 decimal place) equals___________
n2
 1
(c) 1 +  → e as n →  (JAM MS 2019)
 n
n
 1   n  1 n 
(d) 1 + 2  → e as n → 
 n  55. lim  n − 1 +   equals _____________
n →
 e  n  
(Net June 2012)
51. Which of the following is/are correct? (JAM MS 2019)
2
n
(a) n log 1 +
1   2
 → 1 as n →  56. The value of lim 1 +  e−2 n is.
 n +1 n → n  
(b) ( n + 1) log 1 +
1  (a) e −2
(b) e −1
 → 1 as n → 
 n +1 (c) e (d) e2
(c) n 2 log 1 +  → 1 as n → 
1 (JAM MS 2018)
 n 57. For x  0, let  x  denote the greatest
(d) n log 1 + 2  → 1 as n → 
1 integer less than or equal to x. Then
 n   1 2 10  
(NET JUNE 2011) lim x    +   + ... +    = ...
x →0 +
x x  x 
52. Which of the following statements is true?
log x log x (JAM MA
(a) lim 1/2
= 0 and lim = 2017)
x → x x → x
58. If for a suitable   0. lim 
1 1 
log x
(b) lim 1/2 =  and lim
log x
=0 − 
x → x x → x 
x →0 e −1  x 
2x
log x log x exists and is equal to l ( l   ) , then.

(c) lim 1/2 = 0 and lim =0
x → x x → x 1
(a)  = 2, l = 2 (b)  = 2, l = −
log x log x 2
(d) lim 1/2 = 0 but lim does not exist.
x → x x → x 1 1 1
(c)  = , l = −2 (d)  = , l =
(NET DEC. 2011) 2 2 2
Dr. Ashutosh Sharma
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( −1)n 64. Let
59. The value of lim  8n − 
1 n2 2
is equal  
n →
 n 2 2 2
 1 
 1  1  1 
to_______ (JAM MA 2016) xn = 1 −  1 −  1 −  ... 1 −  , n  2.
 3   6   10   n ( n + 1) 
60. Let f : ( 0,  ) → be defined by  
 2 
 2 1 
f ( x ) = x  e1/ x − 1 + 3  . Which of the Then lim xn is.
 x  n →
following statements is (are) TRUE? 1 1

(a) (b)
(a) lim f ( x ) exists 3 9
x →
1
(b) lim xf ( x ) exists (c)
81
(d) 0
x →
(c) lim x 2 f ( x ) exists (JAM MA 2013)

x → n
1
(d) There exists m  0 such that 65. The value of lim  is.
n →
k =1 n 2 + kn
lim x m f ( x ) does NOT exist.
x →
(a) 2 ( )
2 −1
(JAM MS 2016)
(b) 2 2 − 1
1 x (c) 2 − 2
x →0 sin 2 x 
61. The limit lim sin −1 t dt is equal to.
( )
x
1
2
(d) 2 −1 (JAM MA 2011)
1 2
(a)0 (b)
8 66. Let a be a nonzero real number . Then
sin ( t 2 ) dt equal.
1 x
x →a x − a 2 a
1 3 lim 2
(c) (d)
4 8
(a) cos ( a 2 )
(JAM MA 2015) 1
2a
62. The limt lim  −1 −  is equal
9 1 1
sin ( a 2 )

x → 0 + x tan x x 1
(b)
to…………… (JAM MA 2015) 2a
(c) − sin ( a 2 )
x 1

1 cos 2  tdt
2a
63. The value of the limit lim1 2
is
 1 (d) − cos ( a 2 )
x→ e2 x 1
2 − e  x2 +  (JAM MA 2010)
2  4 2a
 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + 5 − 6 + ... + ( −2n )
(a)0 (b) 67. lim equal
e n →
n2 + 1 + n2 − 1
2  (a)  (b) 1/ 2
(c) (d) −
2e 2e (c) 0 (d) -1/2
(JAM MS 2014) (JAM MS 2007)
Dr. Ashutosh Sharma

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n +1 n +1
2 +3 74. Over the real line,
68. lim equals.
n → 2 + 3n
n
x →
(
lim log 1 + 4 + x − 1 + x = log ( 2 ) ) (T/F)
(a)3 (b) 2
(TIFR 2017)
(c) 1 (d) 0 x
(JAM MA 2006)  x + log 9 
75. Over the real line lim 
x → x − log 9
 = 81 (T/F)
69. Let f ( x ) =  e−t dt. Then f ' ( / 4 )
cos x 2  
sin x (TIFR 2017)
equals.
76. The limit lim  + 
1 1 1
(a) 1/ e (b) − 2 / e + ...  =

n → n n +1 2n 
(c) 2 / e (d) − 1/ 6 (a) e (b)2
(JAM MA 2006) (c) log e 2 (d) e2
70. Let f : → be defined as (TIFR 2016)
 tan t
 ,t  0 sin ( x 2
) sin  1  = 1
f (t ) =  t Then the value of 77. lim   (T/F) (TIFR 2013)
 x
x →0 2
1 x
,t = 0
78. lim ( n + 1) − n1/3 = 
1/3
(T/F) (TIFR 2013)
1 x3
lim 2  2 f ( t ) dt.
n →
x →0 x x 79. lim x sin (1/ x 2 ) equals

x →0
(a)Is equal to -1
(a)1 (b)0
(b) Is equal to 0
(c)  (d) Oscillates
(c) Is equal to 1
(TIFR 2012)
(d) None of these (JAM MS
80. lim x sin   is.
1
2016) x →0
x
(a)1 (b) 0
71. lim
 x  +  2 x  + ... +  nx  . 1
n → n2 (c) (d)Does not exist
2
x
(a) x (b) (TIFR 2010)
2 1
(c) 1 (d)0 81. Evaluate lim ( cos x ) sin x . 2
(NBHM 2017)
x →0
cos n
=.
1
72. lim 1 n n
82. Evaluate lim   ( n + k ) 
n → n
(a)1 (b)0 n → n
 k =1 
(c) + (d)1/2 (NBHM 2017)
sin x
73. lim = 1. (T/F)
x →0 log (1 + tan x )
(TIFR - 2018)
Dr. Ashutosh Sharma

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83. Let a  0 be a real number and let k  . 1 h
90. Let f  C  −1,1. Evaluate : lim  f ( t ) dt.
Evaluate: h →0 −h h
n n n
 1  2  k
 a +   a +  ....  a +  (NBHM 2012)
lim 
n  n  n
n → nk
a
1 n k
(NBHM 2017) 91. Let f  C  −1,1 , Evaluate. lim  f ' 
n
n
n → n
k =1 n
84. Evaluate : lim  . (NBHM 2015)
k =1 n + k
n → 2 2
(NBHM 2012)
85. Evaluate : lim (1 − 2 tan  )
cot 
(NBHM 2015)
 →0
86. In each of the following evaluate the limit  1 4 n2 

92. Evaluate : lim  + + ... + .
if the limit exists or state that the limit n → 1 + n3 8 + n3 n3 + n3 

does not exist if that is the case.
(a) lim
 x . (NBHM 2011)
x →0x
(b) lim x   .
cos ecx
93. Evaluatate lim (1 + 3x 2 )
1 5cot x + 2
x
x →
x x →0
  (NBHM 2011)
cos  cos x  1
(c) lim 2  (NBHM 2014)  1   2   n   n

x →0 sin ( sin x ) 94. Evaluate lim 1 +  1 +  .... 1 +  
n →
 n   n   n  
1
1 (NBHM 2010)
87. Evaluate : lim ( n + 1)( n + 2 ) ... ( n + n )  n .
n → n  n
95. lim  n 
=
n →
n 
(NBHM 2013) n
1
96. Evaluate : lim  .
n →
k =1 4n − k 2
2
  x x
88. Evaluate: lim x  log 1 +  − log  (NBHM 2009)
x → 2  2    1 n
97. Evaluate lim 6
n → n
k k =1
5
(NBHM 2009,2013)
(NBHM 2008)
98. Evaluate lim (1 − sin x cos x )
cos ec 2 x
89. Evaluate x →0
 1   1  (NBHM 2008)
lim sin   2n +  sin  2n +  .
n →
 2n   2n 
(NBHM 2013)
Dr. Ashutosh Sharma

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1
106. Let   0 be a real number. Then
99. Evaluate : lim 
sin x  x2
x →0
 x 
 lim
n →n
1
 +1 (1

+ 2 + ... + n ) is.
(NBHM 2007) (a)  (b) equal to 0
k
100. Evaluate : lim  cos  
1 n (c) equal to 1
n → n
k =0  2n  (d) positive and strictly less than 1
(NBHM 2006) (Net Dec. 2019 2nd
101. Evaluate : lim (1 − 5cot  )
tan 
P)
→
2
(NBHM 2006) 107. Which of the following is false ?

n
1 x
102. Evaluate lim  (a) lim =0
n →
k =1 n2 + k 2 ex
x →
(NBHM 2005) 1
(b) lim+ 1 = 0
n x →0
1
103. Evaluate : lim
n → n2
 n2 − k 2 . xe x
k =1 sin x
(c) lim+ =0
(NBHM 2007) x →0 1 + 2 x
104. Evaluate : lim

n →
( n2 + n − n2 + 1 . ) (d) lim+
cos x
x →0 1 + 2 x
=0 (IIT-JAM 2020)
(NBHM 2005)
x2
105. Differentate : f ( x ) =  et dt , x  1.
2 1
x 108. Let xn = n n and yn = e1− x , n  . Then n
(NBHM 2005) the value of lim yn is_____________

x →
(IIT-JAM 2020)
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Answer Key
Practice Set :1
1.A,C 2. B 3.A 4.A,B 5. A
Practice Set : 2
−1
1. -5 2.   3.1/2 4. -1/2e
 2 
Practice set : 3
1. 1 2.0 3.1 4.0 5.0 6. ln 4 7. 1/ e 8.a=1
Practice Set :4
3− 2
1.34/23 2. 3.0 4.-1/10 5. 5050 6.1/2 7.1/ 2a
4
−1 1
8.if n is even l = , if n is odd l = 9. -1/48
2 2
Practice Set : 5
m2 1 3 +1
1. 3 2.-3/2 3. 4. −1 5. 6.
n2 2 3
Practice Set : 6
1 2 3
1. 2. 3. ln 4 4.1 5. 6.1
a 5 2
Practice Set : 7
1
2. ( abc )
2/3
1. 3.e 4. ed / b 5. e2 6. e5/2
e
2
/ q2
7. e p
Practice Set : 8
3
1. a = −4, b = 3 2. a = 1, b = −1 3. a = , b 
2
Practice Set : 9
1 b 4 1 8
1. log 2 2. log   3. 4. tan1 5.
2 a e 2 3
Practice Set : 10
1.1 2.1 3.1/2 4. 2 5.1/18 6. 13/36
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Exercise
1.C 2.B 3.A 4.D 5.B 6.C 7.C
8.C 9.D 10.C 11.A 12.D 13.C 14.B
15.D 16.C 17.A 18.B 19.B 20.B 21.C
22.C 23.B 24.B 25.C 26.A 27.B 28.A
29.C 30.A 31.B 32.B 33.A 34.C 35.C
36.C 37.C 38.C 39.B 40.C 41.B 42.B
43.D 44.A 45.A 46.B 47.C 48.B 49.C
2  32  1
50.A,B 51.A,B 52.C 53.C 54.  2 − 1 55. 56.A
3  2
57.55 58.B 59.1 60.A,B,D 61.D 62.3 63.C
64.B 65.A 66.B 67.D 68.A 69.B 70.A
71.B 72.B 73.T 74.F 75.T 76.C 77.F
−1 k ( k +1)
4 
78.F 79.B 80.B 81. e 2 82. 83. e 2a
84.
e 4
4
85. e−2 86.(a)DNE (b) 0 (c) 0 87. 88. 2 89. sin1 90. 2 f ( 0 )
e
1 4 
91. f (1) − f ( 0 ) 92. ln 2 93. e6 94. 95. 0 96.
3 e 6
−1 −1
97.
1
6
98. e 2 99. e 6 100.
2

101. e−5 102. log 1 + 2 ( )
 1
105. ( 2 x ) e x − e x
4 2
103. 104. 106. D 107.D 108.1
4 2
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Limit Jam IIM

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Institute for JAM, NET, M.Sc. (Ent.), B.Sc.

(1) Right Hand Limit:- L1  is said to be right hand limit of f ( x ) at x = a if  0   0

(2) Left Hand Limit:- L2  is said to be right hand limit of f ( x ) at x = a if  0 S  0

Dr. Ashutosh Sharma

(c) lim f ( x ) = 3 (d) lim f ( x ) does not exist

(a) Both lim f ( x ) and lim g ( x ) exist.

(b) lim f ( x ) exist and lim g ( x ) doesn’t exist

(c) Both lim f ( x ) and lim g ( x ) doesn’t exist.

(d) All of these

(a)If lim f ( x ) exist then lim g ( x ) must exist.

(b) If lim f ( x ) doesn’t exist then lim g ( x ) doesn’t exist.

(c) If lim f ( x ) doesn’t exist then lim g ( x ) may exist

(d) If lim f ( x ) exist then lim g ( x ) need not exist

Dr. Ashutosh Sharma

Sandwich Theorem for Evaluating Limits:

i.e. lim f ( x ) = L = lim h ( x ) then lim g ( x ) exists and lim g ( x ) = L .

Solution: nx − 1   nx    nx  . Putting n = 1, 2,3...n and adding them,

Now lim  x 2 −  = x.lim 2 − .lim =

As the two limits are equal by equation (1),

Use of Expansion in evaluating Limits :-

Dr. Ashutosh Sharma

Q:2) Evaluate lim 2

Dr. Ashutosh Sharma

Hence lim 2 = 11e

Dr. Ashutosh Sharma

Dr. Ashutosh Sharma

Ex: - Let f ( x ) be a twice differentiable function and f " ( 0 ) = 2 . Then evaluate

2 f " ( x ) − 12 f " ( 2 x ) + 16 f " ( 4 x ) 6 f ' ( 0 )

Dr. Ashutosh Sharma

lim log tan 2 x ( tan 2 2 x )

(ix) If 1 ,  2 ,...,  n are the roots of equation x n + nax − b = 0, show that

Dr. Ashutosh Sharma

Evaluation of Algebraic Limits at Infinity :-

Dr. Ashutosh Sharma

Evaluation of Trigonometric Limits:-

sin x tan x sin ( x − a ) sin −1 x

Let log x = t then

Ex:- Evaluate the following Limits.

Evaluate the following limits:

Dr. Ashutosh Sharma

= ( log 5 )( log 2 )(1)

Dr. Ashutosh Sharma

log x − log a sin ( e x − 2 − 1)

(ii) lim (v) lim

Dr. Ashutosh Sharma

Ex:- Evaluate lim ( cos x )

Evaluate the following Limits

(i) lim  (v) lim 1 + 

(iv) lim 1 +  1

Dr. Ashutosh Sharma

FINDING UNKNOWNS WHEN LIMIT IS GIVEN

Dr. Ashutosh Sharma

Integration as limiting case of summation:

Now, in a special case, Let a = 0 & b = 1

Solution: The given limit is

Dr. Ashutosh Sharma

( n + 1)( n + 2 ) ... ( n + n )  n

integer r such that an = bn − bn + r or an = bn+r − bnn 

Dr. Ashutosh Sharma

1 denotes greatest integer, then

(c) both l and m exist 12. lim is

2 ( 2 x + 1) 15. lim  −  is equal to.

Dr. Ashutosh Sharma

  24. The value of lim (where