Science has been defined as The Social Sciences generally deal

with people’s behavior and include

“knowledge covering general truths or such studies as Psychology,
the operation of general laws Sociology, Anthropology, History and
especially as obtained and tested Economics.
through scientific method.” Another
definition says that science is the
study of events in the world and
attempts to explain in a logical and
orderly way how they happen.
Scientist try to use their observation to
benefit people. They discover facts by
using the scientific method, which
generally, involves testing,
observation, and experiment. Each
step must be proved.
There is too much to know in the
world today, so no scientist studies the
whole field of science. The last
scientist of many fields was probably
Leonardo da Vinci. After him,
scientist tended to concentrate on one
particular area of science. As more
was found out, fields of study became
narrower. There are two (2) main
branches of science: the Natural
Sciences and the Social Sciences.
Natural Sciences are the study of
matter and energy. They include
physics, part of which deals with
matter and energy on a large scale, in
the world of objects that can be seen
and touched. Chemistry studies the
differences between elements and the
ways they act on each other. Biology
is the study of living things. It
includes Botany, the study of plants,
and Zoology the study of animals.
Physiology is the science of how the
body functions. Other natural sciences
include Astronomy, that studies the
bodies in the universe and Geology,
study of the earth.
 EARTH SCIENCE
Earth Science is any of the sciences
that deal with the earth or with one or What scientist now know about the
more of its parts. earth:
The earth is the planet we live on. Age: 4,567,200,000 years
Although it is our own home, little is
yet known about what it is made of Diameter Across Equator: 7,910
and how it came to exist in the first miles
place. The inside of the earth is far
Diameter Pole to Pole: 7,890 miles
more difficult to explore than outer
space. Surface Area: 197,000,000 square
miles
Geology is the study of the earth,
what it is made of, and how it Land Area: 57,000,000 square miles
changes, is very wide field of study
because it is split into many minor Highest Point: Mount Everest,
sciences. Stratigraphy is the science 29,028 feet above sea level
of how and why the various layers of Lowest Point: Challenger Deep, in
the earth developed. Petrology deals the Mariana Trench, 35,800 feet
with what rocks are made of. below sea level
Paleontology is the study of fossils
found in the rocks, telling us about life Distance from the Sun: 92,900,000
on earth in pre-historic times. miles
Mineralogy is the science of minerals
Mass: 5.9736 x 1024 kg
in the earth.
Terrain: 70.8% Water and 29.2%
Ecology, a new science separated
Land
from the rest of natural history only in
1869, shows that all living things
depend on each other. Specialist in
ecology study ecosystems, the entire
plant and animal life of an area, plus
its sunlight, water, soil, and climate.
The inside of the earth is mystery.
Most of what scientist know about
comes from studying shock waves
caused by earthquakes. The way the
earth was forms is even more of a
mystery. The most widely believed
scientific theory is that the earth, like
the outer planets, was formed from a
Nebula, a cloud of gas and dust
swirling around the sun.
Nearly five billion (5,000,000,000)
years ago, there was only a vast cloud
of dust and gas called Nebula. This
cloud had been slowly swirling for
perhaps 10 billion years, held together
by its own gravitation. It was more
than 99% Hydrogen and Helium, and
less than 1% Heavier Elements. A
star exploded near the cloud and
pushed the gases of the nebula
together. This strengthened the
gravitational pull of those gases, and
they began to come together even
more, swirling faster and faster,
growing smaller and smaller.
As the nebula shrank, most of the
matter gathered into the center as a
huge, hot, very tightly packed ball of
gas. In this heat and pressure,
Hydrogen atoms collide and
combined with each other to form
Helium. This fusion released huge
amounts of energy, which spread to
the outer layers of the ball, causing it
to glow. Away from the center of the
cloud, the dust and gas were thinner.
This material collected into a disk of
hot gases. As the gases cooled, tiny
particles began to form. Nearer the
hot center, only rocky elements could
become solid particles. Farther from
the sun, the cooler gases could form
icy particles. The large clumps could
gather more material, increase in
gravity, and grow even more.
THE SUN AND ITS
ORIGIN
a. The Importance of the sun
Of all the heavenly bodies, the sun is
the most important to us, because
without it life on earth would be
impossible. The sun is the source from
which we derive all the various forms
of energy that plays a part in our lives.
A portion of the energy that we get
from the sun comes to us directly in
the form of heat and light.
The sun heats the atmosphere and
causes movements of air which we
call winds. It evaporates water from
rivers, lakes, and oceans, and thus rain
is produced. Every plant is a factory
that employs sunlight to help it make
food, thereby storing up the sun’s
energy. When animals and human
beings eat food derived from plants,
they make use of this stored-up
energy. When we burn various fuels,
such as coal, oil, and gas, in order to
produce heat, light, and power, we are
releasing the sun’s energy that was
trapped long ago by growing plants.
b. The Size and Distance of the
sun
The sun’s visible diameter is around
1.392 million km (865,000 mi). Its
radius (the distance from its center to
its surface) is 695,508 km (432,169
mi).
It has a mass of 1.989 x 1027 metric
tons (1.9891 x 1030 kg) which is
333,000 times as massive as the
Earth. In volume, it would be
sufficient to make more than a million
spheres the size of our earth. Despite
its large mass, the sun has a lower
density, or mass per unit volume,
than earth. The sun’s average density
is only 1.409 g/cm3 (1.188 oz/in3),
which is one-fourth of (1/4) of the
average density of the earth.
The distance between the sun and the
earth is not fixed, but changes during
different periods of the year,
corresponding to the changes of our
seasons. Its average distance from the
earth is 149,600,000 km (92,960,000
mi).
c. The Composition of the Sun
The sun is a huge ball of incandescent
matter. The Core is believed to be a
mass of white-hot-liquid material.
Surrounding this is a layer of glowing
gases which make up the sun’s
atmosphere.
By the use of a delicate optical
instrument called Spectroscope,
scientist have studied the light coming
from the sun and have shown that
many of the elements known to us on
earth are also present in gaseous form
in the sun. Some of these elements are
Iron, Gold, Tin, Zinc, Carbon,
Nickel, Silver, Copper, Lead,
Sodium, Potassium, and Hydrogen.
d. The Source of the Sun’s
Heat
The sun is about the three-quarters
hydrogen. Its core is so hot that the
Hydrogen fuses into Helium
(Thermonuclear Reaction) at the
rate of 600 million tons per second.
This creates intense energies that
slowly leak out of the surface as light
and heat. The center of the sun is
about 15.17 million ⁰C (about 28.28
million ⁰F).
The surface is about 5,500 ⁰C (over
9,900 ⁰F). The heat on the surface is
very active. If the sun were merely
burning up, like a huge lump of coal,
no such temperatures could be
reached. Moreover, it has been
calculated that if ordinary combustion
were taking place in the sun, all of its
matter would be completely burned up
in about 6,000 years.
e. The Atmosphere of the Sun
Radiation from the interior of the sun
cannot penetrate its atmosphere, so we
can only see the radiation from its
Atmosphere. The luminous inner part
of the Atmosphere is a layer some
250 km thick called the
Photosphere. It consists of heavy,
incandescent vapors, chiefly metallic
elements, and is the principal source
of the sun’s light and heat.
The photosphere is surrounded by a
transparent layer of gases up to 3,000
km thick called Chromosphere. It is
visible only during a total eclipse as a
brilliant scarlet ring from which huge
fiery tongues of glowing Hydrogen,
called Prominences, shoot out to a
distance of many thousand kilometer.
Outside the Chromosphere, also
visible during an eclipse as a halo of
light, it’s the Corona. It has an
extremely low density and high
temperature and is several million
kilometers thick.
f. Sunspot
Astronomers frequently observe on
the surface of the sun certain dark
depressions, resembling volcanic
craters. As the hot gases of the sun
expand and become cooler, some
gases shine less brightly than hot ones,
so some areas are dark. These are
called sunspots. The number of There are eight major planets that can
sunspots varies. Some years there are be found in our Solar System, namely
one hundred; in others ten. (according to distance from the sun):
Normally, sunspots are seen as 1. Mercury
irregularly shaped holes. Some 2. Venus
unusual shapes, such as spirals, can 3. Earth
have diameters six times that of earth. 4. Mars
Areas around sunspots are a little 5. Jupiter
hotter and have more active gases. 6. Saturn
Explosions near these spots, called 7. Uranus
flares, shine very brightly and give off 8. Neptune
a lot of energy.
The term Planet is derived from the
They seem to follow a fairly definite Greek word meaning “Wanderer”.
cycle of activity, reaching their The ancients used this term because
maximum size and number about planets appear to change their
every eleven years. Sunspot activity positions in the sky while the stars
appears to have direct effect on certain seem to occupy fixed locations with
conditions on the earth, such as reference to each other. Each of the
magnetic storms, disturbance of radio eight (8) known planets in the Solar
and wave telecommunication, and System spins on its axis, and travels
unusually severe rains, or increase in around the sun in an elliptical path or
temperature. orbit. The planets do not give off their
own light. They shine because they
THE SOLAR SYSTEM reflect the sunlight that strikes them.
The Sun is the center of a group of PLANET MERCURY
bodies that revolve around it at Size (Diameter 4,875
distances of millions of kilometers. in Km)
These bodies are the planets. One of Average
them is the earth. Some of these Distance from 57.90
planets have one or more smaller the Sun (Million
bodies, called satellites or moons, Km)
which revolve around them. In Time of
addition, there are relatively small Revolution 88 Days
masses of matter called Asteroids or around the Sun
Planetoids, tinier fragments called Time of
Meteor, and occasional “visitors” Rotation on Axis 58.7 Days
Number of None
from outer space called Comets. All
Moons
of these bodies make up the Solar
System.
PLANET VENUS
THE PLANETS Size (Diameter 12,391
in Km)
Average
 Distance from 108.20 in Km)
the Sun (Million Average
Km) Distance from 227.90
Time of the Sun (Million
Revolution 224.7 Days Km)
around the Sun Time of
Time of Revolution 686.98 Days
Rotation on Axis 243 Days around the Sun
Number of None Time of
Moons Rotation on Axis 24.6 Hours
Number of 2
Moons
a. Mercury is the smallest and
fastest-moving of all planets.
Since it is relatively close to c. Earth is the third planet in
the sun, it is visible only a distance outward from the
short time after sunset and sun. It is the only planetary
short time before sunrise. body in the solar system that
b. Venus The planet nearest to has conditions suitable for
Earth, is the brightest of all life, at least known to modern
heavenly bodies, except the science.
sun and moon. Astronomers d. Mars has reddish-orange
have proven that it has an color, can thus be easily
atmosphere, and is always identified by the naked eye.
surrounded by great masses of Observations reveal that Mars
clouds. The temperature on has water an atmosphere. The
this planet is far too high for question of whether life exists
life, as we know it on Earth. on Mars has long been, and
still is, an interesting subject
PLANET EARTH of speculation.
Size (Diameter 12,756
in Km) PLANET JUPITER
Average Size (Diameter 142,867
Distance from 149.50 in Km)
the Sun (Million Average
Km) Distance from 778.40
Time of the Sun (Million
Revolution 365.26 Days Km)
around the Sun Time of
Time of Revolution 11.86 Years
Rotation on Axis 24 Hours around the Sun
Number of 1 Time of
Moons Rotation on Axis 9.8 Hours
Number of 63 Moons
Moons
PLANET MARS
Size (Diameter 6,783
 PLANET SATURN
Size (Diameter 120,161
in Km)
Average
Distance from 1,429.40
the Sun (Million
Km)
Time of
Revolution 29.46 Years
around the Sun
Time of
Rotation on Axis 10.66 Hours
Number of 27 Moons
Moons

e. Jupiter the largest of the

planets, has a diameter more
than ten times that of earth. In
brightness, it is second to
Venus.
f. Saturn is the most unusual of
the planets in appearance, for
it has three/seven rings
revolving around its center.
These rings are made up of
countless small particles of
matter. In addition, Saturn has
61 confirmed natural satellites
or moons.

Planet Mercury
Size (Diameter 4,875
in Km)
Average
Distance from 57.90
the Sun (Million
Km)
Time of
Revolution 88 Days
around the Sun
Time of
Rotation on Axis 58.7 Days
Number of None
Moons