Power System Operation and Control

Modern Energy Management Functions

• State estimation

• Economic dispatch (P, Q)

• Supervisory control and date acquisition system

• Automatic generation control

• Automatic voltage control

• On-line power system studies (including load flow,

short circuit etc)
Modern Energy Management Functions

• Off-line power system studies

• Security analysis and monitoring

• Automatic trouble analysis and providing help to the

system operator
• Automatic system restoration
• Emergency control
Hierarchical Control Structure of PS
Level System Monitoring Major function
and control

First Generating Local control 1 prime mover control

level Station and Centre 2 Excitation system control
substation 3 Generation station auxiliaries
control
4 Substation control

Second Sub trans- Area load 1 Generation and load control

level mission dispatch 2 Control as per instruction of
and Centre third level
transmission
network
Hierarchical Control Structure of PS
Third Transmission Greater load 1. System generation and load monitoring
level system dispatch and control
center 2. Area-wise monitoring and control
3. Load shedding and load restoration
4. Planning and monitoring of system
operation

Fourth Interconnected Regional 1. Integrated operation of load dispatch

level power load centres
system dispatch 2. Operation and monitoring schedule of
center generating units/ transmission lines etc
3. Monitoring and control of whole system
Voltage, Current and Power relation
Supply system is 3-phase balanced and can be either

Star or Delta configuration

- Three phase power
P=√3VLIL cosø W
P= 3Vp Ip cosø W
- In star connection
V(L)= √3Vp I(L)=Ip
- In Delta connection
V(L)=Vp I(L)=sqr root 3. Ip
Per unit representation
• Due to cost and technical reasons, the different operating
voltages, with the presence of transformers, different rating
of generators etc, exist in the power system and therefore
calculation becomes difficult.

• Moreover, machine and system data are generally

available in per unit value on its own base. Therefore it is
essential to use the per unit system of various physical
quantities such as power, voltage, current and impedance.

• In the per unit system, the different voltage levels

disappear and power network consisting of generators,
Xfrmr, TLs, loads, reduces to a simple system.
Per unit representation
Per unit value is dimensionless and is represented as p.u
Quantity in P.U= actual quantities in any unit
base or reference value of
quantity quantity in the same unit

• A well chosen p.u can reduce the computational efforts,

simplify evaluation and facilitate the understanding of
system characteristics
 Per unit representation
• The selection of base quantities is also very important. Some
of the base quantities are chosen independently and arbitrary
while others follow automatically depending upon the
fundamental relationships between system variables

• Out of four power system quantities; power(VA), voltage(V),

current (A) and impedance(Ω) only two are independent

• The universal practice is to use machine rating power and

voltage as base values, and current and impedance are
calculated
Per unit representation
Per unit representation has several advantages such
as:
• In large power systems, the capacities rating of
equipment are different and the use of per unit
quantities simplifies the calculations

• Using per unit system, the chances of making

mistake in phase and line voltage, single or three-
phase quantities are minimized
Per unit representation
• In case of transformers, the per unit values of impedance,
voltage and current referred to primary side or secondary
side will be the same which further simplifies the
calculations

• Power and voltage equations are simplified in the per unit

system. All the laws are equally valid in per unit system
Capabilities and Constraints of Equipment
Capabilities and constraints of generators:
• For electric power generation, three phase synchronous generators
driven by either by steam, hydro or gas turbines also known as
alternators, are used

• High-speed synchronous generators are used in thermal power station

because the efficiency of steam turbines is high at high speed

• Whereas the efficiency of hydro turbines is larger at low speed and

therefore low speed alternators are used

• Since the frequency of the grid is one, the speed and therefore low
speed alternators are used
Capabilities and constraints of
generators
• Since the frequency of the grid is one, the speed of the
generator is decided by its number of poles (P). If frequency
of the system is f, the speed (N); revolutions per minute
(rpm) is given by:
N = 120f
p
Constraints of Generators
 To minimize the current flow in armature, which
reduces the copper losses, the voltage rating of the
alternator is increased but it is also limited due to the
cost and insulation loss of the material
Equipment and Stability Constraints
Equipment constraints (thermal and dielectric)
- An equipment must operate with in specified
rating

System constraints:

- Stability constraints ( Voltage and angle instability)

- Reliability constraints
- Security constraints