Living in a Network

Centric World

Network Fundamentals – Chapter 1

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 How Networks Impact Daily Life

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 Some Popular Communication Tools
–Instant messaging
•Real time communication
between 2 or more
people based on typed text
–Weblogs (Blogs)
•Web pages created
by an individual
–Wiki
•web pages that groups of
people can edit and view
together; group creation
–Podcasting
•Website that contains
audio files available
for downloading

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 Networks Support the Way We Learn

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 Networks Support the Way We Work

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 Networks Support the Way We Play

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 Data Networking Role, Components, and
Challenges
▪ Basic characteristics of communication
–Rules or agreements are first established
–Important information may need to be repeated
–Various modes of communication may impact the
effectiveness of getting the message across.

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 Quality of Communications

▪ For data networks, as a message moves through the

network, many factors can prevent the message from
reaching the recipient or distort its intended meaning.
These factors can be either external or internal.

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 Data Networking Role, Components, and
Challenges
▪ All networks have four basic
elements in common:
–Devices
•Used to communicate
with one another
–Medium
•This is how the devices
are connected together
–Messages
•Information that travels
over the medium
–Rules
•Governs how messages
flow across network

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 Some Data Network Symbols

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 Network Connections

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 Applications and Services

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

(TCP/IP) - industry standard in networking today; the
primary protocol of the Internet today
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 Converged Networks
▪ A type of network that can carry voice, video & data
over the same network

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 Network Architecture Characteristics
Network Architecture - technologies that support the
infrastructure and the programmed services and
protocols that move the messages across that
infrastructure.
▪ Characteristics addressed by network architecture
design:
–Fault tolerance
–Scalability
–Quality of service
–Security

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 Network Architecture Characteristics

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 Fault-Tolerant Network Architecture

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 Fault-Tolerant Network Architecture

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 Internet Architecture

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 Internet Architecture

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 Internet Architecture

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 Internet Architecture

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 Internet Architecture

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 Internet Architecture

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 Providing QoS
▪ Congestion is caused when the demand on the network
resources exceeds the available capacity. Since
networks have finite resources, QoS mechanisms are
needed.

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 Providing QoS
In order to maintain high QoS for applications that
require it, it is necessary to prioritize which types of
data packets must be delivered at the expense of other
types of packets that can be delayed or dropped.

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 Network Architecture Characteristics
Selecting the appropriate QoS strategy for a given type
of traffic:

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 Providing Network Security
Some consequences of a network security breach:
▪ Network outage that prevents communications and
transactions occurring, with consequent loss of
business
▪ Misdirection and loss of personal or business funds
▪ Company intellectual property (research ideas, patents
or designs) that is stolen and used by a competitor
▪ Customer contract details that become known to
competitors or made public, resulting in a loss of
market confidence in the business

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 Network Architecture Characteristics
Basic measures to secure data networks
–Ensure confidentiality through use of
•User authentication
•Data encryption
–Maintain communication integrity through use of
•Digital signatures
–Ensure availability through use of
•Firewalls
•Redundant network
architecture
•Hardware without a single
point of failure

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 Summary

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 Communicating over the
Network

Network Fundamentals – Chapter 2

CCESC

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 Network Structure
▪ 3 Common Elements of Communication
• message source
• the channel
• message destination

▪ Network (as pertained in the course)

data or information networks capable of carrying many different
types of communications

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 Message communication
Data is sent across a network in
small “chunks” called segments.

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 Message communication

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 Network Structure
▪ Components of a network
• hardware - visible components of the network platform
• software – services and processes

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 Network Structure
▪ End Devices and their Role in the Network
–End devices form interface with human network &
communications network
–End devices role: client, server, both client and server

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 Network Structure
Role of an intermediary device
–Regenerate and retransmit data signals
–Maintain information about what pathways exist through the
network and internetwork
–Notify other devices of errors and communication failures
–Direct data along alternate pathways when there is a link
failure
–Classify and direct messages according to QoS priorities
–Permit or deny the flow of data, based on security settings

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 Network Structure
Network media - the channel over which a message travels

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 Network Types
▪ Local Area Networks (LANs)
- A network serving a home, building or campus is considered a
Local Area Network (LAN)

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 Network Types
▪ Wide Area Networks (WANs)
- LANs separated by geographic distance are connected by a
network known as a Wide Area Network (WAN)

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 Network Types
▪ Internet –a global mesh of interconnected networks

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 Network Representations

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 Function of Protocol in Network
Communication
▪ A protocol is a set of predetermined rules used to
facilitate communication over data networks

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 The Role of Protocols

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 Protocol Suites and Industry Standards

A standard is a process or protocol that has been endorsed by

the networking industry and ratified by a standards organization
Ex: IEEE, IETF

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 Interaction of Protocols
▪ An example of the use of a protocol suite in network
communications is the interaction between a web
server and a web browser.

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 Technology independent Protocols
Many diverse types of devices can communicate using
the same sets of protocols. This is because protocols
specify network functionality, not the underlying
technology to support this functionality.

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 Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model
▪ Benefits of using a layered model
• assists in protocol design
• fosters competition
• changes in one layer do not affect other layers
• provides a common language

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 Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model
▪ TCP/IP Model - first layered protocol model for internetwork
communications; Internet Model; definitions of the standard and
the TCP/IP protocols are discussed in a public forum and publicly-
available set of documents called Requests for Comments (RFCs)

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 Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model
Untouched Message Travels through the Network

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 Protocol Data Units and Encapsulation

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 Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model
▪ Process of sending and receiving messages

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 Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model
▪ Explain protocol and
reference models
A protocol model
provides a model that
closely matches the
structure of a particular
protocol suite.

A reference model
provides a common
reference for
maintaining
consistency within all
types of network
protocols and services.
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 OSI Layer Model
Provides the means for end to end connectivity between
individuals in the human network using data

Provides for common representation of the data

transferred between Application layer

Provides services to the Presentation Layer to organize

its dialogue and to manage data exchange
Defines services to segment, transfer and reassemble
the data for individual communications between the end
devices
Provides services to exchange the individual pieces of
data over the network between identified end devices

Describe methods for exchanging data frames between

devices over a common media
Describe the mechanical, electrical, functional and
procedural means to activate, maintain and de-activate
physical – connections for bit transmission to and from a
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 Comparing TCP/IP and OSI Model

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 Addressing and Naming Schemes
Encapsulation headers are used to manage
communication in data networks.

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 Addressing and Naming Schemes
▪ Describe examples of Ethernet MAC Addresses, IP
Addresses, and TCP/UDP Port numbers

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 Addressing and Naming Schemes
▪ Explain how labels in encapsulation headers are used
to manage communication in data networks

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 Addressing and Naming Schemes

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 Summary

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