PATIENT SAFETY MANAGEMENT

“INFECTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL”

LECTURER:
Ns. Arsyawina, M. Kes

ARRANGED BY GROUP 6:
Audrey Kayyis Nelofa P07220222023
Mutiara Ramadhani P07220222033

MINISTRY OF HEALTH
HEALTH POLYTECHNIC OF EAST KALIMANTAN
BACHELOR OF APPLIED NURSING STUDY PROGRAM
ACADEMIC YEAR 2022/2023
 PREFACE

First of all, thanks to Allah SWT, because with the help of Allah, we
finishedwriting the paper entitled "Infection Prevention and Control” right on time.
The purpose of writing this paper is to fulfill the assignment given by Ms. Arsyawina,
a lecturer in Patient Safety Management.

In arranging this paper, we truly face lots of challenges and obstructions, but
with the help of many individuals, those obstructions could be passed. We
alsorealized there were still many mistakes in the process of writing this paper.
Because of that, we say thank you to all the individuals who helped in the process of
writing this paper. Hopefully, Allah responds to your help and blesses you all. We
realized that this paper is still imperfect in arrangement and content. And then we
hope thecriticism from the readers can help us perfect the next paper. Last but not
least, hopefully, this paper can help the readers gain more knowledge about Infection
Prevention and Control.

Samarinda, 19 February 2023

Writter

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 DAFTAR ISI

PREFACE ...................................................................................................................... i
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 1
A. Background of the Paper .................................................................................... 1
B. Problem Formulation ......................................................................................... 1
C. Purpose of the Paper........................................................................................... 1
D. Benefits of the Paper .......................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION ........................................................................................ 3
A. Definition of Infection Prevention and Control ................................................. 4
B. Purpose of Infection Prevention and Control ..................................................... 5
C. Principles of Infection Prevention and Control .................................................. 5
D. Definitions in Infection Prevention and Control ................................................ 5
D. Extent of Implementation of Infection Prevention and Control ........................ 6
CHAPTER III CLOSING ............................................................................................. 7
A. Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 7
B. Suggestion .......................................................................................................... 7
BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................... 8

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 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Paper

Infectious diseases have been the leading cause of human suffering in

terms of morbidity and mortality throughout history. Various stages of human
civilization influence the spread of infectious diseases. For example, parasitic
diseases and zoonoses have become more common after the domestication of
animals, as infectious viruses and airborne bacteria after large settlements and
urbanization (Keeling, 2008).
Over the centuries, humanity has suffered from significant pandemics
such as the plague, smallpox, cholera, and influenza, but also from the more
silent killers of chronic infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and syphilis.
Morbidity from infectious diseases is very common despite advances made in
recent decades. It is often said that “Epidemiology is the basic science of
preventive medicine.”
To prevent disease, it is important to understand the causative agents,
risk factors, and circumstances that lead to a particular disease. This is even
more important for preventing infectious diseases because simple
interventions can break the chain of transmission. While preventing
cardiovascular disease or cancer is much more problematic as it usually
requires multiple long-term interventions that require lifestyle changes and
behavior modification, which are difficult to achieve

B. Problem Formulation

1. What is the definition of infection prevention and control?

2. What is the purpose of infection prevention and control?
3. What are the principles of infection prevention and control?
4. What are the definitions in infection prevention and control?
5. What are the extent of implementation of infection prevention and control?
C. Purpose of the Paper

1. Understand the definition of infection prevention and control

2. know the purpose of infection prevention and control

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 3. Know the benefits of infection prevention and control
4. Know the definitions in infection prevention and control
5. Know the extent of infection prevention and control

D. Benefits of the Paper

Based on the purpose of writing the paper above, this paper is expected to
beuseful both directly and indirectly. The benefits of writing this paper
include:

1. Theoretical benefits
In theory, this paper is expected to be useful as follows:
a. Providing readers with information about infection prevention and
control
b. Become a teacher's resource or reference on the infection prevention
and control
2. Practical benefits
a. For writers Adding insight and knowledge about the nursing theory as
well as how to write good and correct papers
b. For lecturers As a reference for student learning materials and
assessing student performance in preparing papers
c. For readers Add reading material to your understanding of the nursing
theory.

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 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

A. Definition of Infection Prevention and Control

Infection Prevention and Control (PPI) is an effort to prevent the

transmission of infectious diseases in all healthcare settings (Minnesota
Department of Health, 2014). Prevention means preventing infection, while
control means minimizing the risk of infection. Thus, the main objective of
implementing this program is to prevent and control infection by inhibiting
the growth and transmission of microbes originating from sources around the
patient being treated.

Depending on the origin or acquisition of the infection, it can come

from the community (Community-acquired infection) or the hospital
environment (Hospital acquired infection), previously known as nosocomial
infection. Medical actions carried out by health workers to treat or cure
patients, if they are not carried out according to procedures, can potentially
transmit infectious diseases to other patients or even the health workers
themselves.

Because the origin of the infection cannot be determined with

certainty, now the term nosocomial infection (Hospital acquired infection) is
replaced by a new term, namely "Healthcare-associated infections" (HAIs),
with a broader understanding not only in hospitals but also in other health care
facilitie, and not limited to infections in patients but also infections in health
workers that are acquired during patient care (Akib et al, 2008).

Preventing or limiting transmission of infection in service facilities

healthcare requires implementing procedures and protocols known as
“controls”. Hierarchically this has been arranged according to the
effectiveness of infection prevention and control (Infection Prevention and
Control–IPC). which includes: administrative controls, environmental controls
and engineering, and personal protective equipment

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B. Purpose of Infection Prevention and Control
Infection Prevention and Control is to help reduce the spread of
health-care-associated infections through assessment, planning,
implementation, and evaluation by the National Infection Control Policies. Its
main objective is to support the promotion of quality health care that is safe
for patients, health workers, and others in health care and the environment in a
cost-effective manner (WHO, 2014)..

C. Principles of Infection Prevention and Control

In infection prevention there are basic principles that must be known,

namely:
1. Each individual is considered to be able to transmit the disease
because some infections are asymptomatic or have no
symptoms.
2. Each individual is considered susceptible to infection
3. Every object or equipment used when carrying out the action is
considered contaminated, so it must be washed again.
4. If you are unsure about the aseptic process of the environment
or equipment that is contaminated, it is considered still
contaminated.
5. The risk of infection will always be there and cannot be
eliminated, but it can be minimized by following proper
infection prevention procedures.

D. Definitions in Infection Prevention and Control

1. Aseptic/antiseptic techniques are all efforts to prevent

microorganisms from entering the body and can cause infection
by eradicating microorganisms on skin, tissues, and equipment to
a safe state.
2. Antisepsis is the prevention of infection by killing and preventing
the growth of microorganisms in the body and skin.
3. Decontaminating infection prevention measures for medical
instruments, delivery rooms, gloves, and aprons exposed to body
fluids and blood.

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 4. Washing and rinsing are actions to remove all contaminants
attached to medical instruments or skin.
5. High-Level Disinfection (DTT) action taken to remove all
microorganisms except bacterial endospores by boiling or
chemical means
6. Sterilization is an action performed to remove all microorganisms,
including bacterial endospores, on instruments.

E. The Extent of Implementation of Infection Prevention and Control

The Indonesian Ministry of Health, wrote that there are ten things that
need to be done in the implementation of PPI, namely:
1. Hand hygiene

The practice of hand hygiene is an attempt to prevent

infections spread by hands by removing all dirt and dust and
inhibiting and killing microorganisms on the skin.
Maintaining hand hygiene is carried out immediately after
arriving at the workplace, before contact with patients or
performing actions for patients, during procedures (if
accidentally contaminated), and after contact or performing
activities for patients. Hand hygiene is carried out in running
water, using soap and an antiseptic solution, and ending with
drying hands with a clean, dry cloth.

2. Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Personal protective equipment (PPE) has long been

used to protect patients from microorganisms in health
workers. However, with the emergence of COVID-19,
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), and
Hepatitis C, as well as the resurgence of Tuberculosis (TBC)
cases, the use of PPE is also significant in protecting
officers. Personal protective equipment includes gloves,
masks, eye protection, hats, gowns, aprons, gaiters, and
other protective equipment.

3. Management of patient equipment and linen

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 This concept includes how to process dirty
instruments, gloves, linens, and tools that will be reused
using a 0.5% chlorine solution, securing dirty tools that will
be touched, and selecting the appropriate handling process to
be used. This management can be done by precleaning,
washing and cleaning, High-Level Disinfection (DTT), and
sterilization.

4. Waste management

Waste management is one of the PPI activities in the

form of waste management in hospitals or other health
facilities, both contaminated and non-contaminated waste.

5. Control of the hospital environment

The purpose of controlling the environment in a

hospital or other health facility is to create a clean, safe, and
comfortable environment. Reasonable environmental control
can minimize or prevent the transmission of microorganisms
from the setting to patients, staff, visitors, and the
community around the hospital or health facility.

6. Employee health/protection of health workers

Health workers are at risk of infection if exposed to

germs while working. The efforts of hospitals or health
facilities to prevent this transmission are by establishing an
infection prevention and control program for their staff, for
example, by giving immunizations.

7. Patient placement/isolation

The application of this program is given to patients

who have or are suspected of suffering from an infectious
disease. The patient will be placed in a separate room to
minimize the transmission process to others.

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 CHAPTER III

CLOSING

A. Conclusion

Infection Prevention and Control (PPI) is an effort to prevent the

transmission of infectious diseases in all healthcare settings (Minnesota
Department of Health, 2014). Prevention means preventing infection, while
control means minimizing the risk of infection. Thus, the main objective of
implementing this program is to prevent and control infection by inhibiting
the growth and transmission of microbes originating from sources around the
patient being treated.

B. Suggestion

It is hoped that nursing students and nurses will know more about
infection prevention and control (PPI) and also hoped that reading this paper
can help students to understand more about the implementation of infection
prevention and control.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Anonym. (n.d.). Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Infeksi (PPI). http://repository.umy.

ac.id/bitstream/handle/123456789/7355/f.%20BAB%20II.pdf?sequence=6.

Kusnan, A. (2022). PENGANTAR PENCEGAHAN DAN PENGENDALIAN INFEKSI

(PPI). CV.EUREKA MEDIA AKSARA.

Noy, A. (2020). https://idoc.pub/documents/konsep-dasar-pencegahan-dan-

pengendalian-infeksi-terpadudocx-pnxk2219y94v.

Solehudin. (2023). Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Infeksi (PPI). Global Eksekutif

Teknologi.