THE LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE REGARDING THE

EFFECTIVENESS OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

AMONG 3rd YEAR NURSING STUDENT IN KPJUC.

LECTURER/ SUPERVISOR: MADAM ROZIANA BINTI ABD RAHMAN

GROUP MEMBERS:

NUR SABRINA ILYANI BT CHE KOB @ YAAKUB (3042191096)

NURUL ADILAH BT NIK HAYAZI (3042191097)

NUR IZZATI BT JAMALUDDIN (3042191111)

Submitted to the Diploma in Nursing, School of Nursing KPJUC as a partial

fulfilment of the requirement for course DNRM 4322: REASEARCH
NURSING

SUBMISSION DATE: 15TH of OCTOBER 2021

 CONTENT OF RESEARCH

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………………………………………………… I

ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………………………….II

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION OF STUDY

1.2 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

1.3 SIGNIFICANT OF STUDY

1.4 PROBLEM STATEMENT

1.5 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE

1.5.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVE

1.5.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE

1.5.3 RESEARCH QUESTION

1.6 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

1.6.1 KNOWLEDGE

1.6.2 ATTITUDE

1.7 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS

1.8 SUMMARY

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION OF LITERATURE REVIEW

2.2 KNOWLEDGE OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE AMONG HEALTHCARE WORKERS.

2.3 ATTITUDE OF HEALTHCARE WORKERS ON DONNING AND DOFFING OF PPE.

2.4 SUMMARY

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION

3.2 RESEARCH SETTING

3.3 RESEARCH DESIGN

3.4 POPULATION AND SAMPLING

 3.4.1 POPULATION

3.4.2 SAMPLING

3.4.3 SAMPLE SIZE

3.5 INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION

3.6 INSTRUMENT

3.7 DATA COLLECTION

3.8 SUMMARY
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This study would not been succeed without the guidance from the several
individuals who had facilitated, encouraged and supported us throughout the
accomplishment of this study.

Thanks to Almighty Allah S.W.T for giving us strength, patience, good health in
order to finish our research proposal for our study of THE LEVEL OF
KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE REGARDING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERSONAL
PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AMONG 3rd YEAR NURSING STUDENT IN KPJUC.

We would like to express our special gratitude and thanks to our research
supervisor, Madam Roziana for approval of our work and for imparting her
knowledge and expertise in this study. We were blessed with her dedication for
endlessly monitoring and supervision our progression to make sure we were
constantly on the real track in this study. Her motivation and expertise really
inspired us to put in our maximum effort to finish this research.

Also, we were highly indebted to students KPJ Healthcare University College

for the considerate endorsement and all the respondents for their honest and
cooperative response to all the questions solicited in this study.

Finally, our warm regard and thankfulness to our beloved family members and
all final year nursing students of KPJUC, either directly or indirectly for their
help, friendship and creating a pleasant study environment throughout
completing this study.

Thank you very much to all and may God bless all of you abundantly.

ABSTRACT
A comprehensive understanding of infection prevention and control is essential for nurses
when seeking to protect themselves, patients, colleagues and the general public from the
transmission of infection. Personal protective equipment (PPE) - such as gloves, aprons
and/or gowns, and eye protection - is an important aspect of infection prevention and control
for all healthcare staff, including nurses. Its use requires effective assessment, an
understanding of the suitability of various types of PPE in various clinical scenarios, and
appropriate application. Understanding the role of PPE will enable nurses to use it
appropriately and reduce unnecessary cost, while ensuring that the nurse-patient relationship
remains central to care. This article defines PPE and its components, outlines when it should
be used and details its optimal application.

CHAPTER 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION
This research is focuses on the level of knowledge and attitude regarding effectiveness of
personal protective equipment (PPE) among nursing students. This chapter was discussed
about the background of study, problem statement and the objective of study. This chapter
also discussed on research question, research objectives and significant of study.

Personal protective equipment (PPE) is specialized clothing or equipment designed to protect

nurses against potentially infectious diseases. It creates a protective barrier between the
individual and the contaminated object or body. It also protects against direct exposure to
blood or fluids.

The item of personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, aprons, gowns, eye
protection, face mask, and face shield is an important aspect of infection prevention and
control for all healthcare staff, including nursing students. Its use requires effective
assessment, an understanding of the suitability of various types of PPE in various clinical
scenarios, and appropriate application. Understanding the role of PPE will enable nurses to
use it appropriately and reduce unnecessary cost, while ensuring that the nurse-patient
relationship remains central to care. This article defines PPE and its components, outlines
when it should be used and details its optimal application.

PPE also protect patients who are at high risk for contracting infections through a surgical
procedure or who have a medical condition, such as, an immunodeficiency, from being
exposed to substances or potentially infectious material brought in by visitors and healthcare
workers. When used properly and with other infection control practices such as hand-
washing, using alcohol-based hand sanitizers, and covering coughs and sneezes, it minimizes
the spread of infection from one person to another. Effective use of PPE includes properly
removing and disposing of contaminated PPE to prevent exposing both the wearer and other
people to infection.

1.2 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Personal protective equipment (PPE) helps prevent the spread of germs in the hospital. This
can protect people and health care workers from infections. All healthcare team members,
patients, and visitors should use PPE when there will be contact with blood or other bodily
fluids. The recent rapid spread of Coronavirus disease 2019 and the global pandemic are
facing new challenges in the area of infection control (Guan et al., 2020). In this situation, a
comprehensive understanding of infection prevention and control is essential for nurses when
seeking to protect themselves, patients, colleagues, and the general public from the
transmission of infection (Brown et al., 2019).

Since a cluster of pneumonia cases of unknown etiology in Wuhan, China, occurred, the virus
has spread rapidly to a large extent despite efforts to prevent the propagation (Gralinski &
Menachery, 2020; Huang et al., 2020). Despite the global effort to fight the disease, it is very
difficult to prevent the spread of the coronavirus disease (Rothan & Byrareddy, 2020).
During the doffing of personal protective equipment (PPE), pathogens can be transferred
from the PPE to the bodies of nurses, putting nurses and patients at risk of exposure and
infection (Phan et al., 2019). These exposure also causes health-care associated infections
(HAIs), which have emerged as a serious global health issue because of expansion of
invasive procedures, use of anticancer agents and immunosuppressants, and an increase in
multidrug resistant bacteria (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016).

Based on current evidence, the COVID-19 virus is transmitted between people through close
contact and droplets. The people most at risk of infection are those who are in close contact
with a COVID-19 patient or who care for COVID-19 patients. Healthcare workers are at
significant risk of acquiring the infection; therefore, they are required to protect themselves
and prevent transmission in the healthcare setting. Precautions to be implemented by
healthcare workers caring for patients with COVID-19 include using appropriate personal
protective equipment (PPE). The World Health Organization (WHO) and other national and
international public health authorities recommend implementing safety protocols for
healthcare workers. However, basic protective equipment and safety protocols are not always
available in many medical institutions dealing with COVID-19 patients. The purpose of this
study is to evaluate the knowledge and attitude regarding the effectiveness of using Personal
Protective Equipment among healthcare workers. This survey helps to reveal the
understanding toward the importance of proper donning of PPE.

1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

The significant of our study is to identify the level of knowledge and attitude regarding PPE
among healthcare workers. The general contributions to our research are the nursing students
from most of the group in our college. Students will be able to measure their level of
knowledge and attitude regarding the effectiveness of PPE.

The reason to observe their knowledge regarding Personal Protective Equipment is to ensure
that they know how to donning as well as doffing the PPE in correct way. Nursing student
also should be able use the various type of PPE that significant with the all situation. The way
of nursing student discard the PPE also important because to prevent any infection to others
and to maintain the good attitude when handling with PPE.

1.4 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Procedure Protective Equipment also known as PPE is a common things mention in hospital.
Some worker are very strict about this, somehow some others do not. Students is specifically
taken to this cases which is student is young and new about hospital requirements

First problem, understanding the infection prevention and control is essential for nurses
when seeking to protect themselves, patients, colleagues, and the general public from the
transmission of infection. Moreover, during the doffing of personal protective equipment
(PPE), pathogens can be transferred from the PPE to the bodies of nurses, putting nurses and
patients at risk of exposure and infection (Phan et al., 2019).

Conversely, wearing PPE increases their stress and workload. The nurses are at the frontline
of fighting COVID-19 and should use PPE to protect themselves against the disease. Our
results show that environmental factors were the most impactful on nurses’ decisions
regarding the use of PPE.

1.6 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS.

 1.5.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVE

To analyse the level of knowledge and attitude of the effectiveness of using PPE towards
nursing student in KPJUC, Nilai. In addition, this study also intends to determine the
obstacles that preventing students from practicing the proper donning and doffing of PPE.

1.6.2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES.

1. To identify the level of knowledge regarding PPE.

2. To identify the effectiveness of donning Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).

3. To examine the attitude of nursing students regarding Personal Protective Equipment

(PPE).

1.6.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS.

1. What is the level of knowledge regarding PPE in nursing students in KPJUC?

2. What is the effectiveness of donning Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)?

3. What is attitude of nursing students in KPJUC regarding Personal Protective Equipment

(PPE)?

1.7 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This conceptual framework shows student' behaviour is identified as an important
determinant of exposure and is influenced by knowledge, attitudes, and risk perceptions.
Because behaviour may be a significant predictor of exposure, its assessment provides a
means for examining exposure and designing strategies and incentives that encourage student
protective behaviour

knowledge Attitude

Information
Exposure
sources
Chemical
Self-efficacy
Physiological factor
Barrier to PPE use

Behaviour Comfort

Availability

Reuse
Hygiene PPE use
Work practice

Exposure

To

student

1.8 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION.

i) Knowledge

It is modified by researchers and adopted from (Tavolacci et al., 2008; Amin & Al Wehedy,
2009) and it was used to assess nursing student’s knowledge toward 5 domains of infection
control (IC) and standard precautions (SP) with a total of 53 items of closed ended questions
in multiple choice or true or false.

Mn. Huson (2014)

ii) Attitude

It is modified by researchers and adopted from (Tavolacci et al., 2008; Amin & Al Wehedy,

2009) and it was used to assess nursing student’s attitude towards current curricular
sufficiency,

and training needs related to infection control and standard precautions (SP).

Mn. Huson (2014)

iii) Infection control

Infection Control (IC) is evidence-based practices and procedures that, when applied
consistently in healthcare settings, can prevent or reduce the risk of transmission of
microorganisms to healthcare providers, other patients and visitors.

Mn. Huson (2014)

iv) Personal protective equipment (PPE)

PPE is to protect health-care personnel from contamination and to prevent the transmission of
pathogens to subsequent patients.

Reddy (2019)

v) Nursing students
Person who is training to be a nurse at a nursing school or hospital.

Collins English Dictionary (2021)

vi) Nurses

Nurses are an essential component of the frontline team caring for COVID-19 patients.

Their service is vital to the care of the sick and further efforts to end the pandemic.

The International Council of Nurses has recognized the key role of nurses in the treatment
and care of patients with COVID-19.

Mokhtari, R (2021)

1.9 SUMMARY

In conclusion, this chapter has described about the research background, the problem
statement and the significant of the study. This researches also develop research objectives
and research questions for this study. In addition, the conceptual framework and also
operational definition included in this chapter.

CHAPTER 2
 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

The review of literature is the most important step in the research process. It also refers to a
thorough, exhaustive, and systematic review of publications relevant to the research project.
The goal of this chapter is to review research on the level of knowledge and practice of
personal protective equipment among KPJUC student nurses. The review of the literature for
the study has been organized as follows:

2.2 KNOWLEDGE OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE AMONG HEALTHCARE

WORKERS.

A study conducted by Mn. Huson (2014) among nursing students at Umm Al-Qura
University, Faculty of Nursing, Saudi Arabia. According Mn. Huson (2014) he a descriptive
research as study design. Questionnaire was distributed for third and fourth year nursing
students after explanation of the purpose of study following compulsory class for each target
group of study at the break time. For data collection from intern student’s year, researchers
communicated with the coordinator in Al Noor specialist, AL Hira'a, King Faisal, King
Abdulaziz and Maternity and children Hospital in Makkah Al-Mukrammah to coordinate
researchers visit time to hospitals in order to assure the presence of all intern students at the
time of data collection. Mn. Huson (2014) found that the correct responses to items related to
the domain of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) by clinical years. Of the surveyed
students (98.9%) believed that PPE such as masks and head caps provides protective barriers
against infection. Also (91.67%) answered correctly that use of PPE eliminates risk of
acquiring occupational infections. While only (45.8%) of students answered that used PPE
should not be discarded through regular municipal disposal systems. Most of the students
83% answered incorrectly that standard precautions (SP) recommend use of gloves for each
procedure. Also 55.21% of students recognize that standard precautions (SP) recommend use
of gloves when there is a risk of contact with the blood or body fluid. 42.7% of students
answer that SPs recommend use of gloves when there is a risk of a cut.

Next, the study was conducted by Jeong Hwa Yeon (2019) among nurses in general hospital
at Gyeonggi Province, Korea. The total of participants that distributed in the study are 56
nurses which is 28 nurses from experimental group and 28 nurses from control group. The
tool for measuring knowledge of nurses about PPE use consisted of 17 questions across two
subcategories: 3 questions concerning hand hygiene, and 14 questions concerning putting on
and taking off PPE. A score of 1 was given for right answers and 0 for wrong answers. Total
scores ranged 0 to 17 points, with higher scores indicating greater knowledge. Concerning
participants’ knowledge of PPE use, both groups showed improvements in knowledge in the
posttest; however, the group differences were no significant. Considering that there was no
significant difference in the knowledge score between experimental and control groups after
applying simulation-based education in emergency situations for nurses (Yang, 2012), these
results suggest that simulation based education is not more effective in improving knowledge
than traditional theory-based education. Accordingly, it is believed that, to prevent infection,
it is necessary to improve knowledge through systematic and repeated education in the use of
PPE.

Mokhtari, R (2021), found that importance of appropriate personal protective equipment

(PPE) for preventing COVID-19 transmission. This study used descriptive cross-sectional
study surveyed 240 nurses working in the central COVID-19 hospitals of Arak, Iran. The
questionnaire consisted of two parts. The first part included demographic information
(gender, age, marital status, education, position, work experience, and previous attendance at
any PPE training workshop). The second part consisted of 26 statements about the
environmental (4 questions), organizational (9 questions), and individual (13 questions)
factors affecting the respondent’s use of PPE. The statements were scored based on a 5-point
Likert scale (strongly agree = 5, agree = 4, no opinion = 3, disagree = 2, and strongly disagree
= 1). Results show that environmental factors were the most impactful on nurses’ decisions
regarding the use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), while individual preferences
carried less weight. A study from Pakistan showed that a lack of availability and
inappropriate use of PPE were among the most notable factors contributing to the
transmission of COVID-19 disease to healthcare workers (HCW). Furthermore, an Italian
study showed that proper education regarding the use of PPE was just as important as
providing adequate supplies. Adequate and appropriate access to PPE reduces the incidence
of mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety in nurses. Therefore, in addition to
access to PPE, HCW should receive the necessary and appropriate education to use this
equipment safely.
2.3 ATTITUDE OF HEALTHCARE WORKERS ON DONNING AND
DOFFING THE PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT.

The Association of Infection Control and Epidemiology Specialists supports measures to

prevent the transmission of the novel coronavirus from patients to healthcare workers
(HCWs). Strict adherence to infection prevention guidelines is a critical component of efforts
to stop the spread of infectious and contagious diseases such as SARS-CoV-2 to healthcare
personnel. A study conducted in China showed that approximately one-third of those infected
with COVID-19 were HCWs. In Italy, 10% of healthcare providers contracted the virus, 3%
of whom died. This highlights the importance of providing appropriate personal protective
equipment (PPE) for HCWs in order to prevent transmission in the healthcare environment.
Nurses are an essential component of the frontline team caring for COVID-19 patients. Their
service is vital to the care of the sick and further efforts to end the pandemic. The
International Council of Nurses has recognized the key role of nurses in the treatment and
care of patients with COVID-19. Considering the highly infectious nature of the disease and
the dire consequences of HCW infections for healthcare infrastructure, it is important to pay
close attention to the use of PPE.

Attitude toward using PPE related to infection control means how the person felt about using
PPE. This was assessed using a modified and supplemented version of the tool used by Hu et
al. (2012) and Choi (2016). Approval to use the tool was obtained from the original developer
(Bin Du) by email. The tool comprised six questions measured on a 5-point Likert scale (1¼
not at all to 5 ¼ very much so). The scores of negative questions were reversed, and the total
score was averaged. Mean scores ranged from 1 to 5 points, with higher scores indicating
more positive attitudes toward using PPE. Regarding reliability, Cronbach’s a’s for the tool
were .62 and .77 in Choi (2016) and in the present study, respectively. Performance in PPE
Use Related to Infection Control. Performance in PPE use was evaluated across three
categories.

Number of Contamination Sites after Putting Off PPE. After taking off the PPE, ultraviolet
light were used to check if any fluorescent material was left on the clothes or skin of the
participants, and the number of contaminated sites was counted. Lower numbers indicated
higher performance.
Area of Contamination Sites after Putting Off PPE. The area of contaminated sites appearing
on clothes or skin was measured. The area was converted to a numeric value using 1 cm2¼ 1.
Lower values indicated higher performance.

Mask Fitting. Tuberculosis (TB) mask (N95) fitting was measured while participants wore
the mask using SIBATA MT-03 (SIBATA, Japan) - a mask-fitting tester widely used in
clinical practice. The tester measured the degree of air leaking between the mask and face, as
the leak rate (%) based on the number of air particles inside and outside the mask. A leak rate
of <5% was determined as the criterion for passing. TB mask N95 is a mask with a rating of
95% filter efficiency by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

Another key finding was that the attitude toward nursing students was high percentage
towards their current curricular content and the received training towards infection control
and standard precautions. These results are consistent with studies carried out in more
developed countries where teaching during the curriculum was the main source of
information, and the information about SPs was emphasized more during the curriculum for
nursing students Tavolacci et al. (2008).

48.48%, 70.4% and 41.67% of third, fourth and intern nursing students respectively
disagreed about the availability of training and/or orientation sessions towards infection
control and SPs at the college. 81.81%, 88.9% and 80.6% of third, fourth and intern nursing
students respectively agreed about the role of their tutors and faculty in providing them with
necessary information on how to avoid health facilities related infections before their
entrance into clinical training at hospitals. Furthermore nurse educators may need to provide
an environment that models and promotes standard precaution practices by positive role
modeling (Tavolacci et al.,2008).

Almost 93.93%, 92.5% and 86.1% of third, fourth and intern nursing students' attitude
respectively agreed about their need to receive training and orientations towards IC and SPs.
That's approved with the study Wang et al. (2008). [42] The training and education have been
found to be of paramount importance to developing awareness among health care workers, as
well as improving adherence to good clinical practice.
2.5 SUMMARY

Extensive literature review has drawn a view that personal protective is important in
healthcare providers and daily life. Wearing and doffing the personal protective equipment
(PPE) with the correct way can helps prevent spread of germs in the hospital. PPE also can
protect people and healthcare workers from infections.

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Research on Knowledge and attitude regarding the effectiveness of personal protective

equipment (PPE) to nursing student in KPJUC are using cross-sectional study as our study
design. The setting of this research were at KPJUC Nilai. Sampling method for our research
is convenient sampling method will be specify clearly in this chapter. The sample population
for this research are student nurse in year 3. We will select 100 respondents for this program.
Semester that involved are from semester 6. Inclusion criteria that we choose to put in our
research are medical students from Diploma in Nursing (DIN69). About 20 questionnaires
are distributed randomly to the respondents as a data collection for our research project on the
level of knowledge and attitude regarding the effectiveness of PPE to medical students in
KPJUC. Semantic differential scale is used for our instruments.

3.2 RESEARCH SETTING

Data will collect from student nurse who are currently studying and taking Diploma in
Nursing at KPJUC. KPJ Healthcare University Collage (KPJUC) (formerly known as PNC
International Collage of Nursing and Health Sciences) is a subsidiary of KPJ Healthcare
Berhad, a key private healthcare services provider. The history of this centre began when
KPJUC was founded on 1st April 1991. The mission of KPJUC is to uphold the highest
professionalism in healthcare education. The preferred healthcare education provider of
academic excellence is the vision of KPJUC.

3.3 RESEARCH DESIGN

This study will use descriptive cross-sectional study to determine the level of knowledge and
attitude regarding the effectiveness of personal protective equipment (PPE) among nursing
students in KPJ Healthcare University College, Nilai. It is a quantitative research as the
questionnaire are used as instrumentation and the result will be analyses through statistical
method.

3.4 CONSENT AND PROTECTION OF HUMAN SUBJECT.

For the ethical protection of the participants in the present study, the purpose and the method
of the study were explained to participants before the questionnaire were contributed and
only the participant who volunteered and submitted a written consent form participant in the
study. The information about the study and confidently will be informed to respondent before
and during research by writing and verbally.

3.5 POPULATION AND SAMPLING

3.5.1 POPULATION
The sample will be taken among student nurse group 69, semester 6 that available in the
college. We select 24 students from this group. School that involved in gather information
about personal protective equipment (PPE) research are from Diploma in Nursing (DIN69).
We choose students from this school because they had already learned regarding personal
protective equipment (PPE). Approximately total numbers of respondents that we choose are
24 people in order to see their level of knowledge and attitude regarding the effectiveness of
personal protective equipment (PPE).

3.5.2 SAMPLING

Convenient sampling method will be used in this study. These sample represent the
population of nursing students in KPJUC and their level of knowledge and attitude regarding
the effectiveness of personal protective equipment (PPE) from DIN69 semester 6 of study to
apply personal protective equipment (PPE) in their life. We select 24 respondents of the
population from DIN69 to see their level of knowledge and attitude regarding the
effectiveness of personal protective equipment (PPE) as they had study of proper apply
personal protective equipment (PPE) since they are in clinical posting.

3.5.3 SAMPLE SIZE

There is no formula and calculation that had been used for this sample size. It is because we
just have 24 sample size and our total of sample size is 24.

3.6 INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION

The following lists of criteria and constructed for selection of ample for this study.
Researchers already have listed some inclusion and exclusion criteria in selecting the
participant in this study. Respondent of this study must meet the following inclusion and
exclusion criteria in order to achieve the aim of this study.

The inclusion criteria are: -

1) Diploma in Nursing (DIN) program

2) Students Year 3 (Semester 6)

The exclusion criteria are: -

1) Staff in KPJ Healthcare University College (KPJUC)

2) Bachelor students in KPJ Healthcare University College (KPJUC)

3) Post basic students in KPJ Healthcare University College (KPJUC)

3.7 INSTRUMENT

For our research, we choose the cross – sectional study. the definition of cross – sectional
study (Cherry. K, 2018) are observational in nature and are known as descriptive research,
not causal or relational, meaning that you can't use them to determine the cause of something,
such as a disease. Researchers record the information that is present in a population, but they
do not manipulate variables.

A few instruments were reviewed and studied to identify the most appropriate and compatible
for this study in order to answer the research objectives and questions. The questionnaire is in
English language. Finally, the instruments we prepared are in English language which
consists 2 sections as follow:

I. Question 1: Demographic Data

This questionnaire was developed to collect the demographical data of the participants that
involves in this study. This section consists of 4 questions including age, gender, body, race
and religion.

II. Question 2: (Part A) Knowledge of Personal Protective Equipment.

This scale is used to assess the knowledge of the student towards PPE. The questionnaire is
adapted and modified from the cross – sectional study questionnaire of knowledge and
effectiveness of PPE.

Poor (0% - 30%)

Moderate (31% - 50%)

Good (51% - 70%)

Excellent (71% - 100%)

(Part B) Attitude regarding the donning and doffing of PPE.

From this literature, we collect questions out of 10 questions which are from attitude
regarding the proper donning and doffing of PPE. The questions is close ended and the result
will be measure according to their practice while donning and doffing of PPE.

3.9 DATA COLLECTION

Data collection method will carry out in the level of knowledge and attitude regarding the
effectiveness of PPE. Selection of respondent will be based on inclusion and exclusion
criteria. For a respondent who meets with the inclusion criteria, they will be given
explanation about the objectives of the research and written consent of the research will be
obtain from respondents. The questionnaires will be constructs and written in English
language. The questionnaires will be collected after the completion.

3.10 DATA ANALYSIS

The data will be enter and analyse using EXCEL Software. Descriptive analyse will be
perform and summaries as mean and standard deviation, frequencies and percentage of
knowledge and attitude regarding PPE. Significant level (a) was set at p<24.

3.11 SUMMARY

Summary to the chapter 3 research of methodology, is the method used by the researcher to
obtain the information and data complete the research. The quantitative method is used to
approach the respondents by distributed questionnaires. Moreover, researcher choose 3rd year
student KPJ Healthcare university college to perform the research whilst went through a few
procedure to approach the respondents. Before the questionnaire distributed to the students,
researcher do some test to determine the effectiveness and attitude regarding PPE among
healthcare provider or nursing student. Questionnaires detail is to determine knowledge of
personal protective equipment PPE and attitude regarding the donning and doffing of PPE.
After researcher obtain the result from the respondents, the results will used to analysis by
using simple random sampling method. In order to follow the ethics and consideration, the
respondent’s names will remain anonymous.
 APPENDICES

QUESTION 1: DEMOGRHAPIC DATA

This section consists of 4 questions including age, gender, body, race and religion.

Please tick (√) for the answer that you have to choose.

Age

18-21 years old

22-25 years old

Above 25 years old

Gender

Male

Female

Race

Malay

Indian

Religion

Islam
 Buddha

Others :

Question 2 : Part A (Knowledge) : QUESTIONNAIRE

This questionnaire is purposely designed to asses the knowledge of personale protective

equipment among nursing students.

Please tick (√) for the answer that you have to choose.

Items Never Seldom sometimes Always compliance

1. I change gloves between
patient contacts
2. I would cover my
wound(s) or lesion(s) with
waterproof dressing
before patient contacts.
3. I wash my hands between
patient contacts.
4. I only use water for hand
washing
5. I use alcoholic hand rubs
as an alternative to soap
and water if my hands are
not visibly soiled
6. I clean the surfaces
because it is another
important step in
preventing cross infection
Result
QUESTION 3 : PART B (ATTITUDE)

Attitude regarding the donning and doffing of PPE

Items Never Seldom Sometimes Always Compliance

1. I wear gloves when I am
exposed to body fluids,
blood products, and any
excretion of patients.
2. I wear a surgical mask
alone or in combination
with goggles, face shield
and apron whenever
there is a possibility of a
splash or splatter.
3. My mouth and nose are
covered when I wear a
mask
4. I wear a gown or apron
when exposed to blood,
body fluids or any
patient excretions
5. I reuse a surgical mask
or disposable Personal
Protective Equipment
(PPE
6. I decontaminate my
hands immediately after
removal of gloves.
7. I wear gloves to
decontaminate used
equipment with visible
soils
8. Inadequate handling of
PPE
9. I removed slowly and
deliberately in the
correct sequence to
reduce the possibility of
self-contamination
10. I would take a shower
in case of extensive
splashing even after I
have put on Personal
Protective Equipment
(PPE).
Result
 CONSENT OF PROTECTING HUMAN SUBJECT

Consent Form for Participation in a Research Project.

Title of Study: THE LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE REGARDING THE
EFFECTIVENESS OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AMONG 3rd YEAR
NURSING STUDENT IN KPJUC.
Investigators:
Name: Nurul Adilah bt Nik Hayazi
Name: Nur Izzati bt Jamaluddin
Name: Nur Sabrina Ilyani bt Che Kob @ Yaakub
Description of the research and your participation:
You are invited to participate in a research study conducted by (DIN 69 GROUP 5). The
purpose of this research is to fulfil the requirement of module Research in DNRM 4322
Research Methodology in Nursing in conducting a small project related to research and
statistical process.

Risks and discomforts:

There are no known risks associated with this research. OR There are certain risks or
discomforts associated with this research. They include (describe any reasonably foreseeable
risks or discomforts to the participant. You may also describe the measures you will take to
minimize these risks and discomforts.)

Potential benefits:
There are no known benefits to you that would result from your participation in this research.
OR (Describe any benefits to the participant and to others that may reasonably be expected
from the research.) This research may help us to understand (brief statement, if appropriate).
Protection of confidentiality:
This study is anonymous. We will not be collecting or retaining any information about your
identity.
The information of this study will be kept strictly confidential. Research data will be kept in a
locked file, and all electronic information will be coded and secured using a password
protected file. [If audio or video tape recordings are made, explain specifically who will have
access to them, if they will be used for educational purposes, and when they will be
erased/destroyed and indicate how they will be destroyed or erased.] We will not include any
information in any report we may publish that would make it possible to identify you.

Voluntary participation:
Your participation in this research study is voluntary. You may choose not to participate and
you may withdraw your consent to participate at any time. You will not be penalized in any
way should you decide not to participate or to withdraw from this study.

Contact information:
If you have any questions or concerns about this study or if any problems arise, please
contact (NURUL) at (014-9359765)

Consent:
I have read this consent form and have been given the opportunity to ask questions. I give my
consent to participate in this study.
Participant’s signature_______________________________ Date:________________
A copy of this consent form should be given to you.
REFERENCES
1) Life science journal 2014;11(9) http://www.lifesciencesite. Retrieved October 14,
2021, from
http://www.lifesciencesite.com/lsj/life1109/035_24733life110914_249_260.pdf

2) 2) Yeon, J. H., & Shin, Y. S. (2020b). Effects of Education on the Use of Personal
Protective Equipment for Reduction of Contamination: A Randomized Trial. SAGE
Open Nursing, 6, 237796082094062.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2377960820940621

3) Mokhtari, R.; Safdari, A.; Hekmatpou, D.; Sahebi, A.; Moayedi, S.; Torres, M.;
Golitaleb, M. Investigating the Effective Factors of Using Personal Protective
Equipment from the Perspective of Nurses Caring for COVID-19 Patients: A Cross-
Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 7882.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18157882