History by Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE

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Modern History-
Indian Reaction- Rise of Nationalism
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Formation of Congress
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Role of Press
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Presented by - Pratik Nayak

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 History by Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE

Pratik Nayak

Educator- History, Art & Culture

BE Civil, M. Planning (CEPT University)

Worked at Govt. of Gujarat

Comprehensive Coverage-
Previous Years Questions
Sources of Reading-

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Pratik Nayak- Workbook
Running notes of the class

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This workbook contains the compiled

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sources.
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Indian Reaction

Indian Reaction to British Rule

Immediate Reaction Ideological Reaction

Revolts (In traditional - Making of Organisations

form) - Development of Education
- Who - Role of press
- Where - Creating awareness among
- How masses
- Why - Hence, modern response
- Outcome / Impact

Rise of Nationalism- Congress, Press Social

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 History by Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE

Rise of Nationalism - Formation of Congress

Q. Factors favouring Indian Nationalism?

Politics of Association
- Nation – State Formation of Congress
- Nationalism? Early Nationalists-Moderates
- Different Perspectives?
- J.R. Seelyà India = Geographical Expression
- John Strachey à There is not existence of India. What is Nation?
- But By 1919 What is a State?
- Mont – Ford Reforms
What is a Nation-State?
- British rule Harbinger of Nationalism
What do you mean by Nationalism?
- Q. How it Developed?
- Reasons?

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What do you mean by State? What is Nationality?

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The term ‘State’ in its modern sense was first used by
Machiavelli (1469-1527), the Italian statesman term nationality is derived from the Latin word natusà
The State consists of four elements
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nationality means belonging to the same racial
(a) the people stock or being related by birth or having blood
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(b) the territory on which they live relationship

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(c) the government to rule and regulate the Q. But is it right to define like this?
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lives of the people

(d) sovereignty Noà It is Misleading
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Every nation has people of mixed racial background

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psychological phenomenon neither political nor racial

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Common Race/Ethnicity
Nation Nationality
Common language cultural term
nation is a people organised; a people
united psychological
Common religion
generated in a group of people
Nation gives an idea of an organisation; having geographical unity and who
Common political framework &
aspirations nationality gives an idea of sentiment belong to a common race, common
history, religion, customs and
traditions, economic interests and
common hopes and aspirations
Economic factor

Common Geography

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 History by Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE

Development of Nationalism

Q. Factors favouring Indian Nationalism? Origin by end of 19th

Century

Impact of British Rule Political unity of Establishment of peace Development of Transport Modern Education
- Eco Exploitation Idea & Administrative unification & communication
Of India

Rise of Middle Influence of historical Contemporary Socio-Religious Racialism Role of viceroys

class researches National movement Reform movement & their Reactionary
policies

1. Impact of British Rule

4. Modern Means of Transport & Communication

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Dose of Modernisation Postal Systemà Circulation of Ideas, Literature
Peasant, Land Revenue Railways Roads

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Settlement, Colonial
Consciousness N 5.British Necessity of Administrative &
Economic Convenience
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2. Inspiration from West Political & Administrative Integration
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Impact of Modern Ideas Centralisation of Power Indian Civil Services

IPC, CrPC, Unified Set up of Judiciary
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3. Modern Education Economic Integration

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It help channelled modern ideas

Englishà Opened the flood gates of liberal education 6.Emergence of New Social Classes
Nationalistic literature & History writing under
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Rise of Middle Class, Peasants, Workersà New

oriental Influence Consciousness
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Role of Pressà English & Vernacular

Rise of Intelligentsiaà Provided Leadership
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7. Role of Political Parties 8. Socio Religious Reform Movements

Shaped up the national Consciousness
Society on Democratic linesà Equality, Liberalism
National Leaders
Historyà Pan Indian Feeling
Revolutionaries

9. Specific Acts & Measures taken by Colonial Government

Development after 1857 revolt Arms Act, Vernacular Press Act
Reactionary policies of viceroys

Illbert Bill Partition of Bengal 12. World Eventsà Contemporary Events

Crimean War, Russia Vs. Japan
10. Economic Critique of Colonialism Ethopia Vs. Italy, World Wars
Drain of Wealth Liberation Movements & Rise of new states in South America
Home Charges
13. Racial Discriminationà Insult & Humiliation

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 History by Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
- Started in Bengal
Development of Nationalism - Early period of 1830s
- Expanded after the 1857
Q. How national Consciousness was shaped up?
- Demanded Political Reforms
Ideasà Political Associations @ regional levels Formation of congress
Q. Name of Association
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W E - Leaders
- Political Associations
- Their Demand
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1828 - The academic association @ Calcutta by Ram Mohan Roy
- Discussed Sol-Eco-Pol issues

1836 - Bangbhasa Prakashik Sabha.

- By friends of Ram Mohan Roy

1838 - Society for Acquisition of General knowledge

- Discussed @ trial by Jury, free press forced labour

1838 - Land holders Society Zamindari Association

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- Safeguard Interest of the landlordsà Dwarkanath Tagore
- Starting of organized political activity in India.

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1839 - British India Society @ London N
- William Adam
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- Bengal British India Society

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1843 - Collection & dissemination of information relating to Indians

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By Oct - Merger of Landholders Society & British Indian

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1851 Bengal British India Society Association

- Debendranath tagore Charter Act of 1853
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- Radhakant Deb
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- Sent a petition to British parliament Bombay Madras Native

- Separation of Judiciary & Executive Association Association
- Reducing salaries - Dadabhai Naoroji
- Abolishing Salt Duties - J Shankar Sheth
- Establishment of Legislatures

- Post 1857 Revolt consciousness Increased

- Educationà pressà political Associations - By 1875 – Indian League Babu Sisir
- Abroadà East Indian Association – 1866 Dadabhai Kumar Ghose
Naoroji
- National Indian Association – 1867 Mary Carpenter - July 1876 – Indian Association
- Poona Sarvajanik Sabha – 1870 - Anand Mohan Bose
- MG Ranade, GV Joshi - Surendranath Banerjee
- Indian Society – 1870 - 1st all india Association Before
- By Anand Mohan Bose congress
- Reduced subscription
- Civil services reforms
- SN Banerjee on All India Tour
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 History by Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE

Development of Nationalism
- By 1880s
- Issues:

Bombay Presidency Madras Mahajan - Civil Services

Association (1885) Sabha (1884) - Tariff on Cotton
- Salt Duty
- Ferozshah Mehta - P. Ananda Charlu - Afghan Policy
- KT Telang - G. Subramanian Aiyer - Arms Act
- Badruddin Tayibji - Viraraghav Chari - Press Liberty
- Illbert Bill

- By 1885à Formation of Congress

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Q. Formation of Congress? - 1883 – AO home Wrote to Indian

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intelligentsia
- How it was Formed? N
- Leaders & Their Role? - 1884 – Public Demonstration against
Safety Value departure of lord Rippon
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- Controversy
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Lightning Couductor
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- Origin – 1877 – Poona Sarvajanik Sabha

- Bengal & Bombay Should work together
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- Indian Association made efforts

- British Indian Assn.
National Conference
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- National Mohmmadean Association

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- By 1883 – 1885 2 National Conference Set up

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By December 1885

- AO Home called for a conference

- Named – Indian Union @ Poona
- But due to snide spread of diseases shifted to Bombay

28 Dec
1885 Attendees from all over the country
- Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit college @ Bombay
- 72 delegates 1 chosen president WC Banerjee
AO Home Secretary

- 9 Resolution passed
- Political Representation
- Abolishing Taxes
Social Economic
- Annexation of Burma Political

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 History by Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE

Development of Nationalism
- Congress Origin Safety value
- Phase-1 1885 to 1905 moderate phase
- Q. Was it a safety valve?
- 3 day tamasha
- Why this Controversy evolved?
- Expansion from 72 delegates to 434 delegates (next
- Because of the Nature of Moderate politics
session)
- Emergence of leaders- 1st president- WC Banerjee
- Secy- AO Hume

- WC Banerjee - SN Banerjee - Shishirghosh - BG Tilak - B Tayabji - GS Aiyar

- RC Dutt - Anand Mohan Bose - Motilal Ghose - GK Gokhale - P Mehta - C Vijaya
- D Wacha Raghava
1890, Kadambiny Ganguly the first woman graduate of Calcutta Chariyar
University addressed the Congress session
Nature of Moderates? Staunch believers in
- Loyalty to British - Peaceful, Constitutional 'liberalism' and
- British Required - 3P – Prayers, Petitions, Passing 'moderate‘ politics

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- Indian progress under British resolutions
- Dadabhai Blessings of British rule - Writing through press

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Believed that the British
- Wanted to reach out the people & basically wanted to be just
- Foreign presidents to London Government. N to the Indians but were not
- To take message
aware of the real conditions
- George Yule
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Constitutional agitation
- - British Committee formed India. within the confines of
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Demand through resolutions,

law
- William Wedderbun petitions, meetings, etc
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- 1893 – Indian Parliamentary Committee

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Safety Valve Theory

To provide a safe, mild, peaceful and constitutional outlet or safety valve
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for rising discontent among the masses, which was inevitably leading
to

Q. Conspiracy theory about AO towards a popular & violent revolution

Hume meeting Governor General
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of India- Lord Dufferein

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Formation of Congress- The Reality

Hence, called as Safety Valve
Part à Whole
AO Hume used the congress All regional political organisations leaders became the part of the Congress
leaders to defuse the tension
Dadabhai Naoroji, Pherozshah Mehta, D.E. Wacha, W.C.
prevailing in India
Bonnerjee, S.N. Banerjee

Q. Does that means, they felt into trap laid by Hume & Dufferin

No, they cooperated with Hume because they did not wanted to arouse
official hostility of leadership at such an early stage of their works

Rather than AO Hume using congress leaders as Safety Valve, it were

the Congress leaders who hoped to use AO Hume as lightning
conductor

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 History by Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE

Development of Nationalism

Aims & Objectives Aims & Objectives

1.Nation Building found a democratic, nationalist movement
Rotation of Sessions politicise and politically educate people
President not from home state promote friendly relations among nationalist political
No overwhelming majority resolution workers from different parts of the country

2.Create all India leadership develop and propagate an anti-colonial nationalist ideology

3.Taking up issues/problems which are common in
relation to all
4.Modern Politicsà Train People in Politics
Political Education & Agitation
5.Indigenisation of Political Democracy
Congress Meaningà Assembly/Movement of People
formulate and present popular demands before the
Government with a view to unifying the people over a
common economic and political programme
develop and consolidate a feeling of national unity among
people irrespective of religion, caste or province

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carefully promote and nurture Indian nationhood
North American Modelà Congress

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Early Nationalistsà Moderates
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Demands
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Demands
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Economic Political
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Early Nationalistsà Moderates Early Nationalistsà Moderates

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Economic Demands Political Demands

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Revenue Reductionà Concession, Remission, Political Reforms on Democratic Lines

Relief in time of natural calamity
Cutting expenditure on administrative &
military areas
Larger allocation of budget in agriculture areas
Raised voices for Indian Workers, working in
British industries
Demanded favourable exchange ratio for Indian
currency
Reforms in Trade Policy
Abolishing Unilateral free trade policy
Representation @ various levels
Legislative Councilsà Central & Provincial
Curtailment of Powers
Appointment of Indians in Administration
Judiciaryà Power of Indian Judges to be increased
Indian judges given power to try European citizens
Abolishing discrimination against Indians
Trial by Jury
Civil Rightsà Freedom of Speech, Press etc.

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 History by Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE

Development of Nationalism
Q. Official/Government’s Attitude towards Congress?
Initially Welcomed the decision in a neutral way
1887- started becoming hostile
Policy of Divide & Rule
Lord Dufferinà a microscopic minority of people
1887-88Encouraged Sir Syed Ahmed
Khan, Raja Shiv Prasad of Benaras
etc. to start an anti congress
Lord Curzonà Congress is tottering to its fall & one of movement
my great ambitions while in India, is to assist it to a
peaceful demise United Indians Patriotic Association

Q. Why did the ‘Moderates’ failed to carry conviction with the nation about their proclaimed

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ideology and political goals by the end of the nineteenth century? (2017)

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Q. Moderates à Failure / Success
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Political Impact Socio-Economic Impact

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Indian Councils Democracy Economic Critique

ICS Reforms Civil Rights & Press
Strengthened
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Act 1892
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Q. Assessment of the Moderates? But still, they achieved a lot under difficult circumstances

British treated them with contempt
Failed to acquire any roots among the common
people & even those who joined congress with hopes
was feeling more & more disillusioned
Made a decisive shift in Indian Politics
Made the people of India conscious of the bonds of
common political, economic, & cultural interest
Also the existence of a common enemy & thus helped to
weld them into a common nationality

Failed to keep pace with yearning & aspirations Popularised the idea of democracy & civil liberty
of the people
Exposed the true character of British imperialism in India
Muslims stayed away from them
But still, they achieved a lot under difficult Some success in political arena was seen
circumstances
Indian Council Act 1892
Laid the foundation for future leaders & path

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 History by Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE

Development of Nationalism
Indian Council Act 1892
Changes in Central Council The act increased the number of additional or
non-official members in the legislative councils
Central Legislative Council was to consist of as follows:
nine ex-officio members
Central Legislative Council: 10 – 16
Governor-General, members
six members of the Executive Council,
the Commander-in-Chief and the head of the province Bengal: 20 members
in which the Council met
Madras: 20 members
six official Additional Members and
Bombay: 8 members
ten non-official members of the Legislative Councils of
Bengal, Bombay, Madras and the North Western Oudh: 15 members
province
North Western Province: 15
composition of provincial Legislative Councils also

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changed In 1892, out of 24 members, only 5 were Indians.

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Increased the number of additional (non-official) N
members in the Central and Provincial legislative Increased the functions of legislative councils
councils
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Right to Question- 6 days notice required
But no supplementary questions
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•The legislative councils were empowered to

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make new laws and repeal old laws with the

permission of the Governor-General.
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Constitution of India Bill 1895, also referred to as Swaraj Bill

Swaraj Bill divided into 4 powers, viz. (a) The Sovereign power; (b) The
Legislative power; (c) The Judicial power;(d) The Executive
Constitution of India Bill 1895, also referred to power
as Swaraj Bill
Sovereign power of India shall be vested in the Sovereign of
outline a constitutional vision for India Great Britain and Ireland
document was written in a legal style Viceroy of India shall be the representative
110 articles
individual rights – right to free speech, Parliament of India- the Upper House and the Lower House
right to property, Judicial and the Executive powers shall be subordinate to
In-violation of one’s home, the Legislative power
equality before the law
structures of government and No one can be imprisoned without a special crime proved
separation of powers against him according to law
The law shall be equal to all.
First non-official attempt at drafting a Constitution for Every citizen may be admitted to public office
India State Education shall be Free in the Empire

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 History by Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE

Development of Press
Origin of modern press?
- Portuguese 1st printing press in India
- Historical origin of modern press - 1 book published in India – 1557
st
- Nature of the press - 1684 – EIC sets of printing press in Bombay
- Regulation vs. Liberation censorship - But no publication – Why – EIC official didn’t liked
- Name of press & its publisher it.
- Role of press in National Movement - By 1770s EIC disgruntled employees sought to
expose malpractices of private trade / corruption
- 1776 – William bolt thought of whistle blowing
but couldn’t
- By 1780s James Hickey published 1st newspaper the
Bengal gazette or the Calcutta general advertiser
- Started criticising the Gov. general & judiciary
- Hence by 1782, press sized
- By 1784 new publications
1. The Calcutta gazette (1784) - Avoided clash with
2. The Bengal journal (1785) authorities hence
3. The oriental magazine of Calcutta (1785) flourished

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4. Calcutta Chronicle (1786) - Circulation limited
5. The madras courier (1788) - @ mercy of EIC officials

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6. The Bombay Herald (1789) - 100 to 500 copies
circulation N
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- By 1799 – Lord Wellesley

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The censorship of the press Act, 1799

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- Why subsidiary Alliance

- Structure for supremacy
- :. Censorship Act Pre censorship
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If breach, the publisher can be deported

- 1818à 1st Vernacular Newspaperà Samachar
Darshan
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- By 1820s – Lord Hastings removed pre censorship

- Liberal phase - Started by the Missionariesà William Carey and
to

Joshua Marshman
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- By 1823 – John Adams became acting Gov. general he

came up with a new Act.
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- Licensing Regulation, 1823

- Period from 1820s Onwards

1823 – The licensing regulations
- Obtain license for every publisher - Ram Mohan Roy
- ₹ 400 penalty / Imprisonment 1st newspaper Samvaad Kaumudi (Bengali)
- Mirat had to shut down - Mirat-Ul-Akhbar (Persian)
- James bucilingham of the Calcutta journal was
deported - Jami-i-Jaham Numahà 1st Urdu Newspaper
- Bangduttaà Published in four languagesà
Liberation E/B/P/H
- By 1828 to 1835 – William Bentinck & period.
Charles Metcalfe - RMR and Dwarkanath Tagore
- :. New publishers came up, vernacular press as well.
- Bombay Samacharà 1st Gujarati Newspaper

- Balshastri Jhambekar- Marathi newspaper-

Darpan (1830)
- Development of political organisations.
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 History by Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Development of Press
- Revolt of 1857 - 1861à The Bombay Times/ Times of India
- :. Licensing Act of 1857 - 1851à Rast Goftarà Dadabhai Naoroji
No. XI - Restrictions Increased - 1853à The Hindu Patriotà Girish Chandra
- The registration Act of 1867 Ghosh and Harish Chandra Mukherji
- No. XXV – 1867 - 1862à Indian Mirrorà Devendranath Tagore,
- Replaced Charles Metcalfe’s Act Keshub Chandra Sen
- Name of publisher, place – Visible - 1866à The Statesman à rotary printing
- Copy to be given to the Government machine
- Amended in 1870, 1890, 1914, 1952, 1953 - Published by Robert Knightà also called as
- IPL section 124-A Reaction to Wahabi Movement - Reuters Office in India
- Associated Press of India

1868à Amrita Bazar Patrika

By 1878 the vernacular press Act - 1878à The Illustrated Weekly @ Bombay
- Objective – Better control over vernacular press
- 1888à The Capital @ Calcutta

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- But Q. Why? - 1878à The Hinduà G Subramanian Aiyar
- 1857 Revolt – rise of vernacular press - 1881à The Tribueà Dayal Singh Majethia

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- Writing against the Government - 1881à Kesari (Marathi) and Maharatha (English )
- By 1870, famine in India N By Tilak
- Lord Lytton celebrating Delhi Darbar
- Therefore, Vernacular press writing against the
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Government - Also called as the gagging Act.
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- Provisions:-.
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- Magistrate given power to sign a bond – not to

published anything against the Government
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- Deposit security bond – Magistrate can for felt.

- Promises confiscated & equipment sized
- Magistrate’s action final no appeal allowed
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- Act to be applied only on the vernacular newspapers

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:. Discriminatory
- Proceedings initiated Against

The Som Prakash The Bharat Mihir The Decca Prakash The Sahakhar

- By 1882, Act was replaced by lord Rippon – Due to opposition - Amrita bazar patrika started
publishing in English
- By 1896-97 Famine & Plague – press getting active Act III –
1892,
Sec 124-A of IPC, section 153-A, section 505

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 History by Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Development of Press

- By 1905 – Swadeshi movement extremists in Congress - Why?

- By 1908 – Newspaper Act to control press - Revolutionary activities
- 1910, Indian press Act - ₹ 5 lakh fine collected
- Revival of Lytton's Act
- Reg. fee ₹ 500 to ₹ 2000
- increase ₹ 1000 to ₹ 10000 - Development of Nationalist Press 1910 to 1920
- power to custom Authority - The Bombay Chronicleà Pherozshah Mehta
- No. objectionable material allowed - The Leaderà Madan Mohan Malaviya
- Madras Standard/New India & Common Wealà
- By 1914 – world war – I Annie Besant
- Defence of India rules - The Servant of India àVS Srinivasa
- By 1921- press committee under Tej Bahadur Sapru - The Independentà Motilal Nehru
- Act of 1908 & 1910 replaced. - Hindustan Timesà KM Pannikar (Became official
organ of the Swaraj Party )

- By 1920s & 1930 – nationalist press emergence - Why?

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- Revolutionary activities
- 1930s – Civil Disobedience movement - ₹ 5 lakh fine collected

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- 1931 – The Indian press (Emergency power) Act
- To supress the nationalist feelings N
- Development of Nationalist Press 1920s Onwards
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- By 1939 – 1945 WW-II Defence of India Act - Gandhijià Indian Opinion ( 1902à South Africa)
- By 1947 press Inquiry Act committee - Young India, Navjivan, Harijan
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- Charged with duty in framing press laws - Free Press of Indiaà National News Agency
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- Constitution Article 19(2) managed by Annine Besant, MR Jaykar et al

- The Indian Express
- 1947 – 2019 Press to social media.
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- The Star of Indiaà Supported Muslim league

- The Dawnà MA Jinnah
- National Heraldà Jawaharlal Nehru
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- Q. Role of Press in Indian National Movement ?

- Historic and memorable roleà pen is mightier than sword
- 1870 to 1918 powerful newspapers emerged
- made Indian public aware of cruelties
- How?
- poems, songs and article published
- informed of all the activities going on in the country
- Challenge for the British and hence it was banned/prohibited
- Political tasks, political propaganda, education, and formation and propagation of nationalist
ideology
- tallest leaders of the freedom movement themselves turned journalists
- social reformà expose social evils such as caste fetters, child marriage, ban on remarriage of
widows, social, legal and other inequalities from which women suffered and
others, untouchability
- national and provincial literatures and cultures, and in the forging of bonds of fraternity

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 History by Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE

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N
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THANKS!
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