RC-II Chapter 4

CEng4209-Reinforced Concrete Structures II
16-Feb-23 Yield Line Theory for Slabs 1

Outlines
Introduction
Upper and lower bound theorems
Method of yield line analysis
Moments along skewed line
Effects of restrained corners
Slabs with more than one variable
Advantages and Limitations of yield line theory

Introduction
 Rectangular one way or two way slabs under normal
uniform loading can be analyzed and then designed using
design aid such as moment coefficient method for two way
slab and design table/chart for one way slab.
 In a situation where irregular shapes, varied support

conditions, presence of openings, varied loading (e.g.
concentrated load, non-uniform load) and more complex
conditions are encountered, the established theory of
elasticity or plasticity cannot be employed directly.

Introduction
For these circumstances, the two principal
approaches are:
a) Yield line method, which is particularly suitable

for slabs with complex shape or concentrated
loading and
b) Strip method which is valuable where the slab

contains openings.

Introduction
The yield line theory is an ultimate load method of
analysis of slab, i.e. the bending moment at the verge of
collapse is used as the basis for design.
Because of this it is known as a plastic method of
analysis of slabs.
At collapse loads, an under reinforced slab begins to

crack with the reinforcement yielding at points of high
moment.

Introduction
 The crack lines or the yield lines propagate with
the increase in deflection until the slab is broken
in to a number of segments.
 A yield line is a line in the plane of the slab across
which reinforcing bars have yielded and about
which excessive deformation (plastic rotation)
under constant limit moment (ultimate moment)
continues to occur leading to failure.
Introduction
 The plastic hinge was introduced in the chapter
three, as a location along a member in a
continuous beam or frame at which upon
overloading, there would be large inelastic
rotation at a constant resisting moment.
 For slabs the corresponding mechanism is the

yield line.

Introduction
 For the overloaded slab, the resisting moment per
unit length measured along a yield line is constant
as inelastic rotation occurs.
 The yield line serves as an axis of rotation for the

slab segment.

Introduction
Basic assumptions of yield line theory for slabs:
i. The structure (slab) is collapsing because of moment.
Effects due to shear, bond and deflection are not
considered.
ii. Reinforced concrete is assumed to be ductile.
iii. Axial (in plane) forces are ignored.
iv. Small deformations as compared with the over all
dimensions are assumed.

Introduction
Behavior of slabs loaded to failure in flexure

Introduction
 For a two-way slab loaded to failure in flexure,
there are four or more stages of behavior to be
known.
Stage of before cracking
 The slab acts as an elastic plate, and for short time

loads, the deformations, stresses and strains can
be predicted from an elastic analysis.

Introduction
Stage of after cracking and before yielding of the
reinforcement
 The slab no longer has a constant stiffness, because the
cracked regions have a lower flexural stiffness, 𝑬𝑰 than the
un-cracked regions and the slab is no longer isotropic
because the crack pattern may differ in the two directions.
 After cracking, elastic solution is still a good
approximation provided that the reinforcements have not
yielded.

Introduction
Stage of yielding of reinforcement starts
 Yielding of reinforcement starts in one or more
region of high moment and spreads through the
slab as the moments are redistributed from yielded
regions to areas that are still elastic.
 With further load, the regions of yielding, known
as yield lines, divide the slab into a series of
trapezoidal or triangular elastic plates.
Introduction
 The load corresponding to this stage of behavior can be
estimated using a yield line analysis (plastic method analysis).
Stage of mechanism
 Although the yield lines divide the slab to form a mechanism,
the hinges jam with increased deformation and the slab forms a
very flat compression arch.
Figure Arch action in slab

Introduction
 This assumes that the surrounding structure is stiff
enough to provide reactions for the arch.
 This stage of loading usually is not considered in
design.
Behavior of One way slabs loaded to failure in
flexure

Introduction
 If there is sufficient ductility, redistribution of bending
moments takes place until a sufficient number of sections of
discontinuity, known as “plastic hinges” form to change
the structure into a mechanism, at which time the structure
collapses or fails.
 In other words, complete failure cannot occur until

yielding takes place at several locations (or along several
lines in case of one-way slabs) so that a mechanism forms
giving a condition of unstable equilibrium.
Introduction
Fixed edge Free edge
Fixed edge
1m
Free edge w/m

B
A
C Elastic Moment Diagram
Ultimate Moment Diagram
Crack Pattern
Deformations
Introduction
Fig. Collapse mechanism of a one-way slab

Introduction
 A Uniform loading causes uniform maximum negative
bending moment along “AB” and “EF”, and uniform
positive bending moment along “CD” .
 When the load is increased until the moments along

AB, CD, and then along EF reach their respective
ultimate moment capacities, rotation of the slab
segments occurs with the yield line formation which
acting as axes of rotation.

Introduction
 At the yield load, the entire width of the slab develops
cracks, which suddenly increase in crack-width due to
the “shock” of the sudden yielding of mild steel.
 Then, a “yield line” is said to have formed and small

zones of cracks at the negative and positive moment
regions would have plasticized, creating, plastic
hinges as in RC beams.

Introduction
 Once the ultimate moment capacity is reached,
rotations and large deformations occur without
increasing the load.
 Thus, under the limiting condition, the slab segments

able to rotate with no change in the resisting moment,
the slab system is geometrically unstable.
 At this condition, a “collapse mechanism” is deemed

to have been initiated.
Introduction
Behavior of slabs loaded to failure subjected to heavy concentrated
loads (Fan mechanism)
 Slabs subjected to heavy concentrated loads may fail by a so-

called fan mechanism, with positive yield lines radiating from
the load and a negative circular yield line centered under the
point load.
 It is rare for this form of failure to be critical but nonetheless a

check is advised where large concentrated loads are present or
for instance in flat slabs where the slab is supported on columns.

Introduction
Figure: Fan collapse pattern for a heavy concentrated load onto

a reinforced slab
 The mechanism for a slab supported by a column is the same
shape but with the positive and negative yield lines reversed.

Introduction
 In general, the yield line phenomenon involves:
 A slab under increasing loads where cracking and reinforcement yielding
occur in the most highly stressed zone (i.e. around maximum moment),
 The highly stressed zone normally acts as a plastic hinge where the
subsequent loads are distributed to other region of the slab,
 Cracks develop forming patterns of yield lines until a mechanism
is formed,
 Collapse is then indicated by increasing deflection under constant
load.
Introduction
Guide lines rules for yield line patterns
1) Yield lines are generally straight because they

represent intersection of two planes.
2) Axes of rotation generally lie along lines of

support (the support line may be a real hinge, or it
may establish the location of a yield line which
acts as a plastic hinge).
Introduction
3) Axes of rotation pass over any column supports.
4) Yield lines between adjacent rigid regions must pass
through the point of intersection of the axes of
rotation of the adjacent slab regions.
5) Yield lines must end at a slab boundary.
6) Continuous supports repel and a simple supports
attract yield lines.

Introduction
6) The supported edges of the slab are axes of rotation.
 If the edge is fixed, negative yield line may form

providing constant resistance to rotation.
 If the edge is simply supported, the axis of rotation

provides zero restraint.
6) Yield line form under concentrated loads, radiating

outward from the point of application.

Introduction
Isotropic Vs Orthotropic slab
 An isotropic slab is one with the same amount of

bottom reinforcement both ways, and by assuming
effective depths are equal, moment capacities in the
two directions are equal, i.e. 𝒎𝒙 = 𝒎𝒚 .
 For convenience in design, the effective depth, d is

assumed to be equal both ways and is taken as being at
the interface of the two layers.
Introduction
 Orthotropic slabs have different amounts of
reinforcement in the two directions.
 Very often there is no need for the reinforcement in

two-way rectangular slabs to be the same in two
directions.
 These slabs tend to span in the short direction and this

direction will have the greater requirement for
reinforcement.
Introduction
 The analysis of such slabs can be done using affine
transformations.
 In these, the stronger direction is assumed to have the

moment capacity, m, and in the weaker direction the
capacity of the slab is assumed to be moment capacity, µm.
 The value of 𝝁 is usually based on the relative amounts of

reinforcement the designer wishes to use in the two
directions.

Introduction
 In an affine transformation, 𝝁 and 𝝁 are used to
modify the dimensions and concentrated loads on
the slab.
 So that, the orthotropic slab transforms to, and

can be treated as, an equivalent isotropic slab of
modified dimensions and loading.

Introduction
 In rectangular slabs reinforced orthotropically
(different reinforcements in two directions), the
crack pattern could be as follows.
2
3
1
E F E F
4
Initial crack Growth of crack Formation of crack

Introduction
Four supported edges
a b c
d
x
x
(a) (b)
Figure Yield-line patterns of a simple rectangular slab

Introduction
Figure: Typical Yield line patterns

Introduction
Figure: Alterative mechanisms for a slab supported on three sides

Introduction
where, 𝑳𝒙 is longer side 𝑳𝒚 is shorter side
Figure: Yield lines patterns for rectangular slabs

Introduction
Invalid Yield Line patterns

Introduction
Free or unsupported edge
Simply supported edge
Fixed edge or continuous edge
Column
Point load
Beam
Negative yield line
Positive yield line

Axis of rotation
Introduction
Figure Yield line patterns of a slab with one continuous

edge and simply supported on the other three sides

Introduction
 On the basis that a continuous support repels and a
simple support attracts yield lines, layout III is
most likely to be closest to the correct solution.
 As region C has a continuous support (whereas

region B has not), line 5-6, must be closer to
support 1-2 than support to 3-4.

Introduction
 On the basis that a continuous support repels and a
simple support attracts yield lines, layout III is
most likely to be closest to the correct solution.
 As region C has a continuous support (whereas

region B has not), line 5-6, must be closer to
support 1-2 than support to 3-4.

Upper and lower bound theorems
 The methods of design of RC structures are based on
the elastic analysis of structures as a whole to
withstand the factored loads.
 In statically indeterminate structures, after the

ultimate moment capacities at one or more points
reached, discontinuities develop in the elastic curve at
those points, where the elastic analysis is no longer
valid.


 Plastic analysis methods such as the yield line
theory derived from the general theory of
structural plasticity, which states that the ultimate
collapse load of a structure lies between two
limits, an upper bound and a lower bound of the
true collapse load.
 The lower bound and upper bound theorem are
applicable in the plastic analysis of slab.
Upper bound theorem
 If, for a small increment of displacement, the internal

work done by the slab, assuming that the moment at
every plastic hinge is equal to the yield moment and
that boundary conditions are satisfied, is equal to the
external work done by the given load for that same
small increment of displacement, then that load is an
upper bound of true carrying capacity.

Upper bound theorem:
 Moment at every plastic hinge is equal to yield moment capacity

of the section
 Moment exceeds the yield moment capacity of the section
 For small increment of displacement, 𝑊𝑖 (by slab) = 𝑊𝑖 (by

load)
 The load will certainly cause failure
 Plastic analysis type is used
 It includes yield line method

Lower bound theorem
 If, for a given external load, it is possible to find a

distribution of moments that satisfies equilibrium
requirements, with the moment not exceeding the
yield moment at any location, and if the boundary
conditions are satisfied, then the given load is a
lower bound of the true carrying capacity.
Lower bound theorem:
 Moment not exceeds the yield moment capacity of the

section
 Slab can certainly carry the load with out failure
 Elastic analysis type is used
 It includes moment coefficient, Strip, Simplified direct

method etc.

Method of yield line analysis
There are two methods of yield line analysis of slabs:
i. Equilibrium method
ii. Virtual work method
 In either method, a yield line pattern is assumed so that a
collapse mechanism is produced.
 Then, for that failure mechanism, the geometric
parameters that define the exact location and orientation
of the yield lines are determined and also the relation
between applied loads and resisting moments is solved.

 It is necessary to investigate all possible
mechanisms for any slab to confirm that the
correct solution, giving the lowest failure load,
has been found.
 For example, the following rectangular slab may

fail by either of the two mechanisms shown (SNS).

Figure Alterative mechanisms for a slab supported on three sides

i. Equilibrium method of Analysis
 It makes use of the equilibrium equations for

individual segment to obtain the collapse load.
 The FBD represented by each collapsing segment

is in equilibrium under applied loads, yield
moments and reactions or shears along support
lines.

 Essentially, the yield lines form at lines of
maximum moment where neither shear nor torsion
is typically present at positive yield lines.
 The method of segment equilibrium should not be
confused with a true equilibrium method such as
strip method.
 A true equilibrium method is a lower bound
method of analysis.
 For demonstration purpose, consider the one way slab
uniformly loaded and is continuous as shown in Figure.
 Let this slab with span 𝑳 is reinforced to provide resistance

of 𝒎𝟐 𝒌𝑵𝒎 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 through the span and 𝒎𝟏 and
𝒎𝟑 𝒌𝑵𝒎 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 at the two supports.
 Suppose it is desired to determine the collapse load 𝒘𝒖 .
 For a known yield moments 𝒎𝟏 , 𝒎𝟐 , 𝒎𝟑 a trial location of

the positive yield line is assumed.


 From left segment:
↺+ 𝑀𝐴 = 0
𝒘𝒖 𝒙𝟐
𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎 𝟐 − =𝟎
𝟐
 From right segment:
↻+ 𝑀𝐵 = 0
𝒘𝒖 𝑳 − 𝒙 𝟐
𝒎𝟐 + 𝒎𝟑 − =𝟎
𝟐

 Solving for 𝒘𝒖 from the two expressions and
equating, one may obtain a practical solution for 𝒙
as:
𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒎𝟑 − 𝒎𝟏
𝒙= 𝑳 −𝟏 + 𝟏 +
𝒎 𝟑 − 𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐

 For instance, when 𝑳 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝒎, 𝒎𝟏 , 𝒎𝟐 = 𝟕 𝒌𝑵𝒎 𝒎
and 𝒎𝟑 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒌𝑵𝒎 𝒎;
→ 𝒙 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟐𝟕𝒎 and 𝒘𝒖 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟕𝟓 𝒌𝑵 𝒎𝟐
 When 𝑳 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝒎, 𝒎𝟏 , 𝒎𝟑 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒌𝑵𝒎 𝒎 and 𝒎𝟐 =

𝟕 𝒌𝑵𝒎 𝒎;
→ 𝒙 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝒎 and 𝒘𝒖 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟏𝟏 𝒌𝑵 𝒎𝟐

 With the equilibrium method, considerable care must be
taken to show all forces acting on each element, including
twisting moments, especially when several yield lines
intersect or when yield lines intersect free edges.
 At such locations, off-setting vertical nodal forces are
required at the intersection of yield lines.
 Because of the possibility of that the nodal forces will be
given the wrong sign or location, some building codes
don’t recommend the methods.

ii. Virtual work method of Analysis
 Based on principle that work done by external forces
in undergoing a small virtual displacements is equal to
the internal virtual work done in rotations along yield
lines, the ultimate load which the slab can sustain is
determined.
 In other words, the work during small motion of
collapse mechanism is equal to the work absorbed by
the plastic hinges formed along the yield lines.

 In here, the segment of the slab with in the yield
lines is assumed to go through rigid body
displacement with the collapse load acting on the
structure.
𝑾𝑬 = 𝑾𝑰
𝒊. 𝒆. 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒃𝒚 𝒆𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆
= 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒂𝒃𝒔𝒐𝒓𝒃𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒉𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒔 (𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌)

 To develop suitable expression for each work, let
𝒘𝒖 be the uniform distributed load, and
considering differential element 𝒅𝑨
𝑾𝑬 = 𝒘𝒖 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚𝜹𝒙𝒚 = 𝑾𝒖 ∆

Where:
𝜹𝒙𝒚 = virtual displacement at load point

considered
𝒘𝒖 =resultant of the load on each segment
∆ =the corresponding displacement at centroid

of the load in each segment

 Since the relative rotation of the surface takes place about yield
line, one may obtain
𝑾𝑰 = 𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒕 𝜽𝒏 𝑳𝒚
Where
𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒕 = the ultimate moment across any yield line.
𝑳𝒚 = length of yield line

𝜽𝒏 = relative rotation of the two adjacent plates perpendicular to the
yield line


 The slab is reinforced at left and right supports, and in
span in such a way that the capacities of the respective
sections are 𝒎𝟏 , 𝒎𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒎𝟑 .
 Let ∆ be the plastic deflection at 𝑥 −distance from left

hand support to positive yield line.
External work
𝒘𝒖 𝒙∆ 𝒘𝒖 𝑳 − 𝒙 ∆ 𝒘𝒖 𝑳∆
𝑾𝑬 = + = 𝑷𝒆𝒓 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒑
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
Internal work
𝑾𝑰 = 𝒎𝜽𝑳𝒚 = 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝜽𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 + 𝒎𝟑 𝜽𝟐 𝑷𝒆𝒓 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒑
For small deflection
∆ ∆
𝜃1 = and 𝜃2 =
𝑥 𝐿−𝑥
∆ ∆
𝑾𝑰 = 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 + 𝒎𝟐 + 𝒎𝟑 𝑷𝒆𝒓 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒑
𝑥 𝐿−𝑥

By principle of virtual work;𝑾𝑬 = 𝑾𝑰 which simplifies to
give:
𝒘𝒖 𝑳∆ ∆ ∆
= 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 + 𝒎𝟐 + 𝒎𝟑
𝟐 𝑥 𝐿−𝑥
𝟐 𝑳 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 − 𝒙 𝒎𝟏 − 𝒎𝟑
𝒘𝒖 =
𝒙𝑳 𝑳 − 𝒙
𝑑𝒘𝒖
To obtain the minimum collapse load =0
𝑑𝑥
− 𝒎𝟏 − 𝒎𝟑 𝑥𝐿 𝐿 − 𝑥 − 𝐿 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 − 𝑥 𝒎𝟏 − 𝒎𝟑 𝐿2 − 2𝑥𝐿 = 0

This gives the practical values of x such that:
𝒎 𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒎𝟑 − 𝒎𝟏
𝒙= 𝑳 −𝟏 + 𝟏 +
𝒎 𝟑 − 𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐
Thus, identical solution to the equilibrium methods is

obtained.

Moments along Skewed yield lines
 Consider a two way slab orthogonally reinforced
where the yield lines are inclined at an angle α
with one of the principal axes.

 The figure shows an orthogonal gird of
reinforcement having moment resistance
𝒎𝒚 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒎𝒙 per unit length about the y-axis and x-
axis, respectively.
 The resisting moment per unit length along the
𝜶 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 provided by the y-direction bars is:
𝒎𝒙 𝒖 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜶
𝒎𝜶𝒚 = 𝒖 = 𝒎𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜶
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜶

 The resisting moment per unit length
perpendicular to 𝜶 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 provided by the y-
direction bars is:
𝒎𝒙 𝒖 sin 𝜶
𝒎⊥𝜶𝒚 = 𝒖 = 𝒎𝒙 cos 𝜶 sin 𝜶
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜶
 The resisting moment per unit length along the
𝜶 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 provided by the x-direction bars is:

𝒎𝒚 𝒗 sin 𝜶
𝒎𝜶𝒙 = 𝒗 = 𝒎𝒚 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜶
sin 𝜶
 The resisting moment per unit length

perpendicular to 𝜶 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 provided by the x-
direction bars is:
𝒎𝒚 𝒗 sin 𝜶
𝒎⊥𝜶𝒙 = 𝒗 = 𝒎𝒚 cos 𝜶 sin 𝜶
sin 𝜶

 Thus, for the combined set of bars:
 The resisting normal moment per unit length measured
along the α axis is:
𝒎𝜶 = 𝒎𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜶 + 𝒎𝒚 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜶 … … … … … … … … … … . ∗
 The resisting torsional moment per unit length measured

along the α axis is:
𝒎⊥𝜶 = 𝒎𝒙 cos 𝜶 sin 𝜶 − 𝒎𝒚 cos 𝜶 sin 𝜶

𝒎𝒙 −𝒎𝒚
= 𝒎𝒙 − 𝒎𝒚 cos 𝜶 sin 𝜶 = sin 2𝜶 … … ∗∗
𝟐

 Recall, an isotropically reinforced slab is one in
which the ultimate moment per unit length of the
slab is the same in two orthogonal directions.
 An orthotropically reinforced slab is one in which

the ultimate moment per unit length of the slab is
different in the two orthogonal directions.

 If a slab is isothropically reinforced with 𝑚𝑥 =
𝑚𝑦 = 𝑚, equations (*) and (**) become:
𝒎𝜶 = 𝒎 and 𝒎⊥𝜶 = 𝟎
 If a slab is orthothropically reinforced with 𝑚𝑥 =

𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑦 = 𝜇𝑚, equations (*) and (**) become:
𝒎𝜶 = 𝒎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜶 + 𝝁𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜶
𝒎⊥𝜶 = 𝒎 𝟏 − 𝝁 cos 𝜶 sin 𝜶
Effects of restrained corners
 At discontinuous corners where the slab is
supported on relatively stiff beams, there is a
tendency for the corner of the slab to lift off its
support unless a downward reaction is provided at
the corner.
 Corner lever is the effect of forking of the yield

line before reaching the corner.

 This splitting is associated with the formation of a
negative yield line across the corner which ‘levers’
against a corner reaction (or holding down force).
 ‘Corner levers’ phenomenon is common in two-way
simply supported and corners of end span slabs.
 For simplicity in the analysis, yield line patterns are
generally assumed to go into corners without splitting,
i.e. corner levers are ignored and an allowance is
made for this.


 For design purposes, the moment given by the
formula should be increased by 10% to allow for
the effects of corner levers forming.
 At corners of discontinuous corners of two-way
slab, special torsion reinforcement is required at
top along diagonal and at bottom perpendicular to
the diagonal of rectangle extends for the length
about 𝐿𝑥 5 from corner as shown below.
 Diagonal bars are difficult to place and hence may
be replaced by reinforcement in two orthogonal
directions, i.e., parallel to the two sides of the slab.
 Two such orthogonal reinforcing mats would be

required, one at the top of the slab and one at the
bottom.



 It should also be noted that the sagging moment m
in an isotropic slab increases with decreasing
corner fixity.
 At an average fixity ratio of 1.0 the effects are

minimal.
 Nonetheless, if the corners are left unreinforced,

span moments increase.


Slabs with more than one variable
 So far, the slabs consider have only one variable
dimension which defines the yield line mechanism.
 When the slab has more than one variable

dimension, the work equation, together with
equations obtained by differentiating with respect
to each unknown, give the necessary expressions to
obtain solution.

L
(1- 1)L
L
 1L
 2L (1-2  2)L  2L

 In this case, first develop suitable expression from
the work relation for 𝑤𝑢 in terms of 𝛽1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽2 .
𝜕𝑤𝑢 𝜕𝑤𝑢
 Then, = 0 and =0
𝜕𝛽1 𝜕𝛽2
 Will provide two additional equations to make the
problem solvable.

Advantages and Limitations of yield line theory
Advantages of yield line theory
1) Simpler to use (computer not necessary);
2) Linear elastic only tells you when first yield occurs. Yield line gives
the ultimate capacity of the slab i.e. what it takes to cause collapse;
3) It can be used for slabs of any shape, supported in a variety of ways.
4) Concentrated, uniformly distributed and partially distributed loads can

be considered.
5) The effects of holes of any size can be included.

Advantages and Limitations of yield line theory
Limitations of yield line theory
1) If the selected failure mechanism is not the controlling one or the

location of the yield line are not exactly correct, it may predict a
collapse load greater than the true collapse load (i.e. unsafe).
2) The slab section has to be checked for the adequateness of rotation

capacity.
3) Does not give an idea of slab behavior in service.
4) It is presumed that premature failure will not occur due to shear or

torsion and the cracking and deflections at service loads will not be
excessive.

Design Examples
Example 1
Yield-Line Analysis of Two-Way Square Slab Panel
𝑳𝒚
𝑳𝒙 = 𝟏. 𝟎
Assume the simply supported square slab panel in Figure below
with sides equal to 6𝑚 . The slab has positive moment
reinforcement with 𝑴𝒑𝒙 = 𝑴𝒑𝒚 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒌𝑵𝒎 𝒎. Determine the
area load 𝒘𝒖 required to cause failure of the panel.

Design Examples

Design Examples
Solution
Using Method of equilibrium
Take one segment and moment equilibrium about the support.
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 0
𝐿 𝐿
∗ 𝐿
𝑀𝑝 ∗ 𝐿 − 𝑤𝑢 2 2 ∗ =0
2 3

Design Examples
𝑤𝑢 ∗𝐿3
𝑀𝑝 ∗ 𝐿 =
24
24𝑀𝑝
𝑤𝑢 = 2
𝐿
Using virtual work method
𝜹 ∆ ∆
= →𝜹=
𝑳 𝑳 𝟑
𝟔 𝟐
∆ 𝟐∆
𝜽= →𝜽=
𝑳 𝑳
𝟐
Design Examples

Design Examples
Example 2:
Yield-Line Analysis of Two-Way Rectangular Slab Panel
𝑳𝒚
𝑳𝒙 ≤ 𝟐. 𝟎
Determine the area load, 𝒘𝒖 that cause failure:
Positive moments @bottom reinforcements:
𝑀𝑝𝑥 = 30 𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝑚 ; 𝑀𝑝𝑦 = 20 𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝑚

Design Examples
Negative moments @top reinforcements:
𝑀𝑛𝑥 = 40 𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝑚 ; 𝑀𝑛𝑦 = 40 𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝑚
Orientations of yield lines were as shown on the diagram

Design Examples
Solution
The location of symmetrical points A & B:
Along 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠………………….@𝟏𝟔/𝟐 = 𝟖𝒎
Along 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠………………….based on coefficient 𝜷
𝜷 = 𝟎. 𝟓 for square slab section
𝟎 < 𝜷 < 𝟎. 𝟓 for rectangular
slab section

Design Examples
 Segment of the positive yield from A to B is displaced
downward a virtual displacement δ when subjected to 𝒘𝒖 .
 So that segment I (ACE & BDF) to rotate an angle 𝜽𝑰 and
segment II (ABEF & ABCD) to rotate an angle 𝜽𝑰𝑰 .
Step1: The rotations of the slab segments becomes:
𝜹 𝜹 𝜹
𝜽𝑰 = 𝜽𝑰𝑰 = 𝑳 =
𝟐𝟎𝜷 𝟐 𝟖

Design Examples
Step2: External Work done 𝑾𝑬 by 𝒘𝒖
𝑾𝑬 = 𝑾𝑬 (𝒔𝒆𝒈𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑰) + 𝑾𝑬 (𝒔𝒆𝒈𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑰𝑰)
𝟏 𝜹 𝟏 𝜹
𝑾𝑬 = 𝟐 𝟏𝟔 𝟐𝟎𝜷 𝒘𝒖 + 𝟒 𝟖 𝟐𝟎𝜷 𝒘𝒖 +
𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑

Design Examples
Step3: Internal Work done 𝑾𝑰 by moments
𝑾𝑰 = 𝑾𝑰 (𝒔𝒆𝒈𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑰) + 𝑾𝑰 (𝒔𝒆𝒈𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑰𝑰)
𝑾𝑰 = 𝟐 𝑴𝒑𝒙 𝟏𝟔 𝜽𝑰 + 𝑴𝒏𝒙 𝟏𝟔 𝜽𝑰 + 𝟐 𝑴𝒑𝒚 𝟐𝟎 𝜽𝑰𝑰 +

Design Examples
Step4: Apply principle of virtual work method
𝑾 𝑬 = 𝑾𝑰
𝟑𝟐𝟎 𝟏𝟏𝟐
𝒘𝒖 𝜹 𝟏𝟔𝟎 − 𝜷 =𝜹 + 𝟑𝟎𝟎
𝟑 𝜷
Solving for 𝒘𝒖 the equation becomes:
𝟏𝟏𝟐
+ 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟏𝟐 + 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝜷
𝜷
𝒘𝒖 = =
𝟑𝟐𝟎 𝟒𝟖𝟎𝜷 − 𝟑𝟐𝟎𝜷 𝟐
𝟏𝟔𝟎 − 𝜷
𝟑

Design Examples
𝑑𝒘𝒖
To obtain the minimum collapse load =0
𝑑𝛽
𝑑𝒘𝒖
= 96000𝛽2 + 71680𝛽 − 53760 = 0
𝑑𝛽
Solve for 𝛽, 𝜷 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟔𝟐𝟗
To find the minimum collapse load substitute 𝜷 in to equation2.
𝒘𝒖 = 𝟒. 𝟖𝟗𝟗 𝒌𝑵
𝒎𝟐

Design Examples
Example 3:
Determine the ultimate moment of resistance 𝒎 per unit length of
yield line balancing a total UDL of 𝟓 𝒌𝑵 𝒎𝟐

for the isotropically
reinforced slab shown below. The shading indicates that side AB is

not supported, sides AD and BC are fixed and side DC is simply
supported. The slab is under reinforced and the bottom reinforcement
is such that the ultimate resisting moment in any direction is 𝒎 and
the top reinforcement, at the supports, is such that the ultimate
resisting moment is 𝜶𝒎 in any direction.

Design Examples
The possible yield line is as shown

Design Examples
Solution
Consider a unit displacement at E and F (  to ABCD )
Step1: The rotations of the slab segments becomes:
𝜹
Segment AED & BCF 𝜽𝑰 =
𝒙
𝜹 ∆ ∆
𝒙 =𝒙→𝜹=𝟑
𝟑
𝜹 𝜹
𝜽= →𝜽=
𝒙 𝒙

Design Examples
𝜹 ∆ ∆
𝜹 = →𝜹=
Segment CDEF 𝜽𝑰𝑰 = 𝟑 − 𝒙 𝟔 − 𝟐𝒙 𝟐
𝟒
𝜹
𝜽=
Step2: External Work done 𝑾𝑬 by 𝒘𝒖 𝟒
Segment AED & BCF
1 ∆ 2𝒘𝒖 𝛿𝑥
4 𝑥 𝒘𝒖 =
2 𝟑 3
Segment CDEF
1 𝜹 𝜹 𝟖𝒙
2 4 𝑥 𝒘𝒖 + 4 6 − 2𝑥 𝒘𝒖 = 𝒘𝒖 𝜹 𝟏𝟐 −
2 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑

Design Examples
𝑾𝑬 = 𝑾𝑬 𝒔𝒆𝒈𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝑨𝑬𝑫 + 𝑾𝑬 (𝒔𝒆𝒈𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑩𝑪𝑭) +
𝑾𝑬 (𝒔𝒆𝒈𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑪𝑫𝑬𝑭)
2𝒘𝒖 𝛿𝑥 𝟖𝒙 𝟒𝒙
𝑾𝑬 = 𝟐 + 𝒘𝒖 𝜹 𝟏𝟐 − = 𝒘𝒖 𝜹 𝟏𝟐 −
3 𝟑 𝟑
𝑾𝑰 = 𝟐𝑾𝑰 𝒔𝒆𝒈𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝑨𝑬𝑫 + 𝑾𝑰 (𝒔𝒆𝒈𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑪𝑫𝑬𝑭)
𝑀𝑝𝑥 = 𝑀𝑝𝑦 = 𝑚 and 𝑀𝑛𝑥 = 𝑀𝑛𝑦 = 𝛼𝑚

Design Examples
𝑾𝑰 = 𝟐 𝑴𝒑𝒙 𝟒 𝜽𝑰 + 𝑴𝒏𝒙 𝟒 𝜽𝑰 + 𝑴𝒑𝒚 𝟐𝒙 𝜽𝑰𝑰 +

Design Examples
𝟒𝒙 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔 𝟏 + 𝜶
𝒘𝒖 𝜹 𝟏𝟐 − = 𝒎𝜹
𝟑 𝟐𝒙
Solving for 𝒎 the equation becomes: 𝒘𝒖 = 𝟓 𝒌𝑵 𝒎𝟐
𝟖
𝟗𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 𝟒𝟎 𝟗𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐
𝒎 = 𝟐𝟑 𝒘𝒖 =
𝒙 + 𝟏𝟔 𝟏 + 𝜶 𝟑 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔 𝟏 + 𝜶
𝑑𝑚
To obtain the maximum moment =0
𝑑𝑥

Design Examples
9 − 2𝑥 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔 𝟏 + 𝜶 = 2𝑥 𝟗𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐
9𝑥 2 + 32 1 + 𝛼 𝑥 − 144 1 + 𝛼 = 0
−32 1 + 𝛼 + 1024 1 + 𝛼 2 + 5184 1 + 𝛼

𝑥=
18
When 𝛼 increases 𝑥 also increases. 𝛼𝑚𝑎𝑥 is when 𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑥 = 3
When 𝑥 = 3, 𝛼 = 0.687. If 𝛼 ≤ 0.687, the yield line pattern can be
used.

Design Examples
Example 4
Determine the ultimate uniformly distributed load of a regular
𝒏 sided slab. The slab is isotropically reinforced with positive
and negative moment resistance of 𝑚𝑝 and 𝑚𝑛 .
Orientations of yield line were

as shown on the diagram.

Design Examples
Solution
Using Equilibrium method
The inscribed of the slab be r and the length of each side be L.
Consider equilibrium of segment ABC.
Take sum of moment about support AB
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 0

Design Examples
𝐿∗𝑟 𝑟
𝑚𝑝 + 𝑚𝑛 𝐿 = 𝑤𝑢 ∗
2 3
6 𝑚𝑝 + 𝑚𝑛
𝑤𝑢 =
𝑟2
This solution can be used for a number of n sided regular slabs.
1) For triangular Slab (𝒏 = 𝟑)
𝐿 °
0.5𝐿
𝑟 = tan 30 =
2 3

Design Examples
6 𝑚𝑝 + 𝑚𝑛 6 𝑚𝑝 + 𝑚𝑛 72 𝑚𝑝 + 𝑚𝑛
𝑤𝑢 = 2
= 2 =
𝑟 0.5𝐿 𝐿2
3
2) For Square Slab (𝒏 = 𝟒)
𝐿
𝑟=
2
6 𝑚𝑝 +𝑚𝑛 6 𝑚𝑝 +𝑚𝑛 24 𝑚𝑝 +𝑚𝑛

𝑤𝑢 = = 2 =
𝑟2 𝐿
2
𝐿2

Design Examples
3) For Hexagon slab (n=6)
𝐿 3𝐿
𝑟 = tan 30° =
2 2
6 𝑚𝑝 +𝑚𝑛 6 𝑚𝑝 +𝑚𝑛 8 𝑚𝑝 +𝑚𝑛

𝑤𝑢 = = 2 =
𝑟2 3𝐿 𝐿2
2
4) For circular slab (n=∞)
The radius 𝑟 = 𝑅
6 𝑚𝑝 +𝑚𝑛
𝑤𝑢 =
𝑅2

Design Examples
Example 5
Design a square corner panel of a floor slab simply supported
on the outer edges and continuous over the interior beams is
shown. The design ultimate load is 12.4 𝑘𝑁 𝑚2 . The slab is to
be 175𝑚𝑚 thick and reinforced equally in both directions. The
materials are C20/25 concrete and S-300reinforcement. Design
the slab using the yield line method.

Design Examples
Orientations of yield line pattern is as shown on the diagram

Design Examples
Solution
The yield line pattern, which is symmetric about the diagonal,

depends on one variable β. Assuming the deflection at the meeting
point of the sagging yield lines as Δ.
Let 𝒎𝒑𝒙 = 𝒎𝒑𝒚 = 𝒎 and 𝒎𝒏𝒙 = 𝒎𝒏𝒚 = 𝝁𝒎.
Step1: The rotations of the slab segments:
Bottom and Left triangles segment:
∆ ∆
𝜃= ,𝛿 =
6𝛽 3

Design Examples
Right and top triangles segment
∆ ∆
𝜃= ,𝛿 =
6−6𝛽 3
Step2: External Work done 𝑾𝑬 by 𝒘𝒖
1 ∆
2 6 6𝛽 𝒘𝒖 = 12𝒘𝒖 𝜷∆
2 3

Design Examples
Top and right triangles segment:
1 ∆
2 6 6 − 6𝛽 𝒘𝒖 = 12𝒘𝒖 ∆ 𝟏 − 𝜷
2 3
The total external work done is:
𝑾𝑬 = 12𝒘𝒖 𝜷∆ + 12𝒘𝒖 ∆ 𝟏 − 𝜷 = 12𝒘𝒖 ∆
∆ 2𝑚∆
2 𝑚 6 =
6𝛽 𝛽

Design Examples
Top and right triangles segment:
∆ 2 𝑚 + 𝜇𝑚 ∆
2 𝑚 + 𝜇𝑚 6 =
6 − 6𝛽 1−𝛽
The total energy dissipated by all yield lines is
2𝑚∆ 2 𝑚 + 𝜇𝑚 ∆ 1 𝜇
𝑾𝑰 = + = 2𝑚∆ +
𝛽 1−𝛽 𝛽 1−𝛽
𝛽 1+𝜇 + 1−𝛽 1 + 𝜇𝛽
= 2𝑚∆ = 2𝑚∆
𝛽 − 𝛽2 𝛽 − 𝛽2

Design Examples
Step4: Apply principle of virtual work method
𝑾 𝑬 = 𝑾𝑰
1 + 𝜇𝛽
12𝒘𝒖 ∆= 2𝑚∆
𝛽 − 𝛽2
Solving for 𝒎 the equation becomes:
𝛽 − 𝛽2
𝒎 = 𝟔𝒘𝒖 ……………………………………..𝟏
1 + 𝜇𝛽

Design Examples
𝑑𝑚
To obtain the maximum moment =0
𝑑𝑥
1 − 2𝛽 1 + 𝜇𝛽 − 𝜇 𝛽 − 𝛽2 = 0
1 + 𝜇𝛽 − 2𝛽 − 2𝜇𝛽2 − 𝜇𝛽 + 𝜇𝛽2 = 0
1 − 2𝛽 − 𝜇𝛽2 = 0
𝝁𝜷𝟐 + 𝟐𝜷 − 𝟏 = 𝟎
−2 + 4 + 4𝜇 −1 + 1 + 𝜇
𝛽= =
2𝜇 𝜇

Design Examples
Substituting 𝛽 in equation 1, to find 𝒎
Take the ratio of negative to positive moment equal to the ratio of a
propped cantilever beam:
𝑤𝑢 𝐿2
𝜇= 8
9𝑤𝑢 𝐿2
= 𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝟖 and 𝑤𝑢 = 12.4 𝑘𝑁 𝑚2 𝜷 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟕𝟓
128
𝒎𝒑 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟒𝟔 𝒌𝑵𝒎 𝒎
𝒎𝒏 = 1.778 ∗ 10.46 𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝑚 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟔 𝒌𝑵𝒎 𝒎

Design Examples
Step5: Check depth for flexural design
Assuming 12𝑚𝑚 diameter bars and 15𝑚𝑚 cover, the effective
depth d of the inner layer is:
𝑑 = 175 − 15 − 6 = 154𝑚𝑚
𝑥
For no moment redistribution, ≤ 0.448 → 𝑥 = 0.448𝑑
𝑑
𝑀𝑢 = 0.295𝑏𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚𝑛 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟔 𝒌𝑵𝒎 𝒎 , 𝒃 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎

Design Examples
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 18.6 ∗ 106

𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛. ≥ =
0.295𝑏𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.295 ∗ 1000 ∗ 11.33
= 74.6𝑚𝑚 < 𝑑 = 154𝑚𝑚 … … … … … … … … . 𝑂𝑘!
Step 6: Calculate flexural reinforcement

Slab is design as a singly reinforced beam.
𝑴
𝑨𝒔 =
𝒛𝒇𝒚𝒅
𝑑
𝑧= 1 + 1 − 2𝐾 ≤ 0.95𝑑
2

Design Examples
𝑀
𝐾= 2
𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑑
Check maximum and minimum reinforcement areas (Refer ES EN 1992:

2015 clause 9.2.1.1, Pg. 162)
2
0.26𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 𝑏𝑡 𝑑 0.26 0.3 𝑓𝑐𝑘 3 ∗1000∗154
= = 𝟐𝟗𝟒. 𝟗𝟔𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑓𝑦𝑘 300
0.0013𝑏𝑡 𝑑 = 0.0013 ∗ 1000 ∗ 154 = 200.2𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04𝐴𝑐 = 0.04 ∗ 1000 ∗ 175 = 𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎𝟐

𝑏𝑡 =width of tension zone = Take 1m width
𝐴𝑐 = area of concrete = b*h

Design Examples
spacing of reinforcement
𝒃𝒂𝒔
𝒔=
𝑨𝒔
Check minimum spacing of reinforcement (Refer ES EN

1992: 2015 clause 8.2, Pg. 140)
𝜙𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 12𝑚𝑚
𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝜙𝑎𝑔𝑔. + 5𝑚𝑚
𝟐𝟎𝒎𝒎

Design Examples
Check maximum spacing of reinforcement (Refer ES EN 1992:
2015 clause 9.3.1, Pg. 169)
 For slabs less than 200mm thick the following maximum spacing
rules apply:
 For the principal reinforcement: 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑀𝑖𝑛. 3ℎ = 3 ∗ 175 = 525𝑚𝑚

𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
 For the secondary reinforcement: 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑀𝑖𝑛. 3.5ℎ = 3.5 ∗ 175 = 612.5𝑚𝑚
𝟒𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎
Where h is the depth of the slab

Design Examples
For support moment 𝒎𝒏 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟔 𝒌𝑵𝒎 𝒎
𝑚𝑛 18.6∗106
𝐾= = = 0.0692 ≤ 𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.295
𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑑 1000∗154 2 ∗11.33
∴The slab section is singly reinforced section
𝑑 154
𝑧= 1 + 1 − 2𝐾 = 1 + 1 − 2 ∗ 0.0692
2 2
= 148.473𝑚𝑚 ≰ 0.95𝑑 = 0.95 ∗ 154 = 146.3𝑚𝑚𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝑂𝑘!

∴ 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑍 = 146.3𝑚𝑚

Design Examples
𝒎𝒏 𝟏𝟖. 𝟔 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟔
𝑨𝒔 = = = 𝟒𝟖𝟕. 𝟑𝟓𝟒𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝒛𝒇𝒚𝒅 𝟏𝟒𝟔. 𝟑 ∗ 𝟐𝟔𝟎. 𝟖𝟕
𝑨𝒔,𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟐𝟗𝟒. 𝟗𝟔𝒎𝒎𝟐 < 𝑨𝒔 = 𝟒𝟖𝟕. 𝟑𝟓𝟒𝒎𝒎𝟐 < 𝑨𝒔,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎𝟐 … 𝑶𝒌!
𝒃𝒂𝒔
𝒔=
𝑨𝒔
𝝅 𝟏𝟐 𝟐
𝒃𝒂𝒔 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎∗ 𝟒
Use ϕ12𝑚𝑚 bar 𝒔 = = = 𝟐𝟑𝟐. 𝟎𝟔𝟒𝒎𝒎
𝑨𝒔 𝟒𝟖𝟕.𝟑𝟓𝟒
𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 20𝑚𝑚 < 𝑠 = 232.064𝑚𝑚 < 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 400𝑚𝑚

𝑻𝒂𝒌𝒆 𝒔 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
∴Provide ϕ12𝑚𝑚 c/c 200𝑚𝑚.

Design Examples
For span moment 𝒎𝒑 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟒𝟔 𝒌𝑵𝒎 𝒎
𝑚𝑝 10.46∗106
𝐾= = = 0.0389 ≤ 𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.295
𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑑 1000∗154 2 ∗11.33
∴The slab section is singly reinforced section
𝑑 154
𝑧= 1 + 1 − 2𝐾 = 1 + 1 − 2 ∗ 0.0389
2 2
= 150.942𝑚𝑚 ≰ 0.95𝑑 = 0.95 ∗ 154 = 146.3𝑚𝑚𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝑂𝑘!

∴ 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑍 = 146.3𝑚𝑚

Design Examples
𝒎𝒏 𝟏𝟎. 𝟒𝟔 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟔
𝑨𝒔 = = = 𝟐𝟕𝟒. 𝟎𝟕𝟏𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝒛𝒇𝒚𝒅 𝟏𝟒𝟔. 𝟑 ∗ 𝟐𝟔𝟎. 𝟖𝟕
𝑨𝒔,𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟐𝟗𝟒. 𝟗𝟔𝒎𝒎𝟐 < 𝑨𝒔 = 𝟐𝟕𝟒. 𝟎𝟕𝟏𝒎𝒎𝟐 < 𝑨𝒔,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎𝟐 … 𝑵𝒐𝒕 𝑶𝒌!
𝒃𝒂𝒔
𝑨𝒔 = 𝑨𝒔,𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟐𝟗𝟒. 𝟗𝟔𝒎𝒎𝟐 𝒔= 𝑨𝒔
𝝅 𝟏𝟐 𝟐
𝒃𝒂𝒔 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎∗
𝟒
Use ϕ12𝑚𝑚 bar 𝒔 = = = 𝟑𝟖𝟑. 𝟒𝟑𝟑𝒎𝒎
𝑨𝒔 𝟐𝟗𝟒.𝟗𝟔
𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 20𝑚𝑚 < 𝑠 = 383.433𝑚𝑚 < 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 400𝑚𝑚

𝑻𝒂𝒌𝒆 𝒔 = 𝟑𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎
∴Provide ϕ12𝑚𝑚 c/c 350𝑚𝑚.
Design Examples
Step7: Detailing of Reinforcement
ϕ12𝑚𝑚 c/c 200𝑚𝑚


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CEng4209-Reinforced Concrete Structures II

16-Feb-23 Yield Line Theory for Slabs 1

Upper and lower bound theorems

Method of yield line analysis

Moments along skewed line

Effects of restrained corners

Slabs with more than one variable

Advantages and Limitations of yield line theory

 In a situation where irregular shapes, varied support

16-Feb-23 Yield Line Theory for Slabs 3

a) Yield line method, which is particularly suitable

b) Strip method which is valuable where the slab

16-Feb-23 Yield Line Theory for Slabs 4

At collapse loads, an under reinforced slab begins to

16-Feb-23 Yield Line Theory for Slabs 5

 For slabs the corresponding mechanism is the

16-Feb-23 Yield Line Theory for Slabs 7

 The yield line serves as an axis of rotation for the

16-Feb-23 Yield Line Theory for Slabs 8

16-Feb-23 Yield Line Theory for Slabs 9

16-Feb-23 Yield Line Theory for Slabs 10

Stage of before cracking

 The slab acts as an elastic plate, and for short time

16-Feb-23 Yield Line Theory for Slabs 11

16-Feb-23 Yield Line Theory for Slabs 12

 Although the yield lines divide the slab to form a mechanism,

very flat compression arch.

Figure Arch action in slab

enough to provide reactions for the arch.

 This stage of loading usually is not considered in

Behavior of One way slabs loaded to failure in

16-Feb-23 Yield Line Theory for Slabs 15

 In other words, complete failure cannot occur until

Free edge w/m

Fig. Collapse mechanism of a one-way slab

16-Feb-23 Yield Line Theory for Slabs 18

 When the load is increased until the moments along

16-Feb-23 Yield Line Theory for Slabs 19

 Then, a “yield line” is said to have formed and small

16-Feb-23 Yield Line Theory for Slabs 20

 Thus, under the limiting condition, the slab segments

 At this condition, a “collapse mechanism” is deemed

 Slabs subjected to heavy concentrated loads may fail by a so-

 It is rare for this form of failure to be critical but nonetheless a

16-Feb-23 Yield Line Theory for Slabs 22

Figure: Fan collapse pattern for a heavy concentrated load onto

16-Feb-23 Yield Line Theory for Slabs 23

 A slab under increasing loads where cracking and reinforcement yielding

subsequent loads are distributed to other region of the slab,

 Cracks develop forming patterns of yield lines until a mechanism

 Collapse is then indicated by increasing deflection under constant

1) Yield lines are generally straight because they

2) Axes of rotation generally lie along lines of

4) Yield lines between adjacent rigid regions must pass

through the point of intersection of the axes of

rotation of the adjacent slab regions.

5) Yield lines must end at a slab boundary.

6) Continuous supports repel and a simple supports

attract yield lines.

 If the edge is fixed, negative yield line may form

 If the edge is simply supported, the axis of rotation

6) Yield line form under concentrated loads, radiating

16-Feb-23 Yield Line Theory for Slabs 27

 An isotropic slab is one with the same amount of