Production of Organic Paper out of Garlic (Allium sativum) Peelings

An Investigatory Project

Presented to the Faculty of the

Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM)

SHS – Rosales National High School

Rosales, Pangasinan

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Research in Daily Life II Subject

By

Klarenz Simon C. Chavez

Blessie Jena R. Cervantes

Christian Joel A. Nisperos

MARCH 2019

1
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to extend their sincerest gratitude and

appreciation to the following people who helped in conducting this study. They are

the people who helped and contributed much for the success of this research study

To our Research in Daily Life ll teacher, Mr. Johnson P. Sunga, for discussing

the fundamentals of research and for showing a great deal of patience in checking

our study and at the same time showing full support as we can’t ask for more.

To our adviser, Ma’am Yama Maiko C. Danzil, for the endless support and

love that kept us going even though the whole world turns its back against us; she

still fills our hearts with hope and optimism. We love you!

To Mrs. Sweet Ramones, Ms. Yama Danzil, Mrs. Jacquilyn Nunez, Mr. Roy

Gamboa, and Mr. Gerwin Soriano for validating our research questionnaires and for

sharing their ideas.

To the respondents, for welcoming us with open arms and participating in the

conducted study.

To our beloved parents, for the unending support and love that they gave to

us to finish our study successfully.

To Almighty God, for giving us wisdom, patience, and strength in conducting

our study and for answering our prayers in our times of need.

Lastly, to those people out there who were part of this study, we would like to

extend our deepest gratitude.

2
 APPROVAL SHEET

This research study entitled “Production of Organic Paper out of Garlic

(Allium sativum) Peelings” was created and submitted by Klarenz Simon C.

Chavez, Blessie Jena R. Cervantes, Christian Joel A. Nisperos, and Mark Jhunelle

G. Fermin in partial fulfillment of the requirements in Research I Daily Life ll has

been examined and recommended for Oral Examination.

JOHNSON P. SUNGA

Research ll Adviser

Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination

JOHNSON P. SUNGA

Research ll Adviser

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Research in Daily Life ll

MIGUELITO L. LUNA

Principal IV

3
 Abstract

From the ancient times to modern days, paper has been very beneficial to

mankind for many different reasons, most importantly because it enabled written

communications to be easily stored and recorded. There was a time when paper

was once a rare and precious product, but now, it already filled up our planet.

Deforestation is the primary effect of our mindless use of paper. It is one of the main

environmental problems we’re facing in these times, clearing forests resulting in

colossal damage to biodiversity. Since Philippines is one of the major producers of

garlic, and its peelings are just used in composting, the researchers decided to study

its potential to be recycled to produce an organic paper that can be an alternative to

commercial paper made from trees. This study is done to contribute to the growing

possible methods of replacing commercial paper to an organic one, reducing

deforestation, and taking care of nature’s bounty. These often considered as wastes

in the market will give birth to a more effective and environmental-friendly paper that

will be helpful to every individual.

This study was conducted in order to determine the potential of garlic (Allium

sativum) peelings in producing organic paper. It aimed to answer how acceptable

the garlic paper is in terms of color, thickness, texture, odor, durability, water

absorption rate and ink absorption rate, and to determine if there was a significant

difference between the three treatments that were formulated in the study which

were the Treatments A, B, and C with 100 g, 200 g, and 300 g of garlic peelings,

respectively.

4
 The experimental research design was used in this study. It used a

questionnaire validated by different research and science teachers. The formulated

questions were answered by the respondents to get the results regarding the

product which is the organic paper in terms of color, thickness, texture, odor,

durability, water absorption rate and ink absorption rate.

Based on the results of the study, the researchers have concluded that the 2

treatments are labelled as acceptable and one as highly acceptable that is why there

was a significant difference between the three treatments. Moreover, Treatment B

with the variable proportion of 200g of garlic peelings and weighted average mean of

3.2 in terms of the overall acceptability level was labelled as the most acceptable

treatment for the respondents. They also concluded that there is a significant

difference in the level of acceptability of the three treatments with different

proportions of garlic peelings in terms of thickness, texture, odor, durability, water

absorption rate and ink absorption rate.

For the future researchers, the researchers of the study recommend to

conduct future studies within a sufficient duration to get more accurate results and

achieve a more desirable product. Moreover, measuring the temperature for drying,

formulating and testing other suitable equipment and techniques in papermaking as

well as further researches will be beneficial for the future research studies.

5
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE . . . . . . . . I

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT . . . . . . . II

APPROVAL SHEET . . . . . . . . III

ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . IV

TABLE OF CONTENTS . . . . . . . V

LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . VI

Chapter

I. INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study . . . . . 10

Statement of the Problem . . . . . 16

Research Hypothesis . . . . . 17

Significance of the Study . . . . . 17

Scope and Delimitation . . . . . 18

Conceptual Framework . . . . . 19

Definition of Terms . . . . . 19

II. METHODS AND RESEARCH DESIGN

Research Design . . . . 21

Method of Collecting Data . . . . 21

6
 Variables . . . . . . 21

Materials and Equipments . . . . 22

Preparation of the Treatments . . . 22

Procedure . . . . 23

Flow Chart . . . . 24

Treatment of Data . . . . 25

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Results and Discussion . . . . 26

IV. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of Findings . . . 37

Conclusions . . . . 38

Recommendations . . . . 39

BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . 40

APPENDICES . . . . . . . 41

Evaluation Sheet . . . . 41

Questionnaire . . . . 42

Documentation . . . . 44

Curriculum Vitae . . . . 49

7
LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Weighted Average Mean of Color of Organic Paper . . 26

Table 1.1 Weighted Average Mean of Thickness of Organic Paper . . 27

Table 1.2 Weighted Average Mean of Texture of Organic Paper . . 27

Table 1.3 Weighted Average Mean of Odor of Organic Paper . . 28

Table 1.4 Weighted Average Mean of Durability of Organic Paper . . 28

Table 1.5 Weighted Average Mean of Water Absorption Rate of Organic

Paper . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Table 1.6 Weighted Average Mean of Ink Absorption Rate of Organic Paper

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Table 1.7 Weighted Average Mean of the Overall Acceptability Level of the

Organic Paper . . . . . . . . . . 30

Table 2 Acceptability Level of the Three Treatments in Terms of Color . 31

Table 2.1 Acceptability Level of the Three Treatments in Terms of Thickness

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Table 2.2 Acceptability Level of the Three Treatments in Terms of Texture .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Table 2.3 Acceptability Level of the Three Treatments in Terms of Odor .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Table 2.4 Acceptability Level of the Three Treatments in Terms of Durability .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Table 2.5 Acceptability Level of the Three Treatments in Terms of Water

8
Absorption Rate . . . . . . . . . . 35

Table 2.6 Acceptability Level of the Three Treatments in Terms of Ink

Absorption Rate . . . . . . . . . . 36

9
 Chapter I

Background of the Study

From the ancient times to modern days, paper has been very beneficial to

mankind for many different reasons, most importantly because it enabled written

communications to be easily stored and recorded. Since its invention, paper has

literally written itself into our history and our lives. May it be newspapers or

magazines, inexpensiveness of paper and its effectiveness as a writing medium

made it possible for us to produce a significantly large amount of books and to

impart knowledge farther, cheaper, and faster. In today’s electronic age, people are

starting to work their way towards a paperless generation but still, we largely depend

on paper for almost everything that we do that is why there is still a long way to go

before we completely lose our reliance on this widely used man-made product.

There was a time when paper was once a rare and precious product, but now, it

already filled up our planet. Considering the fact that paper is very beneficial to

mankind on a day-to-day basis, there are no doubts why its demand is so much

higher than most of other materials’, therefore resulting to more production of supply

that it demands, which also means more cutting of trees.

For most materials used to provide buildings, infrastructure, equipment and

products, global stocks are still sufficient to meet anticipated demand, but the

environmental impacts of materials production and processing, particularly those

related to energy, are rapidly becoming critical. These impacts can be ameliorated to

some extent by the ongoing pursuit of efficiencies within existing processes, but

10
demand is anticipated to double in the next 40 years, and this will lead to an

unacceptable increase in overall impacts unless the total requirement for material

production and processing is reduced (Allwood et al, 2011).

Deforestation is the primary effect of our mindless use of paper. It is one of

the main environmental problems we’re facing in these times, clearing forests

resulting in colossal damage to biodiversity. Countless trees are cut by logging

companies every year just to provide the humanity with wood and paper products.

Long-term impacts of logging include damage to the quality of land and more access

to remote areas within forests.

According to the World Resources Institute (WRI) and the World Business

Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), a variety of factors leads to

deforestation: Agricultural expansion is a leading cause worldwide. Infrastructure

development and wood extraction are also major factors, although all three factors

often occur simultaneously in a given forest.

Deforestation can have a negative impact on the environment. The most

dramatic impact is a loss of habitat for millions of species. Eighty percent of Earth’s

land animals and plants live in forests, and many cannot survive the deforestation

that destroys their homes. Deforestation also drives climate change. Forest soils are

moist, but without protection from sun-blocking tree cover, they quickly dry out.

Trees also help perpetuate the water cycle by returning water vapor to the

atmosphere. Without trees to fill these roles, many former forest lands can quickly

11
become barren deserts. Retrieved from

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/deforestation/

Deforestation has intensified—and is expected to increase. According to the

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations from 1990-2005,

deforestation—mainly conversion of forests to agricultural land—in South America,

Africa and Southeast Asia occurred at an alarming rate of approximately 13 million

hectares per year. Global economic development will, in all likelihood, continue to

drive the demand of the world’s forests. Without a significant structural shift in

economies and implementation of sustainable forest management, deforestation will

continue in most developing regions.

Pulp and paper mill industries are always associated with the disposal

problem of highly contaminated sludge or bio-solids. The development of innovative

systems to maximize recovery of useful materials and/or energy in a sustainable

way has become necessary. The management of wastes, in particular of industrial

waste, in an economically and environmentally acceptable manner is one of the

most critical issues facing modern industry, mainly due to the increased difficulties in

properly locating disposal works and complying with even more stringent

environmental quality requirements imposed by legislation (Bajpai, 2015).

Eleven million tonnes of waste are produced yearly by the European pulp and

paper industry, of which 70% originates from the production of deinked recycled

paper. Wastes are very diverse in composition and consist of rejects, different types

of sludges and ashes in mills having on-site incineration treatment. The production

12
of pulp and paper from virgin pulp generates less waste but the waste has similar

properties to waste from the production of deinked pulp, although with less

inorganics. Due to legislation and increased taxes, landfills are quickly being

eliminated as a final destination for wastes in Europe, and incineration with energy

recovery is becoming the main waste recovery method. Other options such as

pyrolysis, gasification, land spreading, composting and reuse as building material

are being applied, although research is still needed for optimization of the

processes. Due to the large volumes of waste generated, the high moisture content

of the waste and the changing waste composition as a result of process conditions,

recovery methods are usually expensive and their environmental impact is still

uncertain. For this reason, it is necessary to continue research on different

applications of wastes, while taking into account the environmental and economic

factors of these waste treatments (Monte et al, 2009).

Philippines, as one of the major producers of garlic in Southeast Asia, has

abundant supply of garlic which are mainly used in cooking, while some use it for

medicinal purposes. But after using the most out of the garlic bulbs, its peelings are

often discarded unless collected by farmers for composting, these things are just

often regarded as wastes especially in public markets.

In recent years, the quantity of agricultural waste has been rising rapidly all

over the world. As a result, the environmental problems and negative impacts of

agricultural waste have drawn more and more attention. Therefore, there is a need

to adopt proper approaches to reduce and reuse agricultural waste. These wastes

are excess of agricultural production that have not been effectively utilized.

13
Recycling, reprocessing, and utilization of the wastes in a positive manner offers the

possibility of returning the excess to beneficial use as opposed to the traditional

methods of waste disposal and relocation. The utilization of waste materials from

agricultural production operations can assist in reducing some waste management

problems (Xue et. al., 2016). Therefore, besides the environmental problems caused

by the accumulation of the compounds in the nature, misuse of the materials

constitutes a loss of potentially valuable resources.

Most modern paper is made from trees, but that hasn’t always been the case.

In fact, paper can be made from any form of cellulose that can be broken down into

fibers. There are different things that can be a substitute for trees in producing

papers, and some of it are garlic and onion peelings, or any other material that

contains cellulose microfibers which are ideal in making paper. In this study, the

garlic peelings were used to produce an organic paper in order to discover its

effectiveness and somehow minimize the cutting of trees for commercial paper

production.

For the value-added utilization of underutilized agricultural by-products, garlic

skin obtained abundantly in the food processing industry has been tested as a new

source of cellulosic materials. Cellulose microfibers (CMF) and cellulose

nanocrystals (CNC) were isolated from garlic skin fibers by alkali treatment and acid

hydrolysis. The crude fiber, CMF, and CNC of garlic skin were characterized by

Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA),

X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Transmission

electron microscopy (TEM). Most of the lignin and hemicellulose was removed after

14
the chemical treatment, and the degree of crystallinity of the CMF and CNC was

increased compared with the crude fiber. The degree of crystallinity was 35%, 45%,

and 63% for the crude fiber, CMF, and CNC, respectively. The cellulose

nanocrystals exhibited spherical in shape with the size of 58–96 nm. The thermal

stability of the CMF increased significantly, but that of CNC decreased slightly due to

the introduction of sulfate groups into the cellulose crystals during acid hydrolysis.

The nanocrystals had a high potential to be used as reinforcing filler for the

preparation of bionanocomposites (Reddy & Rhim, 2018).

Since Philippines is one of the major producers of garlic, and its peelings are

just used in composting, the researchers decided to study its potential to be recycled

to produce an organic paper that can be an alternative to commercial paper made

from trees. This study is done to contribute to the growing possible methods of

replacing commercial paper to an organic one, reducing deforestation, and taking

care of nature’s bounty. These often considered as wastes in the market will give

birth to a more effective and environmental-friendly paper that will be helpful to every

individual.

15
Statement of the Problem

This study was conducted in order to determine the potential of garlic (Allium

sativum) peelings in producing organic paper.

Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

1. What is the level of acceptability of the organic paper made out of garlic

(Allium sativum) peelings under three treatments in terms of:

a. Color

b. Thickness

c. Texture

d. Odor

e. Durability

f. Water Absorption Rate

g. Ink Absorption Rate

2. Is there a significant difference in the acceptability level of the three

treatments in the production of organic paper in terms of:

a. Color

b. Thickness

c. Texture

d. Odor

e. Durability

f. Water Absorption Rate

g. Ink Absorption Rate

16
Hypothesis

2. H0: There is no significant difference in the acceptability level of the three

treatments in terms of color, thickness, texture, odor, durability, water absorption

rate and ink absorption rate.

Significance of the Study

This study aimed to determine the potential of garlic (Allium sativum) peelings

in producing organic paper.

The researchers made sure that the result of this research study will benefit

the following:

Researchers. This study will provide researchers another level of experience

in creating a research paper. The output may serve as their guide in remembering

the parts of the research paper. Result of the experiment may provide wide range of

possibilities and whole new level of innovation that raises awareness regarding

various alarming environmental issues.

Farmers. This study will help the farmers in improving the production

practices of garlic which may allow them to maximize their net profits. Also, this can

also benefit them as this study aim to reduce the amount of agricultural waste.

Community. This study will give the community another point of view on how

garlic peelings can be recycled into something beneficial especially to those people

with low economic status like students and workers.

17
 Environment. Since collecting garlic peelings, which are considered as

agricultural waste, this study can be a big help in the environment because the

researchers aim to minimize the cutting of trees through production of paper using

garlic peelings and develop garlic peelings to be both economically and

environmentally friendly as an alternative for commercial paper if proven to be

effective.

Future Researchers. Result of this experiment may help potential

researchers with related study as their source on relevant information regarding the

variables used as they may improve and make further researches regarding this

study.

Scope and Delimitation

This study focused only on discovering the potential of garlic peelings in

producing organic paper as an alternative to standard commercial paper. It also

focused on the product and not the respondents. Through the simple process of

boiling and blending, the research data was based on the results of the experiment

that was conducted on treatments with different proportions of garlic peelings to test

the best among it in terms of the amount produced. Besides from that, the data was

based on the objective observation of the 10 respondents on the color, thickness,

texture, odor, durability, ink absorption rate, and water absorption rate of the organic

paper made out of garlic peelings, and if the different treatments have significant

differences compared to standard commercial paper in terms of the color, thickness,

texture, odor, durability, water absorption rate, and ink absorption rate.

18
 The experiments in this research, specifically the production of organic paper,

was conducted in Rosales, Pangasinan.

The limitations of this study were the lack of professional equipment for

papermaking and lack of previous studies in this specific research area.

Furthermore, this study began on January 2019 and is expected to end on March

2019 using only the garlic peelings available in Pangasinan which was used as the

independent variable.

Conceptual Framework

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

The figure above shows the process of boiling and blending, that the garlic

peelings undergone to produce an output in the form of an organic paper.

Definition of Terms

For clarity and better understanding of the study, the terms that were

consistently used were defined conceptually and operationally in relation to the

research context.

19
 Garlic Peelings. These are the outer layer of the whole garlic which was be

used as the primary variable in this study to produce an organic paper.

Water. It is a substance composed of the chemical elements hydrogen and

oxygen and existing in gaseous, liquid, and solid states. It is one of the most plentiful

and essential of compounds.

It pertains to the mixing agent that was used to help the process of blending

the garlic peelings to produce an organic paper.

Organic. It pertains to the all-natural quality of a product, which is the paper,

based on this study.

Paper. It is a felted sheet of usually vegetable fibers laid down on a fine

screen from a water suspension (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2019). This was the

product that the researchers aimed to produce.

20
 Chapter II

Methods and Research Design

This chapter presents the research design, materials that were used, method

of collecting data, and the step by step procedure that were conducted by the

researchers. They provided detailed information on how one process of the study

was done.

Research Design

This research is an experimental study that utilized garlic peelings to produce

an organic paper. The researchers created 3 treatments with different variable ratio

to determine the most appropriate paper in terms of color, thickness, texture, odor,

durability, water absorption rate, and ink absorption rate.

Variables

Independent: Garlic Peelings

Dependent: Organic paper made out of garlic peelings

Method of Collecting Data

The researchers’ references were gathered from published works, credible

journals and articles written by professionals, accessible on the internet. Also, raw

materials needed were all accessible in the local market.

This study used a questionnaire validated by different research and science

teachers. The formulated questions were answered by the respondents to get the

21
results regarding the product which is the organic paper in terms of color, thickness,

texture, odor, durability, water absorption rate, and ink absorption rate.

Materials and Equipment

Garlic peelings Wire mesh screen

Water Clothes Iron

Blender

Preparation of the Treatments

Treatment A. For a 4.5x9 in. size of paper, the needed main material, garlic

peelings, will be collected by the researchers from the local market. These are then

sorted to remove external impurities. 300 g of cut garlic peelings are then boiled for

15 minutes. Once the garlic peelings are boiled, fill the blender with some warm

water and start adding 100 g of the garlic peelings. After blending, drain the mixture

or slurry off with the fine mesh screen supported by the wooden or metal frames and

spread the sediments evenly on the fine mesh screen and leave it until it partially

dries. After partial drying, peel it off the screen and let it completely dry. Iron the

paper to get better results. The organic paper made out of garlic peelings is now

ready for testing.

Treatment B. For a 4.5x9 in. size of paper, the needed main material, garlic

peelings, will be collected by the researchers from the local market. These are then

sorted to remove external impurities. 300 g of cut garlic peelings are then boiled for

15 minutes. Once the garlic peelings are boiled, fill the blender with some warm

22
water and start adding 200 g of the garlic peelings. After blending, drain the mixture

or slurry off with the fine mesh screen supported by the wooden or metal frames and

spread the sediments evenly on the fine mesh screen and leave it until it partially

dries. After partial drying, peel it off the screen and let it completely dry. Iron the

paper to get better results. The organic paper made out of garlic peelings is now

ready for testing.

Treatment C. For a 4.5x9 in. size of paper, the needed main material, garlic

peelings, will be collected by the researchers from the local market. These are then

sorted to remove external impurities. 300 g of cut garlic peelings are then boiled for

15 minutes. Once the garlic peelings are boiled, fill the blender with some warm

water and start adding 300 g of the garlic peelings. After blending, drain the mixture

or slurry off with the fine mesh screen supported by the wooden or metal frames and

spread the sediments evenly on the fine mesh screen and leave it until it partially

dries. After partial drying, peel it off the screen and let it completely dry. Iron the

paper to get better results. The organic paper made out of garlic peelings is now

ready for testing.

Procedure

First, the researchers collected the raw materials needed, which is the garlic

peelings. Then, materials and equipment were gathered in making the treatment.

After that, the garlic peelings were boiled, blended, and dried on a fine mesh screen.

23
 Flow Chart

Phase 1

Collection of Materials
Formulation of Treatments
Selection and Preparation of Experimental Area

Phase II
Processes
Boiling of the garlic peelings
Blending of the garlic peelings
Spreading out of the garlic peelings slurry evenly on the fine
mesh screen
Drying of the garlic peelings sediments

Phase III

Evaluation Test

Phase IV

Analysis and interpretation of data

24
 Treatment of Data

The color, thickness, texture, odor, durability, water absorption rate, and ink

absorption rate are the bases used to conduct the study in creating the organic

paper made out the garlic peelings.

The data that were gathered were tabulated, analyzed and computed. To

answer problem 1, 2 and 3, the Average Weighted Mean and ANOVA: Single Factor

were used. The following were used to interpret the color, thickness, texture, odor,

durability, water absorption rate, and ink absorption rate of the organic paper made

out the garlic peelings.

Table 1

Range Color Thickness Texture Durability Water Ink

Absorption Absorption

Rate Rate

3.26-4.00 Highly Highly Highly Highly Highly Highly

Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable

2.51-3.25 Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable

1.76-2.50 Fairly Fairly Fairly Fairly Fairly Fairly

Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable

1-1.75 Not Not Not Not Not Not

Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable

25
 Chapter III

Results and Discussion

This chapter focused on the discussion and interpretation of the gathered

data. It includes the results and findings in the evaluated questionnaire for its validity

and questions answered by the respondents. Also, the specified statement of the

problem was discussed.

Table 1

Weighted Average Mean of Color of Organic Paper

n = 10

Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY
Groups Sum Average Descriptive
Rating
Treatment A 26 2.6 Acceptable
Treatment B 28 2.8 Acceptable
Treatment C 24 2.4 Fairly
Acceptable

The table shows that among the three different treatments, treatment B

received the highest mean of 2.8 in terms of color, followed by the Treatment A and

C having 2.6 and 2.4 mean respectively. This means that Treatment B was labelled

as the most acceptable treatment in terms of color.

26
 Table 1.1

Weighted Average Mean of Thickness of Organic Paper

n = 10
Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY
Groups Sum Average Descriptive
Rating
Treatment A 25 2.5 Fairly Acceptable
Treatment B 38 3.8 Highly Acceptable
Treatment C 23 2.3 Fairly Acceptable

According to table 2, Treatment B received the highest mean of 3.8, followed

by Treatment A with 2.5 mean and Treatment C with 2.3 mean, thus in terms of

thickness, Treatment B was the most acceptable treatment for the respondents.

Table 1.2

Weighted Average Mean of Texture of Organic Paper

n = 10
Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY
Groups Sum Average Descriptive Rating
Treatment A 36 3.6 Highly Acceptable
Treatment B 37 3.7 Highly Acceptable
Treatment C 26 2.6 Acceptable

In this table, acceptability of each treatment in terms of texture was analyzed.

The computed average for Treatments A, B, and C were 3.6, 3.7, and 2.6

respectively, thus Treatment B was identified as the most acceptable among the

three treatments in terms of texture.

27
 Table 1.3

Weighted Average Mean of Odor of Organic Paper

n = 10
Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY
Groups Sum Average Descriptive Rating
Treatment A 38 3.8 Highly Acceptable
Treatment B 36 3.6 Highly Acceptable
Treatment C 25 2.5 Fairly Acceptable

Based on table 4, the Treatment A received the highest mean of 3.8, followed

by Treatment B with 3.6 and Treatment C with 2.5 mean. Thus, Treatment A was

labelled as the most acceptable treatment in terms of odor.

Table 1.4

Weighted Average Mean of Durability of Organic Paper

n = 10
Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY
Groups Sum Average Descriptive Rating
Treatment A 28 2.8 Acceptable
Treatment B 29 2.9 Acceptable
Treatment C 37 3.7 Highly Acceptable

This table shows that among the three treatments, Treatment C received the

highest mean of 3.7, followed by Treatment B with 2.9 and Treatment A with 2.8

mean. This means that Treatment C was the most acceptable treatment in terms of

durability.

28
 Table 1.5

Weighted Average Mean of Water Absorption Rate of Organic Paper

n = 10
Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY
Groups Sum Average Descriptive Rating
Treatment A 26 2.6 Acceptable
Treatment B 28 2.8 Acceptable
Treatment C 37 3.7 Highly Acceptable

In this table, acceptability of each treatment in terms of water absorption rate

was analyzed. The computed average for Treatments A, B, and C were 2.6, 2.8, and

3.7 respectively, thus Treatment C was identified as the most acceptable treatment

among the three treatments in terms of water absorption rate.

Table 1.6

Weighted Average Mean of Ink Absorption Rate of Organic Paper

n = 10
Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY
Groups Sum Average Descriptive Rating
Treatment A 26 2.6 Acceptable
Treatment B 28 2.8 Acceptable
Treatment C 37 3.7 Highly Acceptable

According to table 7, Treatment C received the highest mean of 3.7, followed

by Treatment B with 2.8 mean and Treatment A with 2.6 mean, thus in terms of ink

29
absorption rate, Treatment C was the most acceptable treatment for the

respondents.

Table 1.7

Weighted Average Mean of the Overall Acceptability Level of the Organic

Paper

n=7
Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY
Groups Sum Average Descriptive Rating
Treatment A 20.5 2.928571429 Acceptable
Treatment B 22.4 3.2 Highly Acceptable
Treatment C 20.9 2.985714286 Acceptable

This table shows the average mean for each treatment. The treatments were

acceptable for the respondents, Treatment B was highly acceptable with the highest

overall mean of 3.2 and Treatment A and C having average of 2.92 and 2.98 or 3

respectively, thus Treatment B can be identified as the most acceptable among the

three treatments in terms of the overall quality.

30
 Table 2

Acceptability Level of the Three Treatments in Terms of Color

n = 10
Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY
Groups Sum Average Descriptive Rating F F crit P-value
Treatment A 26 2.6 Acceptable 1.6875 3.354130829 0.203911
Treatment B 28 2.8 Acceptable
Treatment C 24 2.4 Fairly
Acceptable

Table 9 shows the results on the significant difference between the three

treatments of the organic paper in terms of its color by using the ANOVA statistical

treatment. Since the P-value between groups (0.203911) is higher than the alpha

value (0.05), therefore, Ho is accepted. Thus, there is no significant difference

between the treatments of the organic paper in terms of the color.

31
 Table 2.1

Acceptability Level of the Three Treatments in Terms of Thickness

n = 10
Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY

Groups Sum Average Descriptive Rating F F crit P-value

Treatment A 25 2.5 Fairly Acceptable 28.8871 3.354131 1.95817E-07
Treatment B 38 3.8 Highly Acceptable
Treatment C 23 2.3 Fairly Acceptable

Table 10 shows the results on the significant difference between the three

treatments of the organic paper in terms of its thickness by using the ANOVA

statistical treatment. Since the P-value between groups (0.00000095817) is less

than the alpha value (0.05), therefore, Ho is rejected. Thus, there is a significant

difference between the treatments of the organic paper in terms of the thickness.

32
 Table 2.2

Acceptability Level of the Three Treatments in Terms of Texture

n = 10
Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY
Groups Sum Average Descriptive Rating F F crit P-value
Treatment A 36 3.6 Highly Acceptable 14.47826 3.354131 5.33859E-05
Treatment B 37 3.7 Highly Acceptable
Treatment C 26 2.6 Acceptable

Table 11 shows the results on the significant difference between the three

treatments of the organic paper in terms of its texture by using the ANOVA statistical

treatment. Since the P-value between groups (0.0000533859) is less than the alpha

value (0.05), therefore, Ho is rejected. Thus, there is a significant difference between

the treatments of the organic paper in terms of the texture.

33
 Table 2.3

Acceptability Level of the Three Treatments in Terms of Odor

n = 10
Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY
Groups Sum Average Descriptive Rating F F crit P-value
Treatment A 38 3.8 Highly 20.35384615 3.354130829 4.07191E-06
Acceptable
Treatment B 36 3.6 Highly
Acceptable
Treatment C 25 2.5 Fairly Acceptable

Table 12 shows the results on the significant difference between the three

treatments of the organic paper in terms of its odor by using the ANOVA statistical

treatment. Since the P-value between groups (0.00000407191) is less than the

alpha value (0.05), therefore, Ho is rejected. Thus, there is a significant difference

between the treatments of the organic paper in terms of the odor.

34
 Table 2.4

Acceptability Level of the Three Treatments in Terms of Durability

n = 10
Anova: Single Factor
SUMMARY
Groups Sum Average Descriptive F F crit P-value
Rating
Treatment A 28 2.8 Acceptable 9.954545455 3.354130829 0.000577353
Treatment B 29 2.9 Acceptable
Treatment C 37 3.7 Highly
Acceptable

Table 13 shows the results on the significant difference between the three

treatments of the organic paper in terms of its durability by using the ANOVA

statistical treatment. Since the P-value between groups (0.000577353) is less than

the alpha value (0.05), therefore, Ho is rejected. Thus, there is a significant

difference between the treatments of the organic paper in terms of the durability.

Table 2.5

Acceptability Level of the Three Treatments in Terms of Water Absorption Rate

n = 10
Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY
Groups Sum Average Descriptive F F crit P-value
Rating
Treatment A 26 2.6 Acceptable 11.44444444 3.354130829 0.000251396
Treatment B 28 2.8 Acceptable
Treatment C 37 3.7 Highly
Acceptable

Table 14 shows the results on the significant difference between the three

treatments of the organic paper in terms of its water absorption rate by using the

35
 ANOVA statistical treatment. Since the P-value between groups (0.000251396) is

less than the alpha value (0.05), therefore, Ho is rejected. Thus, there is a significant

difference between the treatments of the organic paper in terms of the water

absorption rate.

Table 2.6

Acceptability Level of the Three Treatments in Terms of Ink Absorption Rate

n = 10
Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY
Groups Sum Average Descriptive F F crit P-value
Rating
Treatment A 26 2.6 Acceptable 11.44444444 3.354130829 0.000251396
Treatment B 28 2.8 Acceptable
Treatment C 37 3.7 Highly
Acceptable

Table 15 shows the results on the significant difference between the three

treatments of the organic paper in terms of its ink absorption rate by using the

ANOVA statistical treatment. Since the P-value between groups (0.000251396) is

less than the alpha value (0.05), therefore, Ho is rejected. Thus, there is a significant

difference between the treatments of the organic paper in terms of the ink absorption

rate.

36
 Chapter IV

Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations

This chapter presents the conclusion derived from the analyzed data as well

as the recommendations for further study of the subject matter. Furthermore, the

stated hypothesis were judged at this part.

Summary of Findings

Based from the observation of the respondents on the treatments of garlic

peelings, the following findings are presented.

1. The treatment that was labelled as the most acceptable in terms of color

among the three treatments is the Treatment B (200 g of garlic peelings) followed by

Treatment A (100 g of garlic peelings) and Treatment C (300 g of garlic peelings).

1.1 In terms of thickness, Treatment B was labelled as the most acceptable

treatment, followed by Treatment A and Treatment C.

1.2 In terms of texture, Treatment B was labelled as the most acceptable

treatment, followed by treatment A and Treatment C.

1.3 In terms of odor, Treatment A was labelled as the most acceptable

treatment among the three treatments, followed by Treatment B and Treatment C.

1.4 In terms of durability, Treatment C was labelled as the most acceptable

treatment among the three treatments, followed by Treatment B and Treatment A.

37
 1.5 In terms of water absorption rate, Treatment C was labelled as the most

acceptable treatment among the three treatments, followed by Treatment B and

Treatment A.

1.6 In terms of ink absorption rate, Treatment C was labelled as the most

acceptable treatment among the three treatments, followed by Treatment B and

Treatment A.

1.7 In terms of overall acceptability level, Treatment B was labelled as the

most acceptable treatment among the three treatments, followed by Treatment C

and Treatment A.

2. There is a significant difference between the three treatments in terms of

thickness, texture, odor, durability, water absorption rate, and ink absorption rate,

excluding one factor which is the color.

38
Conclusions

Based on the results of the study, the researchers therefore conclude the

following:

1. The 2 treatments are labelled as acceptable and one as highly acceptable.

Moreover, Treatment B with the variable proportion of 200g of garlic peelings and

weighted average mean of 3.2 in terms of the overall acceptability level was labelled

as the most acceptable treatment among the three treatments, which means that the

various properties of papers are very significant in determining its level of

acceptability. It also implies that garlic peelings as a primary ingredient in the

production of paper is acceptable and can be modified and improved through future

studies as it may contribute to a new formulation of product in the papermaking

industry.

2. There is a significant difference in the level of acceptability of the three

treatments with different proportions of garlic peelings in terms of thickness, texture,

odor, durability, water absorption rate and ink absorption rate. Therefore, the stated

null hypothesis is rejected, except for the level of acceptability in terms of color,

which means that the quality of the product may be affected by the variations of

measurements or proportions of variables in the production of paper.

39
Recommendations

In the process of creating the research paper, the following statements were

hereby recommended by the researchers to further improve the study.

1. Conduct the study within a sufficient duration in order to get more accurate

results and make a better product.

2. Test other equipment and formulate techniques in the process of the

production of paper to get more desirable characteristics of the product.

3. Measure the temperature in the process of drying for it is a vital factor in

the production of paper.

4. Further researches and experiments should be conducted in order to find

additives that could be formulated with the garlic peelings to get desirable

characteristics of the product.

40
Bibliography

A. Websites

http://www.hqpapermaker.com/paper-history/

https://www.castelliitaly.com/the-importance-of-paper

http://www.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_importance_of_paper

http://www.answers.com/Q/Why_is_paper_important

http://www.theworldcounts.com/stories/Paper-Waste-Facts

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/deforestation/

B. Books

Soriano, A., et al, 2018. Producing Alternative Sugar Using White Corn (Zea Mays)
Cob.

Palma, K., et al, 2018. Efficacy of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Rhizone Extract and
Honey Bee as a Scar Removal Ointment.

41
APPENDICES

EVALUATION SHEET ON THE CONTENT VALIDITY OF THE QUETIONNAIRE

Directions: Please read each statement in the evaluation sheet and rate each statement
using the rating scale below by making a check (✔) on the appropriate column of the
evaluation sheet.

Point Descriptive Rating Extent of Description

Value
5 Highly Valid
4 Valid
3 Moderately Valid
2 Fairly Valid
1 Not Valid
At least 100% of the items are appropriate and
relevant.
At least 80% of the items are appropriate and relevant.
At least 60% of the items are appropriate and relevant.
At least 40% of the items are appropriate and relevant.
At least 20% of the items are appropriate and relevant.

Statement about the items in the instrument. 5 4 3 2 1

1. Every item is stated clearly.

2. Each of the items is sufficiently comprehensive.

3. Every item corresponds to the subject matter.

4. Every item shows reasonable range of variation.

5. Every item is consistent to reality.

6. Every item is precise and exact.

7. Every item is correct and accurate.

8. Every item can be applied specifically for the topic.

9. Every item responds to the objective of the study.

10. Every item is within the ability level of the

respondents.

Printed Name and Signature of the Evaluator

Date

42
 Production of Organic Paper out of Garlic (Allium sativum) Peelings

Dear Subjects and Respondents,

We humbly ask for your time and cooperation to answer this questionnaire
regarding our research study. Your participation will be a big help for us, researchers.

We will respect your answer as an individual with a unique perception. Thank you
for your understanding and time given to entertain us.

I. Profile

Name: ___________________________________________________ (Optional)

Direction: Kindly check the box which corresponds to your answer as a respondent.

Legend:

Point Value Descriptive Rating

4 Highly Acceptable
3 Acceptable
2 Fairly Acceptable
1 Not Acceptable

1. What is the level of acceptability of the organic paper made out of garlic peelings
in terms of:

Table 1

Characteristics 4 3 2 1
Color
Thickness
Texture
Odor
Durability
Water Absorption Rate
Ink Absorption Rate

Questionnaire answered by the respondents for the evaluation of the product

43
2. How acceptable is the organic paper made out of garlic peelings in terms of:

Table 2

Treatment A
(100 g of Garlic Peelings)
Characteristics 4 3 2 1
Color
Thickness

Texture

Odor

Durability

Water Absorption Rate

Ink Absorption Rate

Table 2.2

Treatment B
(200 g of Garlic Peelings)
Characteristics 4 3 2 1
Color
Thickness

Texture

Odor

Durability

Water Absorption Rate

Ink Absorption Rate

Table 2.3

Treatment C
(300 g of Garlic Peelings)
Characteristics 4 3 2 1
Color
Thickness

Texture

Odor

Durability

Water Absorption Rate

Ink Absorption Rate

44
Evaluation and Validation of the Questionnaire

45
Gathering and Preparation of the Materials

46
Processing of the Product

47
Processing of the Product

48
Gathering of Data from the Respondents

49
 Curriculum Vitae

Klarenz Simon C. Chavez

Address: Zone III, Rosales, Pangasinan

Contact No.: 0906 022 8519

Personal Information:

Name: Klarenz Simon C. Chavez

Nickname: Renz
Age: 18
Date of Birth: December 31, 2000
Place of Birth: Carmen, Rosales, Pangasinan
Civil Status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino
Height: 5’6
Weight: 60 kgs.
Religion: Roman Catholic
Dialects: Ilocano
Mother’s Name: Minda C. Chavez
Father’s Name: Ferdinand D. Chavez

Educational Background and Achievements:

Elementary: Rosales Wesleyan Academy, Inc.

Secondary: Rosales Wesleyan Academy, Inc. - JHS

Rosales National High School - SHS

50
Blessie Jena R. Cervantes

Address: San Aurelio II, Balungao, Pangasinan

Contact No: 0916 335 3280

Personal Information:

Name: Blessie Jena R. Cervantes

Nickname: Bles
Age: 17
Date of Birth: April 16, 2001
Place of Birth: Quezon City, Manila, Philippines
Civil Status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino
Height: 5’4
Weight: 48 kgs.
Religion: Born Again
Dialects: Ilocano
Mother’s Name: Rowena Cervantes
Father’s Name: Jesus Cervantes

Educational Background and Achievements

Elementary: San Aurelio Elementary School

Secondary: Rosales National High School

51
Christian Joel A. Nisperos

Address: Poblacion, Balungao, Pangasinan

Contact No: 0995 604 9806

Personal Information:

Name: Christian Joel A. Nisperos

Nickname: CJ
Age: 17
Date of Birth: June 12, 2001
Place of Birth: Urdaneta, Pangasinan
Civil Status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino
Height: 5’10’’
Weight: 49kg
Religion: Roman Catholic
Dialects: Tagalog
Mother’s Name: Estela A. Nisperos
Father’s Name: Joel N. Nisperos

Educational Background and Achievements:

Elementary: Balungao Central School

Secondary: Balungao National High School

Rosales National High School - SHS

52