1.

Verapamil:
Brand names:
Calan, Verelan, Isoptin.

Classification:
Calcium channel blocker.

Diseases/disorders it works on:

• High blood pressure
• angina (chest pain)
• arrhythmia (abnormal heart rhythm).

Action:
Verapamil is a calcium channel blocker that
works by relaxing the blood vessels and
decreasing the heart's workload and oxygen
demand, thus reducing high blood pressure and
chest pain.

Side effects:
Common side effects may include:
• constipation
• headache
 • dizziness
• fatigue.
• Less common but serious side effects may
include:
• low blood pressure
• slow heart rate
• heart rhythm problems
• and liver damage.

2. Enalapril:
Brand names: Vasotec.

Classification: Angiotensin-converting enzyme

(ACE) inhibitor.

Diseases/disorders it works on:

• High blood pressure
• heart failure
• diabetic nephropathy

Action: Enalapril is an angiotensin-converting

enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that helps to lower blood
pressure and improve blood flow by relaxing the
blood vessels.
Side effects:
Common side effects may include:
• dizziness
• headache
• cough
• fatigue
• Less common but serious side effects may
include
• low blood pressure
• high potassium levels
• kidney problems
• allergic reactions.

3. Warfarin:
Brand names:
Coumadin, Jantoven.

Classification:
Anticoagulant.

Diseases/disorders it works on:

 • Blood clots
• pulmonary embolism
• stroke
• atrial fibrillation.

Action: Warfarin is an anticoagulant that helps to

prevent blood clots by blocking the formation of
certain clotting factors in the blood.

Side effects:
• bruising
• bleeding
• skin necrosis.
• Less common but serious side effects may
include hemorrhage, allergic reactions, and
calciphylaxis.

4. Glipizide:
Brand names: Glucotrol.

Classification: Sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent.

Diseases/disorders it works on: Type 2 diabetes
mellitus.
Action: Glipizide is an oral antidiabetic
medication that helps to control high blood sugar
levels by stimulating the release of insulin from
the pancreas.

Side effects:
• Dizziness
• Headache
• upset stomach.
• Less common but serious side effects may
include low blood sugar, liver problems, and
allergic reactions.

5. Spironolactone:
Brand names: Aldactone.
Classification: Potassium-sparing diuretic.
Diseases/disorders it works on: Heart failure,
high blood pressure, liver cirrhosis with ascites,
primary hyperaldosteronism.
Action: Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing
diuretic that helps to reduce fluid retention and
lower blood pressure by increasing the amount
of water and salt the kidneys remove from the
body.

Side effects:
• Dizziness
• Headache
• upset stomach.
• Less common but serious side effects may
include hyperkalemia, electrolyte imbalances,
and kidney problems.

6. Frusemide:
Brand names: Lasix.
Classification: Loop diuretic.
Diseases/disorders it works on: Edema (fluid
retention), high blood pressure, heart failure,
hepatic cirrhosis.

Action: Frusemide is a loop diuretic that helps to

reduce fluid retention and lower blood pressure
by increasing the amount of water and salt the
kidneys remove from the body.

Side effects:
• Dizziness
• Headache
• upset stomach
• Less common but serious side effects may
include electrolyte imbalances, hearing loss,
and kidney problems.

7. Methyldopa:
Brand name: Aldomet.
Classification: Centrally acting antihypertensive
agent.
Diseases/disorders it works on:
• High blood pressure (hypertension) in
pregnancy
• chronic hypertension.

Action: Methyldopa is a centrally acting

antihypertensive medication that works by
relaxing the blood vessels and reducing the
heart rate, thus lowering blood pressure.
Side effects:
• drowsiness
• dry mouth
• headache
• Less common but serious side effects may
include liver problems, anemia, and allergic
reactions.

8. Atenolol:
Brand names: Tenormin.
Classification: Beta-blocker.
Diseases/disorders it works on: High blood
pressure, angina (chest pain), arrhythmia
(abnormal heart rhythm).

Action: Atenolol is a beta-blocker medication that

helps to lower blood pressure and reduce the
heart rate by blocking the effects of adrenaline
on the heart and blood vessels.

Side effects:
• Fatigue
• Dizziness
• cold hands or feet.
 • Less common but serious side effects may
include low blood pressure, heart rhythm
problems, and allergic reactions.

9. Propranolol:
Brand names: Inderal.
Classification: Beta-blocker.

Diseases/disorders it works on:

• High blood pressure
• angina (chest pain)
• arrhythmia (abnormal heart rhythm)
• migraine prophylaxis
• anxiety disorders.

Action: Propranolol is a beta-blocker medication

that helps to lower blood pressure and reduce
the heart rate by blocking the effects of
adrenaline on the heart and blood vessels.

Side effects:
• fatigue
 • dizziness
• upset stomach.
• Less common but serious side effects may
include low blood pressure, heart rhythm
problems, and allergic reactions.

10. Hydralazine:
Brand names: Apresoline.
Classification: Vasodilator.
Diseases/disorders it works on:
• High blood pressure (hypertension)
• heart failure.
Action: Hydralazine is a vasodilator medication
that helps to lower blood pressure by relaxing
the blood vessels and increasing blood flow.

Side effects:
• headache
• dizziness
• flushing
• Less common but serious side effects may
include low blood pressure, lupus-like
syndrome, and drug-induced hepatitis.
TINEA BACTERIA
1. Pedis [athletes’ foot] Trichophyton rubrum
Epidermophyton
floccosum
2. Capitis [scalp ringworm] Trichophyton tonsurans
3. Corporis [ringworm] Trichophyton rubrum
Microsporum canis
4. Cruris [jock itch] Trichophyton rubrum
5. Unguium Trichophyton rubrum
[onchomycosis / NAIL]
6. Fasciei [face] Trichophyton rubrum
7. Barbae [beard & Trichophyton
mustache area] mentagrophytes
STAGES OF BONE HEALING
Inflammatory response: This is the initial stage of
bone healing and occurs immediately after the
bone is injured or fractured. It involves the
release of inflammatory mediators, such as
cytokines and growth factors, which attract
immune cells to the site of injury. The immune
cells then remove any debris and damaged
tissue from the area.

Vascular tissue formation: In this stage, new

blood vessels start to form around the injured
bone. These blood vessels bring oxygen,
nutrients, and immune cells to the site of injury,
which helps to support bone healing.

Bone-forming cells: Once the blood vessels have

formed, specialized cells called osteoblasts and
chondroblasts start to appear. These cells are
responsible for laying down new bone and
cartilage in the area of the injury.

Callus formation: As the bone-forming cells

continue to lay down new tissue, a soft callus
begins to form around the injured bone. This
callus is made up of a mixture of cartilage, bone,
and fibrous tissue.
Osteoblasts: In this stage, the osteoblasts
continue to lay down new bone tissue, which
gradually replaces the soft callus. The new bone
tissue is not yet fully formed, however, and is still
relatively weak.

Remodeling: Finally, the newly formed bone

tissue undergoes a process of remodeling, during
which it is reshaped and strengthened. This
process is carried out by a different type of bone
cell called an osteoclast, which breaks down old
bone tissue, and osteoblasts, which lay down
new bone tissue. This remodeling process can
take several months or even years, depending
on the severity of the injury.