PRE CONQUEST / PRE COLONIAL ART FORM

art forms is an expression of individual

influenced by the geographical location
folk literatures such as folk song and folk narratives represent their experience
theatrical arts is a tribal presentation which convey their belief
ex:
pottery :
manunggul jar - burial jar found in Manunggul cave in palawan also use for reincarnation of the
dead
sculpture :
bul-ul - representation of rice divinities protecting the seeds and the harvest
weaving :
pis sayabit from sulu
malong from maranao
Architecture :
bahay kubo or nipa hut
example : torogan - a house used by the datu (royal)

boxer codex
- representations of various ethnolinguistic groups.

perform rituals
Literature of filipinos are baybayin(to spell) the first alphabet of pilipinos and alibata is the
second one and in arabic form. Arabic, in which the first letters are called alif, ba, and ta.

there are 2 forms of literature

written - Biag ni Lam-Ang (Ilocano epic), Indarapatra at Sulayman and Bidasari (Muslim Epics),
and Handiong (Bicolanos)

oral - maxims (sabi), bugtong (riddles), boat song (talindaw), victory songs (tagumpay), lullaby
(uyayi), wedding song (ihiman), and war song (kumintang)

musical instrument possessed various musicale culture

- ethnic musical instruments
- string instruments

When they learned to use instrument, the music and dance is born.
there are various folk dance(imitated the movements of animals); ex:
- pangalay dance from sulu which imitate the sea birds movement
- Mandaya’ Kinabua, Banog-banog (Higaonon and B’laan) and man-manok (Bagobos
in Mindanao) which imitates the movements of predatory birds.
- Talip dance by Ifugao which use for courtship and imitates the movement of wild fowls
- Inamo Dance (Matigsalugs) and Kadaliwas Dance (T’boli) which represent the
comedic movement of monkeys
 - Tinikling Dance (Leyte) – evocative of the movements of the crane

after imitating the movements of animals through dance, they began a new era of literature
which is theater

ISLAMIC ERA
Islam – Arabic word that means ‘submission’, and derives from a word meaning ‘peace’
In religious context, it means complete submission to the will of God.
Filipino Muslims recognize that they belong to an ummah or a community of believers.
Central to the Islamic faith is the doctrine of Tawhid or unity of God.
INFLUENCE
They use design that represent the nature and the greatness of divine being.
3 characteristics of ISLAMIC art form:
Human absence
plant form
geometric design

EVENTS
- Sultanate of sulu (muslim state) - established by Sayyid Abbubakar
- Quran - Holy text is introduce
- Building of religious school called Madrasah
- Natives from Yakans, Basilan and Zamboanga were converted to Islam
- Islamization process in Mindanao became strong
- Islam became the religion and as a way of life of people in Mindanao

Mosque and Minaret Mosque a place to worship allah

- The grand Mosque is the largest architecture form of Muslim located in Cotabato city
Miḥrâb and Qibla Wall
- Mihrab is a semi-circular niche in the wall of a mosque that indicates the direction of
Mecca (qibla), which Muslims face when praying.
KAABA / KABAH
- A black shrine believed to be built by Prophet Muhammad itself. A reference point for
Qibla.
Designs of the Torogan
- The panolong, flaring out from the beams, is the most arresting feature of the torogan.
Its okir carving usually features the naga or serpent as well as floral and star-and-bud
repeated pattern.
Sarimanok
- It is the legendary bird that has become an ubiquitous symbol of Maranao art.

TEXTILE ART
Luhul and kikitil
the luhul or canopy that hangs from the ceiling, and the kikitil/buras or wall tapestry.
Batik
This kind of design traces its influence from Indonesia. It contains abstract themes with
geometric and floral design.

LITERATURE
Quran
The holy book which Muslims recite and turn to for guidance in all aspects of their lives. It
consists of the unaltered and direct words of God.
Baybayin
The pre-colonial beautiful ancient writing script of the Islands of the Philippines.

CLOTHING
WOMEN’S CLOTHING
Hijab
(Arabic noun which means “to cover”) generally describes a Muslim women's modest dress.
Khimar
A general term for a woman's head and/or face veil. scarf that drapes over the entire top half
of a woman's body, down to the waist.
Abaya
A cloak for women that is worn over other clothing when in public.
Made of black synthetic fiber, sometimes decorated with colored embroidery or sequins.
Chador
flowing over the clothing underneath in order to hide the shape or curve of a woman's body.
Jilbab
Sometimes refers to a specific style of cloak, similar to the abaya but more fitted, and in a wider
variety of fabrics and colors.
Niqab
A face veil worn by some Muslim women which may or may not leave the eyes uncovered.
Burqa
This type of veil and body covering conceals all of a woman's body, including the eyes, which
are covered with a mesh screen.
MEN’S CLOTHING
Thobe
A long robe worn by Muslim men. The top is usually tailored like a shirt, but it is ankle-length
and loose
Ghutra and Egal
A square or rectangular headscarf worn by men, along with a rope band (usually black) to
fasten it in place.
Bisht
A dressier men's cloak that is sometimes worn over the thobe, often by high-level government
or religious leaders.

SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD (1521-1898)

Architecture and Infrastructure

Because of reduccion (town planning), which aims to carry out the project of colonization and
Christianization, the natives were forcibly resettled in town structures according to the plaza
complex.

BAROQUE CHURCHES
They were characterized by grandeur, drama, and elaborate details that purposely appealed to
the emotions. (a fusion of both native and European elements)
ex.
San Agustin Church (1607) in Intramuros – oldest baroque church
Morong Church in Rizal
Paoay Church in Ilocos Norte – known to have the largest church bell.
Sto. Tomas de Villanueva Church in Miag-ao, Iloilo

FUERZAS were built as defense fortress.

Fort Santiago in the walled city Intramuros – front entrance is towering 40 meters high
Fort San Pedro in Cebu – the first fort in the country
Fort Pilar in Zamboanga

BAHAY KUBO were turned into bahay na bato. Many of these were preserved which became
tourist spots.
ex: bahay na bato in Kalye Crisologo in Vigan, Ilocos Sur

BRIDGES / PUENTE were also built during the Spanish era.

Puente de Malagonlong – the longest bridge built during the Spanish Colonization
Puente del Caprichu – unfinished bridge mentioned in Jose Rizal’s El Filibusterismo

PAINTING
The Spanish friars introduced Western painting in the Philippines to artisans who learned to
copy on two-dimensional form from the religious icons that the friars brought from Spain.
ex.
- Via Crucis – 14 figures which shows Christ’s crucifixion. This were subjects in paintings
and in sculptures.
- “Heaven, Earth, and Hell or Langit, Lupa at Impyerno" by Josef Luciano Dans - It is a
three-level mural painting which shows the Holy Trinity, Mary the Mother of Christ,
saints, the Seven Blessed Sacraments and a macabre depiction of Hell.
- Letras Y Figuras by Jose Honorato Lozano - combining names of individuals and
vignettes of everyday life
- Spoliarium (1884) by Juan Luna - won gold, and may be viewed at the National Art
Gallery of the Philippines
- España y Filipinas or “Spain and the Philippines” (1886) by Juan Luna
- Las Virgenes Cristianas Expuestas al Populacho / “The Christian Virgins Exposed
to the Populace’’ (1884) – by Felix Hidalgo
- Basi or Ambaristo Revolt by Esteban Villanueva - It chronicles the defeat of Ilocanos
who rebelled against the Spanish
- Flora de Filipinas by Fr. Manuel Blanco - it is an extensive compilation of Philippine
plants in 1878
- Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas - the First Scientific
map of the Philippines
 - Portrait of the Quiazon Family by Simon Flores - This style is called Miniaturismo.
CARVING AND SCULPTURE
- Santo/s - made of ivory or wood
- Retablo “cabinet of saints” - decorative altar or niche where the santos are displayed
- Church decorations on ceiling and wall - image of the Holy Family, Virgin Mary and 4
evangelists
- Evangelist - sometimes in tromp l’oeil (French word which means “fooling the eye”) - It
refers to painting that give a heightened illusion of 3 dimensionality
CLOTHING

Maria Clara, Baro't Saya, and Barong Tagalog During the 19th century - garments made of
piña.

PERFORMING ARTS

MUSIC (Secular Music Art Forms)

Awit & Corrido - chanted stories based on European literature and history & were popular in
the peasantry who learned the verses by rote

Balitao - sentimental love songs and lullabies

Harana - songs for courtship

Kundiman – the lyrics are about a unrequited love of the Philippines

DANCES

All of the Spanish dances are passionate dances with lots of feeling.

POLKA - is derived from the Czech phrase for “half-step,” which refers to the dance pattern of
lightly stepping from one foot to the other
CARIÑOSA - named in Honor of Maria Clara
RIGODON DE HONOR - this particular dance is a form of quadrille which is a historic dance
performed usually by four couples in a square formation.
PANDANGGO SA ILAW - involves the presence of three tinggoy or oil lamps, balanced on the
head and the back of each hand
THEATRE
Zarzuela or Sarsuwela - is a Spanish lyric-dramatic genre that alternates between spoken and
sung scenes, the latter incorporating operatic and popular songs, as well as dance
Senakulo or Passion play
Komedya - depicts the conflict between Muslim and Christians
A.Religious Komedya or Komedya de Santo
-centers on the life of Christ or Saints
B. Secular komedya – ex. Moro-moro - usually involve a love story between a Christian hero
and an Islamic heroine or vice versa resulting in the conversion and baptism of the leading
Muslim character and Christian wedding
Pangangaluwa – practiced during All Souls Day which means for the souls
Salubong – performed during Easter Sunday dramatizing the meeting between resurrected
Jesus and his mother
Santacruzan – performed during the month of May which reenacts Saint Helena’s finding of the
True Cross
Duplo - a forerunner of balagtasan performed of 2 teams :
Dupleras/ Belyakas (young women) and Dupleros/ Belyakos (young men)

LITERATURE
Free Public Education was introduced in 1863 which increased the population’s ability to read
Spanish
The first Filipino alphabet called Baybayin was replaced by the Roman alphabet

Doctrina Christiana
– 1st printed document which tells about catholic faith and doctrine
La Esperanza (1846) - first daily newspaper
Florante at Laura – was written by Francisco Balagtas ( Prince of Philippine Poets)