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UNDERGROUND CABLE FAULT

Share this document DETECTION
Project Report submitted to

Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University Bhilai (India)

In partial fulfilment for award of the degree of

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BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

#
In
Electrical Engineering
By
EmailLukesh Kumar Shubham Bani

Gaurav Tiwari Mahima Singh

Did you find this document useful?
Under the Guidance of
Prof. Rejo Roy

Is this content inappropriate? Report Engineering

Department of Electrical this Document
RCET- Rungta College of Engineering and Technology, Bhilai (CG)
Session 2019-20

DECLARATION

We the undersigned solemnly declare that the report of the project work en9tled

“Underground Cable Fault Detector”, is based on my/our own work carried out during the

course of our study under the supervision of Prof. Rejo Roy.

we assert that the statements made and conclusions drawn are an outcome of the

project work. I/we further declare that to the best of our knowledge and belief that the report

does not contain any part of any work which has been submiHed for the award of any other

degree/diploma/cer9Icate in this University or any other University.

_______________ ________________ _______________ ________________

Lukesh Kumar Shubham Bani Gaurav Tiwari Mahima Singh

Roll No. : Roll No. : Roll No. : Roll No.:

301302416030 301302416080 301302416078 301302416031

Enrollment No.: Enrollment No.: Enrollment No.: Enrollment No.:

BA5538 BB5681 BB5593 BA5666

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Rungta college of Engineering & Technology, Bhilai (India)

CERTIFICATE
Cer9Ied that the contents of the project report en9tled, “ Underground Cable

Fault Detector” is a bonaIde work carried out under my guidance by

(1) Lukesh Kumar , (2) Shubham Bani, (3) Gaurav Tiwari ,

(4) Mahima Singh in par9al fulIlment of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical Engineering.

Date:

(Prof. S. BharT) ( ) (Prof. Rejo Roy)

HOD External Project Guide

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is a maHer of profound privilege and pleasure to extend my sense of respect and

deepest gra9tude to our project guide Prof. Rejo Roy Department of Electrical Engineering

under whose precise guidance and gracious encouragement we had the privilege to work.

We would like to avail this opportunity to thank Prof. S. BharT, Head of Department,

Electrical Engineering, for facilita9ng such a congenial environment in our department and also

his unending encouragement throughout.

We owe the greatest debt and special respec[ul thanks to Shri Santosh Rungta,

Chairman, Dr. Sourabh Rungta, Director (Tech.), Shri Sonal Rungta, Director (F&A), and Dr. S. M.

Prasanna Kumar, Director, Rungta College of Engineering and Technology, Bhilai, for their

inspira9onal and constant encouragement that enabled us to present our work in this form.

We would also like to thank the many people in my college, faculty members and

suppor9ng stac, for always being helpful over the years.

Last but not the least; we would like to express deepest gratefulness to our parents for

their con9nuous moral support and encouragement. Their love accompanies us wherever we

go.

Lukesh Kumar

Shubham Bani

Gaurav Tiwari

Mahima Singh

ABSTRACT
4

God giged sense of vision to the human being is an important aspect of our life. But there are

some unfortunate people who lack the ability of visualizing things. The visually impaired have to

face many challenges in their daily life. The problem gets worse when there is an obstacle in

front of them. Blind s9ck is an innova9ve s9ck designed for visually disabled people for

improved naviga9on. The paper presents a theore9cal system concept to provide a smart

ultrasonic aid for blind people. The system is intended to provide overall measures – Ar9Icial

vision and object detec9on. The aim of the overall system is to provide a low cost and ejcient

naviga9on aid for a visually impaired person who gets a sense of ar9Icial vision by providing

informa9on about the environmental scenario of sta9c and dynamic objects around them.

Ultrasonic sensors are used to calculate distance of the obstacles around the blind person to

guide the user towards the available path. Output is in the form of sequence of beep sound

which the blind person can hear.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract………………………………………………………………………………..v

1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………......1

1.1 Overview………………………………………………………………….....1

1.2 Objective of the Project……………………………………………………...1

1.3 Detailed Problem Definition…………………………………………….......1

1.4 Economic Feasibility and Commercial Use of the Proposed Project………..2

1.5 Use of Computational Tool……………………………………………….....2

1.6 Future Prospects of the Project……………………………………………...2

1.7 Organization of the Project Report……………………………………….....2

2. Literature Survey……………………………………………………………...….3

2.1 Overview………………………………………………………………........3

2.2 Detailed Literature Review………………………………………………....3

2.3 Summary…………………………………………………………………....3

3. Methodology……………………………………………………………………..5

3.1 Overview…………………………………………………………………...5

3.2 Explanation……………………………………………………………...…5

3.3 Hardware Requirements…………………………………………………....7

3.4 Software Implementation……………………………………………….…13

3.5 Working…………………………………………………………………...14

3.6 Summary………………………………………………………………….14

4. Results and Discussion………………………………………………………….…15

5. Conclusion and future scope………………………………………………...……16

5.1 Conclusion……………………………………………………………….…16

5.2 Future Scope…………………………………………………………….….16

6. Bibliography………………………………………………………………………17

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Overview

Till last decades cables were made to lay overhead& currently it is lay to underground cable
which is superior to earlier method. Because the underground cable are not affected by any
adverse weather condition such as storm, snow, heavy rainfall as well as pollution. But when any
fault occur in cable, then it is difficult to locate fault. So we will move to find the exact location
of fault. Now the world is become digitalized so the project is intended to detect the location of
fault in digital way. The underground cable system is more common practice followed in many
urban areas. While fault occurs for some reason, at that time the repairing process related to that
particular cable is difficult due to not knowing the exact location of cable fault.

Fault in cable is represented as:

• Any defect,
• Inconsistency,
• Weakness or non-homogeneity that affect performance of cable.
• Current is diverted from the intended path
• Caused by breaking of conductor& failure of insulation

1.2 Objective of the project

The objective of this project is to determine the distance of underground cable fault from base
station in kilometers. While a fault occurs for some reason, at that time the repairing process
related to that particular cable is difficult due to not knowing the exact location of the cable
fault.The proposed system is to find the exact location of the fault. The project uses the standard
concept of Ohms law i.e., when a low DC voltage is applied at the feeder end through a Cable
lines, then current would vary depending upon the location of fault in the cable. In case there is a
short circuit (Line to Ground), the voltage across series resistors changes accordingly, which is
then fed to inbuilt ADC of Arduino board to develop precise digital data for display in
kilometers.

1.3 Detailed problem Definition

The main problem is that the underground cables have higher initial cost and insulation problems at high
voltages. Another main drawback is that, if a fault does occur, it is difficult to locate and repair the fault
because the fault is invisible. Fault in cable can be classified in two groups:

1) Open circuit fault: Open circuit faults are better than short circuit fault, because when these fault
occurs current flows through cable becomes zero. This type of fault is caused by break in conducting
path. Such faults occur when one or more phase conductors break.

2) Short circuit fault: Further short circuit fault can be categorized in two types:

a) Symmetrical fault: Three-phase fault is called symmetrical fault. In this all three phases are short
circuited.

b) Unsymmetrical fault: In this fault magnitude of current is not equal & not displaced by 120 degree.

1.4 Economic Feasibility and Commercial Use of Proposed project

Its main application is to detect the fault of underground cable which is very hard to detect as it is not
possible to see such faults which are quite possible in the case of overhead transmission line. So for
such cases this project is very helpful as the distance at which the fault has occurred can be
calculated and then further action regarding the fault can be taken to overcome them.

1.5 Future prospects of the project

The proposed system in this paper detect only the location of Short Circuit fault in underground cable
line, and also detect the location of open circuit fault, to detect the open circuit fault capacitor is used in
circuit which measure the change in resistance & calculate the distance of fault. For future research, the
system would proceed with similar neural networks structure for different types fault and fault location
estimation. Fault location methods can be classified as:

1) Online method: This method utilize & process the sampled voltages& current to determine the fault
points. Online method for underground cable are less than overhead lines.

2) Offline method: In this method special instrument is used to test out service of cable in the field. There
are two offline methods as following

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A) Racer method: In this method fault point is detected by walking on the cable lines. Fault point is
indicated from audible signal or electromagnetic signal. It is used to pinpoint fault location very
accurately.

Example: 1) Tracing current method

2) Sheath coil method

B) Terminal method: It is a technique used to detect fault location of cable from one or both ends
without tracing. This method use to locate general area of fault, to expedite tracing on buried cable.

Example: 1) Murray loop method

2) Impulse current method

1.6 Organization of the Project Report

The organization of the project report is basis on the fault detection of the underground cable .As the use
of underground cables goes increasing due to their advantages and having beneficial in day to day life.
The project consist of the methodology of the proposed project. Some result and conclusion arrives
during these session of project work.

[CHAPTER 1] deals with Literature survey, In these section we discussed about the Introduction and
evaluation of the model

We discussed concept of the underground fault in the cable and the implementation of the fault occur and
also about the detailed problem.

[CHAPTER 2] deals with the analysis on the underground fault detection. The main methodology of the
fault detection is discussed here, consisting the main body of the project. Overview of the project process
of the project connection of the circuit, hardware used and the implemented software in the ATmega328

[CHAPTER3] consist the main snapshot of the program and discussed about the result of the project
making. For the future scope result arrives how the fault detection can done how they are solved.

[CHAPTER4] conclusion and the future scope of main project is discussed here. we also discussed is this
project are economical on not and the customer service

10

2. LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 Overview

For the real worldwide operated voltage distribution lines underground cables have been used
from many years. In order to reduce the sensitivity of distribution networks to environmental
influences underground voltage cables are highly used. Underground cables have been widely
used in power distribution networks due to the advantages of underground connection, more
enhanced security than overhead lines in adverse weather condition, less liable to damage by
storms or lightning. It is less costly for larger distance, eco- friendly and low maintenance cost.
But if any fault occur in cable, then it is difficult to its type. So this system is use to detect the
location and type of fault in digital way. The requirement of locating the faulty point in an
underground cable in order is to facilitate quicker repair, improve the system reliability and
reduced outage period

.2.2 Detailed Literature Review

Underground cables are the electric power transmission cables. Because of their reliability on
transmitting, they used in urban areas and in thick population areas, where overhead transmission
is dangerous. Underground cables have low maintenance cost, less chances of faults, smaller
voltage drop. In recent improvements in the design and manufacture have led to development of
cables suitable for use at high voltage. The design and construction of underground transmission
lines differ from overhead lines. The first underground transmission line was a 132 kV line
constructed in 1927. The cable was fluid-filled and paper insulated. The fluid was necessary to
dissipate the heat. For decades, reliability problems continued to be associated with constructing
longer cables at higher voltages. The most significant issue was maintenance difficulties. Not
until mid-1960s did the technology advance sufficiently so that a high-voltage 345 kV line could
be constructed underground. The lines though were still fluid filled. In the 1990s the first solid
cable transmission line was constructed more than one mile in length and greater than 230 kV.
Cables are generally laid directly in the ground or in ducts in the underground distribution
system. For this reason, there are little chances of faults in underground cables. However, if a

11

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fault does occur, it is difficult to locate and repair the fault because conductors are not visible.
Nevertheless, the following are the faults most likely to occur in underground cables.
Underground cables are the electric power transmission cables. Because of their reliability on
transmitting, they used in congested urban areas and in thick population areas, where overhead
transmission is dangerous. Underground cables have low maintenance cost, less chances of
faults, smaller voltage drop. In recent improvements in the design and manufacture have led to
development of cables suitable for use at high voltage

2.3 Summary

The aim of this project to detect the fault and work with them or deal with them easily. The
project has an extended to the fault location in underground cables can be easily found by using
Effective Global Positioning System, Global System for Mobile Communication, which thereby
directly indicates the distance of fault from the nearby substation along with sending an SMS or
Voice to the registered mobile number. This helps the repairing team to clear the fault within less
time. This can be implemented for 3-Phase System also.

12

3. METHODOLOGY

3.1 Overview

The main concept of this project is to find the distance of underground cable fault from the base
station in kilometers. In many urban areas, cable fault is a common problem. When a fault occurs
due to some reason, the process of fault tracking without knowing the location related to that
particular cable is very difficult. The proposed system is designed to track the exact location of
the fault occurred in the cable.

3.2 Explanation

While fault occurs for some reason, at that time the repairing process related to that particular
cable is difficult due to not knowing the exact location of cable fault.

Fault in cable is represented as:

• Any defect,
• Inconsistency,
• Weakness or non-homogeneity that affect performance of cable.
• Current is diverted from the intended path
• Caused by breaking of conductor& failure of insulation

BLOCK DIAGRAM:
The project uses the simple concept of OHMs law where a low DC voltage is applied at the
feeder end through a series resistor. The current would vary depending upon the length of fault
of the cable in case there is a short circuit of LL or 3L or LG etc.

The series resistor voltage drop changes accordingly which is then fed to an ADC to develop
precise digital data which the programmed microcontroller would display the same in Kilo
meters. The project is assembled with a set of resistors representing c able length in KMs and

13

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fault creation is made by a set of switches at every known KM to cross check the accuracy of the
same.

This is proposed model of underground cable fault distance locator using microcontroller. It is
classified in four parts –DC power supply part, cable part, controlling part, display part.

DC power supply part consist of ac supply of 230v is step down using transformer, bridge
rectifier converts ac signal to dc & regulator is used to produce constant dc voltage.

The cable part is denoted by set of resistors along with switches Current sensing part of cable
represented as set of resistors &switches are used as fault creators to indicate the fault at each
location. This part senses the change in current by sensing the voltage drop.

Next is controlling part which consist of analog to digital convertor which receives input from
the current sensing circuit, converts this voltage into digital signal and feeds the microcontroller
with the signal.
The microcontroller also forms part of the controlling unit and makes necessary calculations
regarding the distance of the fault.

The microcontroller also drives a relay driver which in turn controls the switching of a set of
relays for proper connection of the cable at each phase.

The display part consists of the LCD display interfaced to the microcontroller which shows the
status of the cable of each phase and the distance of the cable at the particular phase, in case of
any fault.

14

POWER SUPPLY

The power supply circuit consists of step down transformer which is 230v step down to 12v.In
this circuit 4diodes are used to form bridge rectifier which delivers pulsating dc voltage & then
fed to capacitor filter the output voltage from rectifier is fed to filter to eliminate any ac.
components present even after rectification. The filtered DC voltage is given to regulator to
produce 12v constant DC voltage.

15

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