MODULE 1-2 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 11

MODULE #1
(1) TOPIC: Different Sports Activities: Individual Sports, Dual Sports and Team Sports

CONCEPT NOTES:
Sports - an activity involving physical exertion and skill in which an individual or team
competes against another or others for entertainment. It is an outdoor or indoor game,
competition, or activity needing physical effort and skill and usually carried on according to
rules. Sports, by nature, are made up of rules.

These rules are put in place for several reasons:

1. Rules are put up in sport to secure safety.
2. Rules are set up for a sport or game to be playable.
3. Rules exist so that the sport is marketable.
Benefits in Sports:
1. One learns to follow and respect rules.
2. An individual learns how to set goals, as well as collaborate with others in order to attain
such goals.
3. The value of persistence and perseverance is being developed during practices by a
player, motivated with the desire to improve technique and the self.
4. Dealing with loss and failure is being learned.
Category of Sports:
1. Individual Sports
These are sports played alone without teammates. It also allows a person to aim for personal
goals without worrying about hurting the team. In individual sports, an individual can engage in
the sport without the direct need of a counter player.
Examples of individual sports include swimming, gymnastics, golf, bowling, billiards, archery,
weightlifting, and athletics.

2. Dual Sports
These are sports that need two players or sides. These need a direct counter player in order to run
the game. Dual sports are similar to team sports, which refers to sports where two groups play
against each other, only that it’s a 1V1 (one versus one) competition.
Examples of dual sports include badminton, table tennis, lawn tennis, chess, and billiards.
 Badminton – It is played using strung rackets and a feathered shuttlecock by two or four
players on a rectangular court.
 Chess – It is a two-player strategy board where two players play a checkered board with 64
squares in an 8×8 grid. The game ends when the king is captured or the opposing player
surrenders.
 Table Tennis – It is also known as ping pong, and is a smaller version of tennis that is
played using a lightweight ball and a small rubber bat.
  Lawn Tennis – It is another racket sport played by two or four players. The sport is played
using strung racket and a hollow rubber ball.

3. Team Sports
Team sports include any sport which involves players working together towards a shared
objective. A team sport is an activity in which a group of individuals, on the same team, work
together to accomplish an ultimate goal which is usually to win. Team members set goals, make
decisions, communicate, manage conflict, and solve problems in a supportive, trusting
atmosphere in order to accomplish their objectives.
Examples of team sports include basketball, volleyball, baseball, football, soccer, and sepak
takraw.

MODULE #2
TOPIC: ATHLETICS
Athletics is a wide collection of sporting events that involve competitive running, jumping,
throwing, and walking. The most common types of athletics competitions are track and field,
road running, cross country running, and race walking.
History of Athletics
● Athletics was the original event during the first Olympics in 776 BC in Olympia, Greece
where the only event held was the stadium-length foot race or "stade” with Koroibos of Elis
as the first Olympic winner in the stadion footrace.
● The International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) is the worldwide governing
body for track and field events, and athletics as a whole which was established in 1912.
● Running competitions (stadion) were added in the Ancient Olympic Pentathlon, with the four
main events: the long jump, javelin throw, discus throw, and stadium footrace.
● Athletic events were always held and later became known to Rome in 200 BC.
● In 1876, the first outdoor track and field championships was organized by the New York
Athletics Club.
● The first participation of women in the Summer Olympics was held in 1926.
● Major athletics competitions for disabled athletes were introduced in the 1960 Summer
Paralympics.
● The Philippine Amateur Track and Field Association (PATAFA) is the national governing
body for athletics sports such as track and field, road running, cross country running, and race
walking in the Philippines.
Types of Events in Athletics
A. Track Events – a variety of running events are held on the track which fall into three broad
distance categories: sprints, middle-distance, and long-distance track events. Relay races
feature teams comprising four runners each, who must pass a baton to their team-mate after a
specified distance with the aim of being the first team to finish. Hurdling events and the
steeplechase are a variation upon the flat running theme in that athletes must clear obstacles
on the track during the race.
Track events include:
1. Sprints (100m, 200m, 400m) - Races over short distances are called sprints. It is focused
on reaching the maximum speed and covering short distances as quickly as possible. 
 2. Middle Distance (800m, 1500m) - Endurance and race tactics are more important than the
speed beyond the sprinting races.
3. Long Distance (3000m, Steeplechase, 5000m, 10,000m) - Stamina, endurance, race
tactics, and similar skills become much more important in these types of events in
athletics.
4. Hurdling (110/100m, 400m) – It refers to races with obstacles.
5. Relays (4x100m, 4x400m, mixed 4x400m) - A team of 4 athletes, each run their specific
distances and hands over a baton in a designated area to the next runner of the team. 

B. Field events - The field events come in two types—jumping and throwing competitions. In
throwing events, athletes are measured by how far they hurl an implement, with the common
events being the shot put, discus, javelin, and hammer throw. There are four common
jumping events: the long jump and triple jump are contests measuring the horizontal distance
an athlete can jump, while the high jump and pole vault are decided on the height achieved.
Jumping events include
1. Long Jump - Athletes sprint on a track followed by a jumping board and a sandpit. The
athletes must jump before a marked line. The achieved distance is then measured from
the nearest point of sand disturbed by the athlete’s body. A standing long jump event is
also existent with the traditional version.
2. High Jump - The athletes run a short run-up and take off to jump over a horizontal bar to
land on a cushioned bed on the other side. The height of the bar is recorded as the
registered height jumped by the athlete.
3. Triple Jump – It has a similar setup as that of the long jump. The only change is 2 steps
that the athlete takes before jumping into the pit. The process includes hop, step, and
jump. 
4. Pole Vault - The athlete runs down a strip of track, plants the pole in a metal box, and
vaults over a horizontal bar at a certain height before letting go of the pole and falling
backward onto landing mattresses. 

Throwing events include

1. Discus – It is a heavy disc takes place of the spherical shot put in this event. The disc is
2kg and 22cm in diameter.
2. Shot Put - The round shot styled ammunition used for the sport, hence the term shot put.
The athlete throws a 16 pound (7.26kg) (4kg for women) shot put from within a circular
area of 7 feet diameter.
3. Javelin – It is a short run-up to the foul line and then the athlete releases the javelin. The
current javelin specifications are 2.2 to 2.3 m and 600 g for women, and 2.6 to 2.7 m in
length, and 800 grams in weight for men.
4. Hammer throw – A metal ball weighing 16 pounds (4kg for women) is attached to a wire
measuring 1.175m-1.215m. This is rotated and thrown in a direction angled within 34.92
degrees.
C. Combined events – It includes the decathlon (typically competed by men) and heptathlon
(typically competed by women), are competitions where athletes compete in a number of
different track and field events, with each performance going toward a final points tally.
▪ The decathlon  includes ten events in the following order, for the first day: 100m, long
jump, shot put, high jump, 400m. The second day events include 110m hurdles, discus
throw, pole vault, javelin, 1500m.
▪ The heptathlon includes seven events in the following order, for the first day: 100m
hurdles, high jump, shot put and 200m. The second day events are long jump, javelin and
800m.