ir, wj,ïnhl foda,k ld,h weiqfrka .

=re;ajc ;ajrKh ks¾Kh

lsÍu'
jdoh :-
wxY=jla lsishï ,laIHhla jgd fomig wdj¾;Sh n,hlg hg;aj isÿ lrk p,s;h ir, wkqj¾;Sh
p,s;hla jk w;r ;ka;=jg .eg .eiQ wj,ïn nÜgdo tjeks wdldrfha p,s;hla isÿ lrhs' ta wkqj
tys foda,k ld,h T  2 l
g
u`.ska ,nd fok w;r foda,k ld,h .=re;ajc ;ajrKh u; r`od

mj;sk neúka foda,k ld,h i`oyd jQ iïnkaO;djh Ndú;d lr mDÓúfha lsishï ia:dkhl .=re;ajc
;ajrKh ks¾Kh l, yel'

WmlrK
óg¾ folla È. wú;kH ;ka;=jla" wj,ïn nÜfgla" óg¾ mßudKhla" wdOdrlhla" fhduq l+rla"
úrdu >áldjla fyda úrdu Trf,daiqjla
l%uh
óg¾ folla È. ;ka;=fõ fl<jrlg wj,ïn nÜgd iïnkaO lr th fmdf<dj uÜgfï isg 2m lg
jvd by<ska msysá ia:dkhl /ojQ wdOdrlhlg iú lrhs' wdrïNfha§ ;ka;=fõ È. 20cm l w.hl
mj;ajd .kakd w;r nÜgd foda,kh lsÍfï§ foda,k .ek .ekSu i`oyd ta wi,ska fhduq l+rla r`ojhs'
bka miq ;ka;=fõ isrig wdk;sh 10 0 g wvq w.hl mj;ajd .ksñka th foda,kh lrhs' ld,h
uekSfï§ isÿ jk m%;sY; fodaIh 1% g jvd wvq w.hl mj;ajd .; yels wdldrfha foda,k
ixLHdjlg ^foda,k 30 lg muK& ld,h ukskq ,nhs' bka miq wod, ld,h foda,k ixLHdfjka
fn§fuka foda,khlg ld,h .Kkh lr .kakd w;r ;ka;=fõ È. jrlg 30cm lska muK jeä
lrñka wjia:d 6 la i`oyd mdGdxl ,nd .kq ,nhs' bka miq ;ka;=fõ È.g tÈß wdj¾; ld,fha
j¾.h m%ia;dr .; lr m%ia;drfha wkql%uKfhka .=re;ajc ;ajrKh ks¾Kh lr .kakd w;r
wka;:LKavh Ndú;fhka wjYHkï wj,ïn nÜgdf.a f.da,fha wrh ks¾Kh l< yelsh' ^;ka;=j
wj,ïnhg iïnkaO lr we;s ia:dkfha isg nÜgdf.a .=re;aj flakaøhg we;s ÿr& fuys§ l f,i .;
hq;af;a ;ka;=j by<g iïnkaO lr we;s ia:dkfha isg nÜgdf.a .=re;aj flakaøhg we;s ÿrhs'

l
T  2
g

Lr
T  2
g
4 2
T2  (L  r)
g
 4 2   2 
T 2    L   4 r 
  g 
 g   
y  mx  c

 4 2  4 2
c .r
m 
 g  g
 
c  mr
 4 2 
g    c
 m  r  
  m

Nilantha Jayasuriya 1 Physics

 ta wkqj m%ia;drfha wkql%uKh Ndú;fhka .=re;ajc ;ajrKh;a wkql%uKh yd wka; :Lkavh
Ndú;fhka wj,ïn nÜgdf.a wrh;a .Kkh l< yelsh'

mÍlaIKfha jeo.;a lreKq

l
 ir, wj,ïnfha foda,k ld,h i`oyd T  2 iólrKh fh§u i`oyd ir, wj,ïnh my;
g
;;a;aj hgf;a foda,kh úh hq;=h'
 foda,k fldaKh l=vd w.hl mej;sh hq;=hs'
 f.da,h u; n,mdk jd; m%;sfrdaOh fkd.sksh yels ;rï l=vd úh hq;=h'
 wj,ïn nÜgd N%uKh fkdúh hq;=h'
 wj,ïn nÜgd m%udKfhka l=vd úh hq;=h'
 ;ka;=fõ È. 2m lg jvd wvq w.hl mj;ajd .; hq;= w;r ;ka;=fõ È. jvd úYd, w.hlg
.uka l<fyd;a foda,k ld,h ;ka;=fõ Èf.ka iajdh;a; fõ'

 ;ka;=j by< .eg .ik ia:dkh fldlallg jeks hulg iú lsÍu kqiqÿiq
fõ' thg fya;=j jkafka wj,ïn nÜgd foda,kh jk úg th fldlal jgd
fomig .uka lsÍuhs' tneúka fï i`oyd fmdfrdmamhla m,d tys uOHfhka
;ka;=j .uka lrjd me,aug ,ïnlj wj,ïn nÜgd foda,kh lrhs' túg
wj,ïnh foda,kh jk úg ;ka;=fõ È. úp,kh ùfuka we;s jk fodaIh
j,lajd .; yelsh' ^rEmh 1&

 fuys§ tla foda,khla i`oyd ld,h uekak úg§ ld, ñkqfï m%;sY; fodaIh by, hhs' ld,h uekSu
i`oyd úoHd.drfha§ úrdu >áldj fyda úrdu Trf,daiqj Ndú;d lrhs' ld, uekSfï WmlrKhla
Ndú;d lr ld,h uekSfï§ ld,h uekSu wdrïN lsÍfï§ fukau ld,h uekSu wjika lsÍfï§
fukau WmlrK fodaIhla isÿjk w;r óg wu;rj ld,h uekSu isÿ lrk mqoa.,hdf.a m%;sl%shd
ld,h u;;a WmlrKfha m%;sl%shd ld,h u;;a fuu fodaIh r`od mj;S' w;S;fha§ isgu fuu fodaIh
;lafiare lsÍu iïnkaO úúO .eg¨ u;== ù we;s w;r m%dfhda.slj ld,h uekSfï fodaIh
ljfrl=gj;a ks¾Kh lr.; fkdyelsh' tneúka tla;rd wjêhl§ Ndú;d lrk ñkqï WmlrKfhys
l=vd ñkqu fuka fo.=Khla ld, ñkqfï fodaIh f,i .; hq;= hehs iïuq;shlg t,eö ;snqKs' kuq;a
ld,h uekSu i`oyd úrdu Trf,daiqj yd úrdu >áldj fjkqjg ixLHdxl Trf,daiq meñKSu;a
iu`.u WmlrKfha l=vd ñkqfuka isÿjk n,mEu wju úh' tneúka j¾:udk .eg¨j,§ ld,
uekSfï WmlrKfha l=vd ñkqu ,nd foñka ld, ñkqfï fodaIh ks¾Kh lr .ekSug isiqka fhduq
lrkjd fjkqjg ld, ñkqfï fodaIh iDcqj ,nd fokq ,nhs'
fuys§ foda,k ld,hg wod,j wj,ïnfha È. úp,kh fldg mdGdxl ,nd .ekSf ï§ tlu
úrdu >áldjla Ndú;d l< hq;= w;r tlu mqoa.,fhl= úiska ñkqï ,nd .ekSu isÿ l< hq;=hs'
^fuu.ska ñkqï .ekSfï§ jk mqoa., fodaI wju l< yel'&
 ld, ñkqfï m%;sY; fodaIh wju lr .ekSu i`oyd tl foda,khlg ld,h ukskjd fjkqjg m%;sY;
fodaIh 1% g jvd wvq jk wdldrhg iqÿiq foda,k ixLHdjlg ld,h ukskq ,nhs' m%dfhda.slj úrdu
Trf,daiqj Ndú;d lrk úg§ foda,k 30 lg muK ld,h uek .kq ,nhs'
my; olajd we;af;a úrdu >áldjl iy úrdu Trf,daiqjl iajNdjhhs' úrdu >áldj u; fnd;a;ï
3 la mj;sk w;r úrdu Trf,daiqfõ mj;skafka tla fnd;a;ula muKs' ta wkqj úrdu >áldfjys jï
mi fnd;a;u fmr ieliqï (Reset) fnd;a;u f,i;a ol=Kq mi fl<jr fnd;a;u wdrïNl fnd;a;u
^mK.ekakqï h;=r& f,i;a ueo mj;sk úYd, fnd;a;fuka k;r lr .ekSuo isÿ lrkq ,nhs' kuq;a
úrdu Trf,daiq ;=< mj;skf
q ha tla fnd;a;ula muKs' tu`.ska by; l%shdj,Ska ;=ku tla fnd;a;ula
u`.ska isÿ lrhs'

Nilantha Jayasuriya 2 Physics

 úrdu >áldj úrdu Trf,daiqj
^ngka 03 hs& ^ngka 01 hs&

lsishï foda,k ixLHdjlg ld,h uekSfuka wk;=rej kej; tu foda,k ixLHdjgu ld,h ueksh
hq;= jk w;r hï fyhlska tu ld, w;r fjki ;;amr 0.5 g jvd jeäkï kej; mÍlaIKh isÿ
lrhs'
 foda,k .ekSu wdrïN lsÍfï§ laIKslj 1, 2, 3 f,i foda,k .kskjd fjkqjg wj,ïNh foda,kh
lsÍu wdrïN lr uo fõ,djlg miq 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3 …… f,i i`oyka lrñka foda,k .ekSu
wdrïN l< hq;= fõ'
 foda,k jeä ixLHdjla isÿ lsÍug wjYH ld,h uekSfï§ foda,k .Kk .Kkh
lsÍug wjYH fõ' ta i`oyd wdOdrlhlg iú l< o¾Ylhla fhdod .kakd w;r
th fhduq l+r f,i y`ÿkajhs' kuq;a fuu fhduq l+r fhduq lrk ia:dkh ms<sn`o
.eg¨q mj;S'
m%:ufhkau fuu rEmfha olajd we;s iuyrla ,laIH fkd.e,mSug fya ;= idOl
i,ld n,uq'
 fuys§ A ,laIHh kqiqÿiq jkafka foda,k mßukaokhka iu`.u A
,laIHh fj; wj,ïn nÜgd ál fõ,djlska fkdmeñKSuhs'
 fuys§ B ,laIHh kqiqÿiq jkafka wj,ïn nÜgd yd B ,laIHh w;r mj;sk
mr;rh ksid foda,k .ksk úg§ wiïmd; fodaIhla we;s ùuhs' ^wj,ïn
nÜgd iy B ,laIHh w;r mr;rhla mj;sk ksid foda,k .kakd úg wei
wj,ïn nÜgdf.a isg fhduq l+r mj;sk B ,laIH fj; f.k tafï§ isÿjk
ld, m%udoh fya;=fjka fuu wiïmd; fodaIh we;s fjhs')
 fuys§ C ,laIHh kqiqÿiq jkafka wj,ïn nÜgdf.a >klu fya;=fjka C ,laIHh miq fldg
hdu ksjreÈj .%yKh lr .ekSug fkdyels neúka ld, ñkqfï wjksYaÑ;;d fodaIh by<
ùuhs'

fuys§ iqÿiq ,laIHh D o E o hkak iïnkaOj u; .egqula mj;S' fuu u; .egqug ksjerÈ meyeÈ,s lsÍula
my; olajd we;' fhduq l+r fhduq lsÍfï uQ,sl wruqK jkafka hï ,laIHhla wj,ïn nÜgd miqlr .sfhah
hkak ks¾Kh lr .ekSuhs' w;S;fha§ Ndú;d l< wj,ïn nÜgd my; m<uq rEmfha olajd we;' w;S;
wj,ïn nÜgdf.a iajNdjh u; fï i`oyd nÜgdf.a my<u ,laIH iqÿiq fõ' kuq;a j¾;udkfha§ Ndú;d
lrkq ,nkafka wj,ïn nÜgd fojk rEmfha olajd we;s wdldrfha f.da,dldr fõ' tys§ fhduq l+r fhduq
lsÍug E ,laIHh fhdod .; fyd;a tu`.ska wúksYaÑ;;d fodaIhla we;s fõ' ta wkqj ta i`oyd iqÿiqu
,laIHh D ,laIHh fõ'

Nilantha Jayasuriya 3 Physics

 fuu mÍlaIKfha§ ;ka;=j i`oyd khsf,daka kQ,a jeks weUreï kQ,a iqÿiq fkdfõ' túg foda,kh jk
nÜgd N%uKhlg ,la fõ' tneúka fï i`oyd ;ka.=ia kQ,a Ndú;d l< hq;=h'
 fuu mÍlaIKh §¾> lsÍfuka ldurhl fmdf<dj uÜgfï isg isú,sug mj;sk Wio .Kkh fldg
.; yelsh' fuys§ fmdf<dfõ isg isú,sug mj;sk Wi H o fmdf<dfõ isg nÜgdf.a .=re;aj
flakaøhg Wi h o fõ'

l
T  2
g
H h
T  2
g
4 2
T2  ( H  h)
g
 4 2 
h  4 H
2
T 2  
 g  g
 
4 2
m
g
 4 2 
c .H
 g 
 
c  m.H
c
H 
m
ta wkqj iajdh;a; úp,Hh f,i fmdf<dj uÜgfï isg wj,ïnfha .=re;aj flakaøhg mj;sk
ÿr (h) fhdod f.k h g tÈßj foda,k ld,fha j¾.fha (T2) m%ia;drh ks¾udKh fldg wkql%uKh
yd wka;:LKavh weiqfrka fmdf<dfõ isg isú,su fj; mj;sk Wi .Kkh lr .; yelsh'
 fuu mÍlaIKfha§ wj,ïn nÜgd f,day j,ska ;khs' th ,S jeks >k;ajh wvq mod¾:hlska iEÈh
yels jqj;a túg tys wjiaÓ;sh wvq neúka foda,k blaukska mßukaokhlg ,la fõ'
 wj,ïn nÜgd f.da,dldrj ;kd we;af;a lsishï mßudjlg .; yels wju lafIa;%M,h f.da,dldr
yev;,hla jk neúka túg jd; m%;sfrdaOh wju jk neúka mßukaokh l=vd fõ'
 hï fyhlska wj,ïn nÜgd l=yr f.da,hla ù th ;=< c,h jeks
ødjKhla mqrjd nÜgd foda,kh lrk úg f.da,fha isÿrlska øjh
ldkaÿjkafka kï tys foda,k ld,h nÜgdf.a .=re;ajflakaøfha
úp,kh fya;=fjka my; mßÈ fjkia fjhs'

Nilantha Jayasuriya 4 Physics

 fya,slaish ÿkaklska wj,ïnkh fldg we;s jia;=jl ialkaOh yd foda,k ld,dj¾;h w;r
iïnkaO;djh i;Hdmkh lsÍu

jdoh (-
m
fy,slaiSh ÿkaklg m ialkaOhla iïnkaO lr foda,kh lsÍfï§ tys foda,k ld,h T  2
k
,nd foa' ta wkqj fuu iïnkaO;djh Ndú;d lr ialkaOh yd foda,k ld,h w;r iïnkaO;djhla
,nd .; yelsh' fuys mj;sk úfYaI;ajh jkafka foda,k ld,h .=re;ajc ;ajrKfhka iajdh;a;
ùuhs'

WmlrK
fya,slaish ÿkakla" fhduq l+re folla" wdOdrl folla" 100g mä yhla" úrdu >áldjla$úrdu
Trf,daiqjla

wegjqu

l%uh
wdOdrlh Ndú;d lr fy,slaiSh ÿkak tys by< fl<jf¾ r`ojd my< fl<jrg ;rdÈ mä r`ojkh
iïnkaO lr thg tla jrlg 100g ne.ska ;rdÈ mä tla lrñka ;rdÈ mä r`ojkh uola my<g weo w;yer
foda,kh ùug bv i,iajhs' foda,kfhka uOH ,laIHhg wdikakj fhduq l+r r`ojd úrdu >áldj l%shd;aul
lr foda,k 20 lg muK ld,h uek .kS'

.Kkh lsÍï
;rdÈ mäh ;=< mj;sk ialkaOh ^m& úp,kh lrñka foda,k ld,dj¾:h i`oyd w.hka ,ndf.k
ialkaOhg tÈßfhka foda,k ld,fha j¾.h ^T2& m%ia;dr .; lrkak'

M
T  2
k

 4 2 
T2  M
 k 
 
Y  mx

 m   4k 
2

 

m%ia:drfha wkql%uKh u.ska ÿkafka ÿkq ksh;h ks¾Kh l< yel'

Nilantha Jayasuriya 5 Physics

jeo.;a lreKq

 foda,k ld, uekSfï§ jeä foda,k ixLHdjla i`oyd ld,h uekSfuka ld, ñkqfï m%;sY; fodaIh
wju fldg .; yel' ta wkqj foda,k 20 lg muK ld,h uek .kq ,nhs'
 fuu mÍlaIK fl;rï id¾:lj isÿ l,o uQ, ,laIHh yryd .uka lrk ir, f¾Çh m%ia;drhla
fkd,efí' thg fya;=j jkqfha fy,slaiSh ÿkakg iïnkaO lrk ialkaOhg wkqrEmshj ÿkafka
ialkaOfhkao 1/3 la foda,k l%shdj,shg iyNd.s ùuhs' ta wkqj foda,k ld,hg wod, iólrKh
my; wdldr úh hq;=h'

 M' M' - fy,slaiSh ÿkafka ialkaOh

M  
T  2 
3  M - ;rdÈ mä r`ojkfha yd thg fhdok ;rdÈ mäj, ialkaOh
k

4 2  M '
T2  M  3 
k  
 4 2   2 
T 2    M   4 M '
  3k 
 k   
y  mx  C

 4 2 
m   

 k 
 4 2  M '
C  
 k  3
 
mM '
C
3
 3C 
 M '  
 m
fuf,i m%ia;drfha wkql%uKh u`.ska ÿkafka ÿkq ksh;ho" wka;: LKavh u`.ska ÿkafka ialkaOho
.Kkh fldg .; yel'
 ÿkafka foda,k úia;drh b;d l=vd úh hq;=hs' ke;fyd;a ÿkak yels,Sug fm<fò' tkï m%;Hia:;d
úNj Yla;sh pd,l Yla;shg yqjudre ùu fjkqjg .=re;ajdl¾IK úNj Yla;sfha ie,lsh hq;=
fjkila isÿ fõ' túg wdj¾; ld,h ,nd fok iQ;%h ;jÿrg;a j,x.= fkdfõ'
 fhduq l+r fhduq lsÍfï§ fy,slaiSh ÿkafka foda,kh jk
ialkaOh ÿkakg iú lr we;s ia:dkhg fhduq lsÍfï§ tu
ia:dkhg o¾Ylhla iïnkaO lr rEmfha mßÈ ndysßka ;nk
o¾Ylh yd talf¾Çh jk wdldrhg ;nd ialkaOh foda,kh
ùug i,iajhs'
 fhduq l+r p,s;fha uOH ,laIHhg t,a, jk wdldrhg
ia:dmkh lsÍu ;=<ska mÍlaIKd;aul fodaI fndfydauhla wju
fldg .; yelsh' tf,i fodaI wju jkafka"
 jia;=jg uOHia: msysgqfï§ Wmßu fõ.hla mej;Su'
 mßukaokh jQjo iEu úgu uOHia: msysgqu miq fldg hdu
 myiqfjka ksÍlaIKh l< yels ùu

Nilantha Jayasuriya 6 Physics

 M ialkaOh úp,kh lsÍfï § thg wkqrEmShj fhduq l+f¾ msysàu o fjkia l< hq;=h'
 fuu mÍlaIKfha§ tlu úrdu >áldjla Ndú;d fldg tlu mqoa.,fhl= úiska ñkqï ,nd.; hq;=h'
 mqoa., noaO fodaIh wju lsÍug foda,k jdr .Kk .Kka lsÍfï§ 3, 2, 1, 0,1 2, 3 ……. f,i;a 0
f,i .Kka lrk fudfydf;a§ úrdu >áldj l%shd;aul lsÍu;a isÿ l< hq;=h'
 fuu mÍlaIKfha§ mÍlaIKhg wod, fN!;sl mo fol jk T2 yd M uekSfï Nd.sl fodaIhka
^m%;sY; fodaIhka& iudk jk wdldrhg ñkqï ,nd.kq ,efí' tkï
T
ld,h uekSfï Nd.sl fodaIh =
T
 2 T 
T2 ys Nd.sl fodaIh =  
 T 
M
M uekSfï Nd.sl fodaIh =
M
M 2T
 mÍlaIKh ;=<§  jk f,i idudkHfhka ñkqï ,nd .kq ,efí' kuq;a fuh ß;shla
M T
muKla jk w;r kS;shla fkdfõ'

Nilantha Jayasuriya 7 Physics