AL/2021/01/S-II (NEW) 2021 PAPER - ESSAY # 34

01' (a) ;;a ix.S; NdKav ;ekSfï § wp, wdOdrl 2 la w;r .eg.ik ,o ksh; wd;;shlg Ndckh l<
ksh; È.ska hq;a lïìhla lïmkh lr" lïìh úúO ia:dkj,ska we`.s,s j,ska ;o lrñka lïìfha
lïmk È. fjkia lr úúO ixLHd; iys; iajr W;amdokh lr .kS' fuh èjksudk uQ,O¾uh fõ'

(i) lïìh lïmkh l< úg tys ;rx. .uka .kakd m%fõ.h i|yd m%ldYkhla wd;;sh T"
f¾Çh >k;ajh m weiqßka ,shd olajkak'
(ii) lïmk È. l weiqßka uQ,sl;dkhg wkqrEm ixLHd;h i|yd m%ldYkhla o ,shkak'
(b) by; uQ,O¾uh Ndú;djk jh,Skhl rEm igykla fuys ±lafõ' tys tlu f,dayfhka ;ekQ È.ska
iudk yrialvj,a fjkia lïì 4la fhdod we;' ÿïu, ;jrk ,o fl¢ iys; w¿j ^Bow) fldgia
lïìj,g ,ïnlj lïì msßue§u u.ska úúO iajr Wmojd .kS'
(i) fufia msßue§fuka lïìj, we;sjkafka ;S¾hla ;rx. o ke;fyd;a wkajdhdu ;rx. o hkak
i|yka lrkak' ta nj iaÓr lrkafka flfiao@
(ii) rEm igykg wkqj jh,Skfha we;s iudk wd;;shlg Ndckh l< lïìj,ska Wmßu ixLHd;hla
,efnkqfha l=uk lïìh lïmkh jk úg§ o@ fya;=j olajkak'
2 3
1 4

weK

w¿j
(iii) ^w& isyskau lïìfha È. 30 cm yd yrialv j¾.M,h 0.2 mm2 fõ' lïìh iEÈ øjHfha >k;ajh
4000 kgm-3 fõ' lïìh uQ,sl;dkfhka lïmkh jk ixLHd;h 650 Hz kï lïìh
msßueÈfï§ we;sjk ;rx. .kakd m%fõ.h fidhkak'
^wd& lïìfha wd;;sh fidhkak'
^b& fuu lïìfha 780 Hz ixLHd;hla W;amdokh lsÍug lïìh weKj,g iújk fl<jf¾
isg fldmuK ÿßka we`.s,af,ka ;o l< hq;= o@
(iv) jh,Skfha we;slrk iajr u.ska tys èjks fmÜáh ;=< jQ jd;h lïmkh lr by; we;s jk
èjks ;rx. u.ska tu iajrh Y%jKh lrhs' 0 0C ys§ jd;fha èjks m%fõ.h 325 ms-1 kï yd
mßir WIAK;ajh 27 0C kï by; (b) (iii) ys§ we;s l< iajr m%pdrKh jk èjks ;rx.j,
;rx. wdhduh fidhkak'

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(v) jh,Skh u.ska Wmojk by; iajrh f.da,Sh ;rx. fmruqKq f,i wjldYfha me;sf¾ hehs
i,ld jh,Skfha isg 10 m ÿßka isákafkl=g wefik ;Sj%;d uÜgu 20 dB kï jh,Skfhka
we;slrk èjks CIu;djh fidhkak' Y%jH;d foay,Sh 10-12 Wm-2 nj i,lkak' ^π = 3 f,i
.kak'&

(vi) m%ix.hl § iuQy jdokhla bÈßm;a lrk úg by; èjks CIu;dj Wmojk jh,Sk lsysmhla
Ndú; lrhs' iEu jh,Skhla u Wmojk fuu èjks CIu;dj thg iúlr we;s uhsl%f*dakhlska
j¾Ol mßm:hlg fhduqlr èjks CIu;djh ish .=Khlska by< kxjd iamSlr u.ska Yd,djg
uqla; lrhs' iamSlrfha isg 100 m ÿßka isák flfkl=g 30 dB l èjks ;Sj%;d uÜgula
Y%jKh fõ kï jdokh lrk jh,Sk ixLHdj fidhkak'

(vii) mßir WIAK;ajh 27 0C g jvd by< m%foaYhlg by; (b) (iii) wldrhg ilid we;s jh,Skhla f.k
.sh úg ixLHd;h fjkia fõ' tu ixLHd;hu ,nd .ekSug fhdod we;s lïìh iqir lrkq ,efí' ta i|yd
m%dfhda.slj l< hq;= foa l=ulao@

02' (a) ialkaOh M o" wrh R o jk .%yf,dalhla .fõIKh lsÍug wNHdjldY hdkdjla msg;a lr we;'
.%yf,dalfha mDIAÀfha isg 4R ÿrlska wNHjldYfha p,s;hla rys; j /£ isák úg ialkaOh m
jk WmlrK lÜg,hla m%lafIAmKh lrk ,§' .%yf,dalfha mDIAGh hï;ñka iam¾Y ùu i|yd

kg-2]
(
m%lafIAmKh l< hq;= θ fldaKfha w.h sin-1 1 1+ 8GM
5 5V0
2
R )
nj fmkajkak' [G = 6.67 × 10-11 N m2

V0
V
R
m θ
M
4R

^b`.sh : fldaKsl .uH;d ixiaÓ;sh fhdoñka θ i|yd m%ldYkhla idod.kak'&

(b) mDÓúhg wdikakfha u mj;sk iajNdúl pkaøsldj jk pkaøhd y÷kd.; yel' fi!r.%y uKav,fha
yuqjk miajk úYd,;u iajNdúl pkaøsldj jk pkaøhd" n%yiam;s .%yhdf.a wfhdaf.ka wk;=rej
yuqjk >k;ajh wêl;u pkaøhd o fõ' mDÓúh jgd tla jghla .uka lsÍu i|yd yßhg u
pkaøhdg Èk 28la .;jk nj ie,lsh yel'

pkaøhd n,d Èh;a flreKq frdlÜgqjla Y%S ,xld fõ,dfjka uOHdyak 12'00 g Y%S ,xld wcgdldY
mshieß l,dmfhka .uka wdrïN lrk ,§' fuys m%Odk wruqK jkafka yßhg u meh 200 lska
pkaøhd u; f.dv niajd meh 24 la pkaø mdIdK idïm, tl;= lr meh 160 lska kej; Y%S ,xldj
lrd meñKSug h' fuu pdßldj ie,iqï lrk m%Odk úoHd{hd jk Tn yg my; i|yka o;a;
imhd we;'
mDÓúfha isg pkaøhdg mj;sk ÿr = 384 000 km
pkaøhdf.a wrh = 1700 km
pkaøhdf.a ialkaOh = 7.20 × 1022 kg
mDÓúfha wrh = 6400 km
mDÒúfha ialkaOh = 6.00 × 1024 kg

(i) mDÓú mDIAGfhka ksl=;ajk jia;=jl úfhda. m%fõ.h fldmuK o@

(ii) mDÓú mDIAGfha isg pkaøhdf.a mDIAGh u; f.dvniajk f;la taldldr m%fõ.fhka .uka
.kakd nj Wml,amkh lrkak'

^w&' frdlÜgqfõ m%fõ.h fldmuK o@

^wd&' frdlÜgqfõ m%fõ.h mDÓú mDIAGh u; mj;sk úfhda. m%fõ,hg ork wkqmd;h m%;sY;hla
f,i bÈßm;a lrkak'

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(iii) pkaøhdf.a mDIAGfha isg h Wil isg frdlÜgqfõ tkaðu l%shd úrys; lr pkaøhdf.a
.=re;ajdl¾IK fCIa;%fha n,mEu hgf;a muKla frdlÜgqj f.dvneiaiùug ie,iqï lr we;'
^w&' pkaøhdf.a mDIAGh u;=msg .=re;ajdl¾IK fCIA;% ;Sj%;dj g1 fldmuK o@

^wd&' pkaøhdf.a mDIAGfha isg 3400 km by<ska .=re;ajdl¾IK fCIA;% ;Sj%;djh

g2 fldmuK o@
^we&' h = 3400 km ÿrl isg frdlÜgqj f.dvneiaiùu i|yd
wod< uq¿ p,s; mrdih i|yd ksh; .=¾;ajrKh
( g1 - g2
2 )f,i ie,lsh yel' ñks;a;= 30 l ld,hla h ÿr .uka lsÍu i|yd fjkalr
we;akï pkaøhdf.a mDIAGfha isg h Wil § wdrïNl m%fõ.h fldmuK o@
(iv) pkaøhdf.a mDIAGh u; úfhda. m%fõ.h fldmuK o@
(v) mDÓú jdhqf.da,hg idfmaCIj úYd, yS,shï jdhq m%udKhla pkaøhdf.a jdhq f.da,h ;=<ska
wkdjrKh lr .ekSug yels jQ nj i| .ukg iyNd.S jQ úoHd{fhla mjihs' úfhda. m%fõ.h
iy j¾. uOHhk uQ, m%fõ.h hk rdYS iïnkaO lr .ksñka úoHd{hd mjik m%ldYh
.=Kd;aul j úia;r lrkak'

03' (w) (a) m%;sfrdaOhla

yryd úNj wka;rhla uek .ekSug fhdod .kakd fjda,aÜ ógrhl wNHka;r
m%;sfrdaOlfha w.h" tu m%;sfrdaOlfha w.hg idfmaËj b;d by< w.hla úh hq;=h' fuu m%ldYfhys
i;H;djh meyeÈ,s lrkak'

(b) mV >kfha l=vd úNj wka;rhla uek .ekSfï § idudkH úNj udkh isÿ l< hq;=
m%dfhda.sl fjkialu l=ula o@

(c) m%;sfrdaOhla uekSu i`oyd idudkHfhka mÍËd.drfha § óg¾ fia;= mßm:h fhdod .ekqk o"
l=vd m%;sfrdaOlhla uekSu i`oyd i`oyd úNj udk mßm:hla jvd;a iqÿiq jkafka wehs@

(d) fuu úoHq;a mßm:fha R2 Ω m%;sfrdaOh ;=<ska .uka .kakd Odrdj R Ω m%;sfrdaOh ;=<ska .uka
.kakd Odrdj fuka fo.=Khls' A yd B ,Ë w;rúNj wka;rh E yd F ,Ë w;r úNj
wka;rh fuka ;=ka .=Khls' R1 yd R2 m%;sfrdaOhkaf.a w.hhka R weiqßka fidhkak'

R1Ω R1Ω
A C E

R3Ω
R2Ω RΩ
2μF
E,rΩ

B D F

(e) (i) R3 = 3 Ω , R = 4 Ω iy tu m%;sfrdaOh ;=<ska .,k Odrdj 0.5 A kï mßm:fha we;s

fldaIfha úoHq;a .dul n,h fidhkak' fldaIfha wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh 1 Ω f,i .kak'
(ii) Odß;%lfha .nvd jk wdfrdamKh fidhkak'

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(wd) mßmQ¾K Èfhdavhla iy ;d;a;aúl V

Èfhdavhla i|yd I - V ,dlaI‚l w¢kak' VP

my; i|yka m%Yak i|yd ms<s;=re

iemhSfï§ Èfhdav ikakhkh R = 1 kΩ
0 t V
jk úg tAjd yryd fjda,aàh;dj
0.7 V f,i Wml,amkh lrkak' VP = 10 V
1 rEmh 2 rEmh

(a) 2 rEmfha § we;s mßm:h i|yd v m%odk ix{dj" 1 rEmfha olajd we;' 2 mßm:fha Ok iy RK
WÉp Odrd .Kkh lrkak'
A
VA (V) VB (V) VO (V) ;d¾lsl uÜgu
B 0 0
V0 RL = 1 kΩ 0 5
5 0

3 rEmh 5 5

(b) § we;s j.=fjys VA iy VB hkq 3 rEmfhys fmkajd we;s mßm:fha A iy B m%odk i|yd fhdod
we;s fjda,aàh;djhka h' j.=fjys olajd we;s wdldrhg A iy B m%odk i|yd 0 iy 5 V ys
ixhqla;hka iïnkaO lrkq ,efí' j.=j Tfí ms<s;=re m;%hg msgm;a lrf.k j.=fjys V0
m%;sodk fjda,aàh;dj iy tA yd wkqrEm ;d¾lsl uÜgu ^1 fyda 0& hk ;Sre iïmQ¾K lrkak'
(c) by; 3 rEmfhys olajd we;s mßm:fhys VA = 5 V iy VB = 3 V kï RL yryd Odrdj .Kkh
lrkak'
mQ¾K ;rx. Rcqldrlh iy
(d) ksjerÈ l%shdldÍ;ajh fjda,aàh;d hdulh
i|yd 11 V - 15 V mrdih 11V - 15V
15 V(dc)
;=< we;s dc ^ir, bf,lafg%daksl
230 V (a-c) Trf,daiqj
Odrd& fjda,aàh;djla
wjYH bf,lafg%daksl
Trf,daiqjl cj
iïnkaOhla 4 rEm
igyfka olajd we;' 12 V 4 rEmh

(i) ^w& m%;Hdj¾; Odrd ^m%' Od'& cjh we;súg"

^wd& m%' Od' cjh ì| jegqKq úg" by; mßm:fha l%shdldÍ;ajh úia;r lrkak'

(ii) m%' Od' cjh we;súg 12 V negßfhka ,nd.kakd Odrdj fldmuKo@

(e) by; 4 rEm igyfkys mQ¾K ;rx. Rcqldrlh iy fjda,aàh;d hdulh i|yd iqÿiq mßm:hla
w¢kak'

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04' (a) wNHka;r c,h wvx.= iïmQ¾Kfhka c,fhka msÍ we;s ùÿre fnda;,hla my; ±lafjhs'
ùÿre j, f¾Çh m%idrK;djh (α) iy c,fha mßud m%idrK;djh (γ) weiqfrka c,fha
oDYH m%idrK;djg (γm) i|yd m%ldYkhla ,nd .kak
00C isg 1000C olajd WIaK;ajh uekSug Ndú;d l< yels riÈh-ùÿre øj WIaK;ajudkhla
my; rEmfha ±lafjhs' fujeks WIaK;ajudkhla riÈh iïmQ¾Kfhka msrekq ùÿre
n,anhlska iy yrialv taldldr flaYsl k<hlska iukaú; ùÿre oKavlska iukaú; fjhs'

(b) fuu WIaK;ajudkfha we;s ùÿre oKafâ wvx.= flaYsl k<hg mej;sh hq;= wju È. fidhkak'
^ùÿre n,anfha wNHka;r mßudj = 1 cm3&
100 0C ùÿre
^flaYsl k<fha wNHka;r úIalïNh = 0.356 mm& oKav
^ùÿrej, f¾Çh m%idrK;djh = 2 × 10-5 0C-1,
riÈh c,fha mßud m%idrK;djh = 1.8 × 10-4 0C-1&

(c) fuf,i idok ,o" 0 - 100 0C WIaK;ajudkhl Wmßu iy wju ,laIHj,

l%udxl ms<sfj,ska jer§ulska -2 0C iy 102 0C § isÿj we;s nj i,lkak' 0 C ùÿre
0
n,anh
fjk;a ksjerÈ 0 - 100 0C WIaK;ajudkhl 40 0C f,i fmkajk WIaK;ajh
fuu WIaK;ajudkfhka ñkqï l< úg isÿjk m%;sY; fodaIh fidhkak' ^fuu
WIaK;ajudkfhka 0.2 0C olajd WIaK;aj ksjerÈj ueksh yels nj i,lkak'
wjidk ms<s;=r oYuia:dk ;=klgj;a iq¿ lrkak&

(d) .DydY%s;j WKqiqï c,h ,nd .ekSu i|yd

0 0C
ks¾udKh lr we;s WmlrKhl wNHka;r A
ieleiau my; ±lafjhs' 2K/l
fuu wegjqfï D fl<jrg" wLKavj yqud,
2K/6l
iemhqula u.ska 100 0C WIaK;ajfha ksh; 100 0C
K/2l
w.hl mj;ajd .kshs' A fl<jr Èhjk whsia C D
;=< .s,ajd ;eîu u.ska 0 0C WIAK;ajfha
ksh;j mj;ajd .kS' AC, AB, BC, CD 3K/3l
ish,a, ;dm mßjrKh lr we;s f,day B
o`vqfõ' o`vqj, A iy D fl<jrj,a muKla
újD;j we;' tu o`vqj, ñkqï lrk ,o ;dm ikakdhl;d w.hka iy È.j,a" by; rEmfha ±lafjhs'
^K iy l u.ska& ovqj, yrialv j¾.M,h iudk fõ'

(i) ;dm ikakdhl iólrKh ,shd tys mo y÷kajkak'

(ii) by; wegjqu C iy B ikaê j, WIaK;aj w.hka .Kkh lrkak'
(iii) by; wegjqu yryd ;;amrhl§ m%pdrKh jk ;dm m%udKh fldmuKo@ ^K = 378 Wm-1K-1,
o`vqj, yrialv j¾.M,h = 10 cm2 , l = 0.315 m)
(iv) A fl<jf¾È mehl§ øj jk whsia ialkaOh fidhkak' ^whsia j, ú,hkfha úYsIag .=ma;
;dmh = 360 kJ kg-1&

(v) D fl<jf¾§ mehl§ øjjk yqud, ialkaOh fldmuK@ ^ c,fha jdIaml

S rKfha úYsIg
a .=m;
a ;dmh
= 2400 kJ kg &
-1

(vi) fuys§ WKqiqï c,h ksmojd .ekSu i|yd ñY%K l%uhla Ndú;d lrhs' tysÈ mehl§ c,h njg
m;ajQ yqud,fhka ,enqkq 100 0C c,h yd 100 0C we;s yqud,h 47.5 g hk folu mehl§ ,enqkq
whsia Èhùfuka ,enqkq c,h iu`. ñY% lr WKqiqï c,h ,nd .kshs' fuu WKqiqï c,fha
WIaK;ajh fldmuKo@

)))
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