Odrd úoHq;h iqc;

s a ,shkf.a

Odrd úoHq;h iïnkaO miq.sh úNd. rpkd m%Yak

2000 A/L
;U lïìhla wdOdrfhka 60 W úÿ,s n,anhla 12 V fjda,aàh;d m%Njhlg iïnkaO fldg we;' n,anh tys mQ¾K §ma;sfhka
±,afõ'
(i) lïìh yryd .,d hk Odrdj .Kkh lrkak'
a g .ksñka " ;U 1m3 mj;sk
(ii) iEu ;U mrudKqjlska u tla bf,lafg%dakhla ikakdhl l%shdj,shg odhl fõ hehs ie,ls,,
ikakdhl bf,lafg%dak ixLHdj .Kkh lrkak' ^;Uj, idfmalaI mrudKql ialkaOh = 63 $;U j, >k;ajh = 9.0 x
103kgm-3$ wej.dâfrda wxlh .%Eï ujq,hg mrudKq 6.0 x 1023 f,i i,lkak&
(iii) ;U lïìfha wrh 0.7 𝑚𝑚 kï" ;U ;=< ikakdhl bf,lafg%dakj, ma,dú; m%fõ.h (Vd) .Kkh lrkak'
^bf,lafg%dakfha wdfrdamKh = 1.6 x 10-19 C)
(iv) ikakdhl bf,lafg%dak" mßmQ¾K jdhqjl wKq fuka yeisfrk nj Wml,amkh lrñka 270C § bf,lafg%dakj, j¾.
a iaudka ksh;h = 1.4 x 10-23 JK-1, bf,lafg%dakfha ialkaOh = 9.1 x
uOHkH uQ, m%fõ.h(Vrms) ks¾Kh lrkak' ^fnda,Ü
10-31kg) Vd ydVrms ys úYd,;ajhka w;r úYd, fjkila we;af;a wehs ±hs meyeÈ,s lrkak'
(v) lïìfha os. 1m kï bf,lafg%dakhla lïìfha tla fl<jrl isg wfkla fl<jr olajd hEug .kakd ld,h fldmuKo@
tkuq;a we;af;kau iaúÉh jeiQ ieKska n,anh ±,afõ' fuh meyeÈ,s lrkak'

2001 A/L
úoHq;a mßm:hlg iïnkaO lr we;s m%;sfrdaOlhl m%;sfrdaOh R ks¾Kh lsÍu i|yd fjda,aÜ ógrhla iy weógrhla
iïnkaO lrk wdldrh rEm igyfka fmkajd we;' fuys fjda,aÜógrfha iy weógrfha mdGdxl ms<sfj<sk a 𝑉𝑚 iy 𝐼𝑚 fõ'

(i) fjda,aÜógrh iy weógrh mßmQ¾K WmlrK kï" R i|yd m%ldYkhla ,shkak'

(ii) fjda,aÜógrfha m%;sfrdaOh RV kï" R i|yd m%ldYkhla 𝑉𝑚 , 𝐼𝑚 iy RV weiqfrka ,nd .kak'

ksfl%daï lïìhl m%;sfrdaOh uekSu i|yd m%;sfrdaOh 1000 jQ fjda,aÜógrhla

iy m%;sfrdaOh 𝑅1 jQ weógrhla reEmfha fmkajd we;s wdldrhg iïnkaO lr
we;' E fldaIfhaa wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh fkd.sKsh yelsh'

ldur WIaK;ajh 300C § fjda,Ü

a ógrfha iy weñgrfha mdGdxl ms<sfj,ska 4'00 V iy 0'020 A fõ' ksfl%daï lïìh
4300C we;s f;,a n÷kl .s,ajQ úg fjda,Ü
a ógrfha iy weógrfha mdGdxl ms<sfj<ska 4'05 V iy 0'018 A fõ'

(iii) ksfl%daï j, m%;sfrdaOfha WIaK;aj ix.=Klh fidhkak'

(iv) weógrfha m%;sfrdaOh R1 iy fldaIfha ú'.d n,ho fidhkak'

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2002 A/L
my; § we;s mßm:fha E0 iïu; fldaIhg 1.0𝑉 ú'.d'n we;' wfkla fldaIfha fkdokakd E ú' .d n,hla iy r wNHka;r
m%;sfrdaOhla we;' Q hkq m%;sfrdaO fmÜáhls' S hkq fjk;a m%;sfrdaOlhla jk w;r G hkq ueo ìxÿ .e,ajfkdañgrhls'

(i) ±ka p kï m%;sfrdaO fmÜáhla x iyY w;r iïnkaO lrkq ,efí' P = 20  ys ;enQ úg .e,ajfkdaógrfha W;al%uh

Y=kH jkqfha Q = 17  jQ úg § nj fidhd .kakd ,§' P = 40 ys ;enq úg kej;;a .e,ajfkdañgrfha W;al%uh Y=kH
jkqfha Q = 35 jQ úg § nj fidhd .kakd ,§' fldaIfha ú'.d'n' E iy wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh r fidhkak'
(ii) ±ka P m%;sfrdaOh fmÜáh fjkqjg yrialv j¾.M,h 3x10-7m2 jQ iy È. 10 m jQ ksfl%daï lïìhl fofl<jr X iy
Y w;r iïnkaO lrkq ,efí' fuys .e,ajfkdógrfha W;al%uh Y=kH jkqfha Q = 53  jQ úgÈ nj fidhd .kakd ,§'
ksfl%daï j, m%;sfrdaOl;dj fidhkak' ksfl%daï lïìh yryd .,k Odrdj o fidhkak'

(iii) S m%;sfrdaOlhla ;sîfï wjYH;dj l=ulao@

S i|yd Ndú; lrkq ,nk WmlrKh l=ulao@
ix;=,k wjia:dj ^Y=kH W;al%uh& ksjerÈj ,nd .ekSu i|yd S Ndú; lrkq ,nkafka flfiao@

2003 A/L
(𝑎) ;d;a;aúl fjda,aÜógrhla mßmQ¾K fjda,aÜógr ixl,amfhka fjkia jkafka flfiao@

(i) by; mßm:fha XY w.% w;r fjda,aàh;djh

(a) wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh" 99k g jvd b;dula úYd, w.hla iys; (V) fjdaa,aÜógrhla u.ska ukskq ,efí'
(b) wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh 1k m%udKfha mj;sk (V) fjda,aÜógrhla u.ska ukskq ,efí'
(a) iy (b) fjda,aÜógr mdGdxl i|yd wdikak w.hhka ksudkh (estimate) lrkak' fldaIfha wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh
fkdi,ld yßkak'
(ii) by; ^1& rEmfhys (v) fjda,Ü
a ñgrhg Ri wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOlhla we;s kï V fjda,aÜógrhg my; i|yka ixhqla;hg
iul jk nj ikd: lsÍu i|yd fya;= fokak' fuys V1 hkq mßmQ¾K fjda,Ü
a ógrhls'

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(iii) ^2& rEmfha olajd we;af;a úNjudk ieliquls'

XY w.% iqÿiq úoHq;a mß:hlg iïnkaO l, yel'

zzix;=,k ;;a;aj hgf;a by; i|yka ieleiafï XY w.% mßmq¾K fjda,aáógrhl w.% f,i l%shd flf¾'ZZ fuu
m%ldYh yd Tn tlÕ jkafkao@ Tfí ms<s;=r ikd: lsÍug fya;= fokak'

(iv) fmkajd we;s mßm:fhys 100  m%;sfrdaOh yryd Odrdj 0'5 mA fõ'
by; úNjudk ieleiafï XY w.% AB" CD iy BF yryd iïnkaO l<
úg ,efnk ix;=,k È. ms,f
s j,ska 40cm" 20cm iy 64 cm fõ' R2
m%;sfrdaOfha w.h fidhkak'

2004 A/L
fmkajd we;s mßm:fha we;s negßhg 12 V ú'.d'n (E) o 2 wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOhla (r) o we;'
(i) my; i|yka tla tla wjia:djkays§ negßh u.ska R m%;sfrdaOhg ixl%dukh
lrkq ,nk laIu;djh (P) fidhkak'
a- R = 1
b- R = 2
c- R = 3
d- R = 0
e- R = wkka;h
(ii) tkhska m%;sfrdaOh R iu. laIu;dj P fjkiajk wdldrh fmkaùug o< igykla w¢kak'
(iii) negßfhka R g ixl%dukh jk laIu;dj Wmßu jk úg r iy R w;r iïnkaO;dj ,shd olajkak'
(iv) 6V" 0'36W n,an iuQyhla ks¾foaY; m%udKk w.fhka ±,aùug by; i|yka l< negßh Ndú; lrkq ,efí'
(a) fï i|yd negßhg iïnkaO l< yels Wmßu n,an .Kk fidhkak'
(b) Tn úiska tu n,an" negßhg iïnkaO lrk wdldrh fmkaùug mßm: igykla w¢kak'
(v) (a) negßh weïmshr meh 90 f,i m%udKkh lr we;' bka ±lafjkafka negßh mQ¾K f,i wdfrdams; lr we;s úg
thg 1A Odrdjla meh 90 la ;=< fyda 2A Odrdjla meh 45 la ;=< fyda hkd§ jYfhka ksl=;a l, yels njhs' by;
i|yka l< negßhg ^iv& a& ys .Kkh l< Wmßu n,an ixLHdjg fldmuK ld,hla laIu;dj ,nd Èh yelso@
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(b) negßfha ialkaOh 15kg o" tys úYsIag ;dmOdß;dfjys idudkH w.h 900 Jkg C o kï n,an iuQyh ñks;a;= 30
la ±,a jQ miq negßfhys we;s úh yels Wmßu WIaK;aj jeäùu fidhkak'

2005 A/L
fudag¾ r:hl úÿ,s mrsm:hl fldgila rEmfha fmkajd we;' 𝐸 iy 𝑟 hkq ms<sfj,ska
fudag¾ r: negrsfhys ú'.d'n' iy wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh fõ' mrsm:hg iïnkaO
lr we;s weógrh iy fjda,aáógrh mrsm¾
Q K hehs ie,lsh yelsh'
(i) SL iy SM iaùÉp újD; l< úg fjda,aáógrfha mdGdxlh 12V fõ' SM újD;j
;nd SL jeiQ úg weógrfha mdGdxlh 10A iy fjda,aógrfha mdGdxlh 11.5 V
fõ'
(a) E iy r ks¾Kh lrkak'
(b) m%Odk ,dïmq fol i¾jiu fõ kï iy tajd iudka;r.;j iïnkaO lr we;skï" tla ,dïmqjl laIu;d
W;ai¾ckh fidhkak'
(ii) fudag¾ r:h mK.ekaùu i|yd mK.ekajqï fudagrh (starter motor) g ,nd osh hq;= Odrdj 50A fõ' m%Odk ,dïmq o,ajd
;sìhoS fudag¾ r:fha mK.ekajqï fudagrh l%shd;aul l<fyd;a jdykfha m%Odk ,dïmqj , oSma;sh wvq jk w;r weógrfha
mdGdxlh 8.0A olajd wvqfõ'
(a) m%Odk ,dïmq o,ajd ;sìhoS fuu fudag¾ r:fha tkacsu l%shd;aul l< yelso@ Tnf.a ms<s;=r meyeos,s lrkak'
(b) mK.ekajqï fudagrfha m%;sfrdaOh RM ks¾Kh lrkak'
(c) m%Odk ,dïmq ksjd ;sìhoS fuu fudag¾ r:fha tkacsu mK .ekaúh yelso@ Tnf.a ms<s;=r meyeos,s lrkak'

(iii) mrK fudag¾ r: negrshla i,amKslrKh (sulphated) úh yelsh' fuh isÿjQ úg negrsfha ;yvqj, ridhksl jHqyh
fjkia fõ' fï fya;=fjka negrsfhys ú'.d'n' fha fjkila isÿ fkdù wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh jeäfõ'
(a) fudag¾ r:hla mK .ekaùu flfrys fuh n,mdkafka flfiao@ Tnf.a ms<s;=rg fya;=j olajkak'
(b) tkuq;a fuu negrsh 12V, 6W n,anhla iïmQ¾K oSm;
a sfhka u jdf.a o,ajd,Sug Ndú; l< yelsh' fuh meyeos,s
lrkak'

2006 A/L
tla;rd j¾.hl WKqiqï jd; msUqjl (hot air blower) w;HjYH
fldgia rEmh u.ska ksrEmKh fõ' mxldjla Ndú;fhka P iy Q
i¾jiu ;dm uQ,djhj folla yryd jd;h .uka lrùfuka WKqiqï
jd; Odrdj ksmojd .kakd wdldrh ñka oelafõ'
(i) yrialv j¾.M,h 10-8 m2 iy os. 0.45m jk ksfl%daï lïìj,ska
tla tla ;dm uQ,djhjh idod we;akï ldur WIaK;ajh 25°C oS
tla ;dm uQ,djhjhl m%;sfrdaOh .Kkh lrkak'(25°C oS
ksfl%daïys m%;sfrdaOl;dj 10-6Ωm fõ')
(ii) mxld fudagrfha iM, m%;sfrdaOh 10Ω hehso" ;dm uQ,djhjh ;ju;a ldur WIaK;ajfhau mj;skafka hehso Wml,amkh
lr my; oelafjk oE .Kkh lrkak'
(a) S iaúÉÑh A msysàfï we;s úg ;dm uQ,djhjhkays uq¨ laIu;d mrsfNdackh
(b) S iaúÉÑh A msysàfï we;s úg mxld fudagrfha laIu;d mrsfNdackh
(c) S iaúÉÑh B msyà
s fï we;s úg ;dm uQ,djhjhkays uq¨ laIu;d mrsfNdackh
(d) S iaúÉÑh B msyà
s fï we;s úg mxld fudagrfha laIu;d mrsfNdackh

(iii) (a) mxld fudagrh mrsfNdackh lrk Yla;sh mrsj¾;kh jk iajrEm fudkjdo@

(b) by; (ii) fldgfia Tnf.a .Kkh lsrSï ie,ls,a,g f.k iaùÉÑfha A iy B msyà
s ï j,oS jdhq Odrdjkaf.a WIaK;ajh
iy fõ. ms<sn|j .=Kd;aul ixikaokhla lrkak' ^mxldfõ fõ.h" th yryd Odrdjg iudkqmd;sl hehs Wml,amkh
lrkak'&
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(iv) WKqiqï jd; mQUqj B iaùÉÑ msysàfï l%shd;aul lrk úg Q ;dm uQ,djhjfha WIaK;ajh" 200°C wkjr; w.hlg k.S'

(a) kj WIaK;ajfhaoS Q ys m%;sfrdaOh .Kkh lrkak' ^ksfl%daï ys m%;sfrdaOfha WIaK;aj ix.=Klh 0.002Ω𝑘 −1 fõ'&

(b) fuu WIaK;aj fjki ksid Q u.ska ;dmh ckkh jk YS>%;djh wvqfõo@ ke;fyd;a jeäfõo@ tfiakï l=uk
m%udKhlska o@ ^mrsm:fha wfkl=;a fldgiaj, WIaK;aj fjkiaùu fkdi,ld yrskak'&
(v) WKqiqï jd; msUqj B iaùÉÑ msysàfï l%shd;aul fjñka mj;soaoS Q ;dm uQ,djhjh mrsm:fhka úikaê fkdlr jd;
Odrdfjka bj;g f.k hk ,oafoa kï mxldfõ fõ.h wvq fõo@ ke;fyd;a jeäfõ o @ Tnf.a ms,s;=rg fya;= olajkak'

2008 A/L
úkaiagka fia;=jl mßm: igykla ^1& rEmfha fmkajd we;'V0 hkq fia;=jg imhd we;s
fjda,aàh;dj jk w;r wjYH kïAB yryd .e,ajfkdaógrhla iïnkaO lr .; yelsh'
(a) fia;=j ix;=,kh ù we;s úg R1/R4 = R2/ R3 nj fmkajkak'
(b) R1= R2 = R3 = R4 = R hehs is;uq'
R3 = R + r jkfia R3 ndyqjg l=vd m%;sfrdaOhla we;=,;a fldg fia;=j ±ka
wix;=<kh lrk ,§' fuu ;;a;ajh hgf;a AB yrydVr/(4R + 2r)
fjda,aàh;djla we;sjk nj fmkajkak'
^R>>r jQ úg fuu m%ldYkh Vr/ 4R njg W!Kkh jk nj igyka lr.kak'& ^1 rEmh&

(c) R3 ndyqfõ w.h R + r ys ;nd .ksñka" R2 ndyqfõ m%;sfrdaOh R – r olajd ±ka wvq lrkq ,efí' fuu fjkialu isÿlsÍu
u.ska by; (b) ys AB yryd fjd,aàh;dj fo.=K l<yels nj fmkajkak' ^R>> r nj Wml,amkh lrkak'&
(d) WodyrKhla f,i ndysr n, fh§u u.ska f,day m;=re Èla ùug fyda ixfldapkh ùulg hg;a l< úg m%;sfrdaOfhys
tjeks jeäùï iy wvqùï we;sfõ' tjeks È. jeäùul§" f,day m;=rl mßudj iy m%;sfrdaOl;dj fjkia fkdjkafka
kï" tys m%;sfrdaOh jeä jk nj fmkajkak'
(e) jia;+kaf.a ;ajrKh uekSu i|yd ;ajrKudkhla idod we;af;a 2 rEmfha fmkajd we;s mßÈ fmÜáhl by< wNHka;r
mDIaGhg mßjdrl RcqfldaKdidldr XY oKavla isriaj iúlr tys wksla fl<jrg M ialkaOhla oDV f,i iïnkaO
lsÍu u.sks'

oKafâ me;s folg m%;sfrdaOh R jQ P iy Q kï f,day m;=re folla o iú lr we;' fmkajd we;s mßÈ m;=rej, fl<jrj,a
úkaiagka fia;=jl ndyq folg iïnkaO lr we;' fmÜáh ;ajrKh jk jia;=jla u; ;enQ úg 3 rEmfha fmkajd we;s
wdldrhg oKav iy m;=re kefõ'
(i) ;ajrKh ksid oKav kefjk úg 𝑃 iy 𝑄 m;=rej, È.g l=ula isÿ fõo@
(ii) V0 = 5V iy m;=re j, m%;sfrdaOhkays Nd.sl fjkialïj, úYd,;ajh iudk iy tys w.h1/100 jkafka kï AB
w;r iïnkaO lr we;s fjda,aÜógrhla yryd ckkh jk fjda,aàh;dj fidhkak'
(iii) Tn tjeks ;ajrKudkhla l%udxlkh lrkafka flfiao@

2009 A/L
I2 I2 R1
(a) ^1& rEmfha olajd we;s mßm:fha Odrd wkqmd;h = f,i Èh yels nj
I I R0 +R1 +R2

fmkajkak'
(b) mQ¾K mßudK W;al%uh100 μA jQ iy (R0) wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh 1000 Ω jQ uhsfl%d
weógrhla (μA) Ndú;d lr 0 – 0.01 A iy 0 – 0.1 A mrdihkays Odrd uekSug Ndú;d l<
yels nyqmrdi weógrhl mßm:hla ^2& rEmfha fmkajd we;' myiqj ;ld R0 wNHka;r

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m%;sfrdaOh mßm:fhys fjku fmkajd we;' nyq mrdi weógrfha w.% P iy Q u.ska olajd we;s w;r mrdi foflysu
Odrd uekSu i|yd uhsfl%dweógrh l%udxlkh lr we;' P w.%h Y g fyda Z g iïnkaO lsÍfuka wjYH mrdih
f;dard.; yelsh' 𝑅0
𝜇𝐴
(i) Tng 0 – 0.01 A mrdih ^l=vd mrdih& ;=, Odrd uekSug wjYH kï Tn P iu. Ndú;d 𝐼2
lrkafka lskï (Y fyda Z) w.%ho@ Tfí ms<s;=r meyeÈ,s lrkak' 𝑅2 𝑅1

(ii) mßm:h" by; § we;s Odrd mrdi i|yd nyq mrdi weógrhla f,i Tng Ndú;d lsÍug 𝐼1
𝐼
yelsjk wdldrfha iqÿiq R1 iy R2 w.hka .Kkh lrkak' Tnf.a ms<s;=re wdikak mQ¾K
𝑌
ixLHdjg fokak' 𝑍
𝑄
(iii) ms<sfj,ska 0 – 0.01 A iy 0 – 0.1 A mrdihkays Odrd uekSu i|yd ilia lr we;s úg nyq 𝐼
mrdi weógrfhys wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh i|yd m%ldYk R0, R1 iy R2 weiqßka fjk fjku 𝑃
,shd olajkak' (2) rEmh

(iv) mßm: igykla we£u u.ska Tn 0 – 1 A kï fjk;a mrdihla o we;=,;a lsÍu i|yd ^2& rEmfha fmkajd we;s
mßm:h §¾> lrkafka flfiaoehs fmkajkak' tla tla mrdi i|yd Ndú;d l<hq;= w.% meyeÈ,sj olajkak' wod<
m%;sfrdaOj, w.hka .Kkh lsÍug wjYH ke;'

2010 A/L
(A) (a) V úNj wka;rhlg hg;a lr we;s m%;sfrdaOh R jQ m%;sfrdaOlhla u.ska isÿlrk laIu;d ydksh i|yd m%ldYkhla
,shkak'
(b) ú'.d'n'10 V jQ negßhla u.ska fmkajd we;s mßm:h n, .kajd we;' P hkq w.%
;=kla iys; uQ,djhjhls' [ (i), (ii) iy (iii) fldgia i|yd ms,;
s =re iemhSfï§
negßfha wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh fkdi,ld yeßh yels ;rï l=vd hehs
Wml,amkh lrkak]
(i) R1, R2 R3 iy R4 m%;sfrdaO u.ska isÿjk laIu;d ydksh fjk fjku .Kkh
lrkak' Tnf.a ms<s;=re mW j,ska wdikak mQ¾K ixLHdjg fokak' XY
yryd Odrdj fkdie,lsh yels hehs Wml,amkh lrkak'

(ii) fjkia laIu;d m%udKkhkaf.ka m%;sfrdaOl we;s w;r" m%udKk w.h iu. m%;sfrdaOlj, ñ< by< hhs'
m%;sfrdaOlj, iuyr iïu; m%udKkhka jkafka 0. 125 W, 0.25 W, 0.5 W, 1 W, 2 W hkdÈ jYfhks' by;
±lafjk f;dr;=re i,ld n,ñka R1, R2, R3 iy R4 i|yd iqÿiq laIu;d m%udKk olajkak'
(iii) mßm:h úiska mßfNdackh lrkq ,nk uq`M laIu;dj fidhkak' P o Y=oaO m%;sfrdaOl uQ,djhjhla f,i Tng
Wml,amkh l< yel'
(iv) iïmQ¾K mßm:h IC ^ix.Dys; mßm:hla& wdldrhg ialkaOh 0.9 mg jQ l=vd is,l
s ka lene,a,l f.dv k.d
we;akï iy mßm:fhka mßirhg ;dmh ydks fkdjkafka kï laIu;d iemhqu iïnkaO lr ñks;a;= 5 lg miq
mßm:fha WIaK;ajh .Kkh lrkak' ldur WIaK;ajh 30 ℃f,i .kak' is,l
s kays úYsIag ;dm Odß;dj
600 Jkg-1K-1 fõ'
(v) fujeks mßm: 05 la ú'.d'n'10 V negßhlg iïnkaO l< úg tys w.% w;r fjda,á
a h;djh 9.9 V olajd
wvqjk nj fidhd.kakd ,§' negßfha wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh .Kkh lrkak'

2011 A/L
^1& rEmfha fmkajd we;s mßm:hg A, B iyC kï m%odk ;=kla we;s w;r 0 fyda 7 jk VA , VB iy VC fjda,aàh;d" tu m%odk
iy XY fmdÿ N+.; /yek w;r fhÈh yel'
(a) 2 rEmfha fmkajd we;s wdldrhg tla tla m%odk w.% N+.; lsÍfuka iEu m%odkhlgu Y=kH fjda,aàh;djla ^tkï VA =
VB = VC = 0 fhÿjfyd;a&

(i) ZY w;r iul m%;sfrdaOh fidhkak'

(ii) V0 m%;sodk fjda,aàh;dj fidhkak'
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oeka my; fmkajd we;s j.=j Tfí W;a;r m;%hg msgm;a lrf.k tys ^1& fma<sh ^tkï V0 w.h& iïmQ¾K lrkak'
jeo.;a (- (b), (c) iy (d) fldgia i|yd ,l=Kq ,nd .ekSug kï ish¨u .Kkh lsÍï iy tajdg wod< iEu mßm:hlau
meyeÈ,sj oelaúh hq;=h'

VC ^fjda,aÜ& VB ^fjda,aÜ& VA ^fjda,aÜ& V0^fjda,aÜ&

1 fma<sh 0 0 0
2 fma<sh 0 0 7
3 fma<sh 0 7 0
4 fma<sh 0 7 7
5 fma<sh 7 0 0
6 fma<sh 7 0 7
7 fma<sh 7 7 0
8 fma<sh 7 7 7

(b) oeka 3 rEmfha fmkajd we;s wdldrhg A m%odkh 7 V g iïnkaO lr B

iy C m%odk N+.; lrkq ,efí'V0 ys kj w.h .Kkh lr tkhska j.=fõ

2 fma<sh mqrjkak'

(c) (i) A iyC m%odk N+.; lr iy B m%odkh 7 V g iïnkaO lr 3 rEmfha

olajd we;s wdldrhg mßm:hla w`oskak'
(ii) V0 ys w.h fidhd j.=fõ 3 fma<sh mqrjkak'

(d) j.=fõ 4 iy 5 fma<s u.ska olajd we;s wjia:d i|yd wkqrEm mßm: we|
V0 w.hhka fidhd wod< fma<s mqrjkak'

(e) (i) tkhska j.=fõ b;sß m%odk fjda,aàh;d ixhqla; i|yd V0 w.hhka
wfmdaykh lr j.=fõ V0 ;Srej iïmQ¾K lrkak'

(ii) 7V iy 0 fjda,aàh;d ms<sfj,ska oaúuh 1 iy 0 ksrEmKh lrkafka hehs

ie<l=jfyd;a 1 rEmfha § we;s mßm:h isÿlrk l¾;jHh l=ulaoehs meyeÈ,s
lrkak'

2012 A/L
s yels 12V negrshlska cjh imhk mrsm:hla (1) rEmfha fmkajd we;' A iy B n,anj,
wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh fkd.sKh
m%udKkhka ms<sfj,ska 3V, 0.1 A iy 12V, 2A fõ' C iy D hkq tla tlays wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh 6Ω iys; WmlrK folla
fõ'
(i). A n,anhg m%udKs; fjda,aàh;dj imhk R1 m%;sfrdaOlfha w.h .Kkh ú,dhlh
𝐵
lrkak'
(ii). C yryd fjda,à
a h;dj iy 10Ω m%;sfrdaOlfha laIu;d W;ai¾ckh .Kkh
lrkak'
(iii). D yryd Odrdj 0.5 A iy 2A w;rg iSud lsrSug yels ùu i|yd R 2 úp,H
m%;sfrdaOlhg ;sìh hq;= w.h l=ulao@
(iv). Odrd m%udKkhka 4A, 5A iy 10A jk ú,dhl ;=kla oS we;ehs is;kak' fuu mrsm:fha we;s WmlrK ish,a,
by; ;;aj hgf;a tljr l%shd lrùug yels ùu i`oyd fuu mrsm:hg iú lsrSug jvd;au iqÿiq jkafka l=uk
ú,dhlho@

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(b) by; mrsm:h jeks úÿ,s mrsm: idokq ,nkafka úÿ,s Wmdx. mrsjdrl mqjre u; iúlr" Wmdx.j, w.%
;U lïì j,ska iïnkaO lsÍu u.sks' tfia jqj;a" kùk mrsm:j, tjeks iïnkaO lsrSï lrkq ,nkafka
mrsjdrl mqjre u; uqøKh lrk ,o ;=kS ;U ;Sre u.sks' uqøs; mrsm:hl fldgila (2) rEmfha fmkajd
we;s w;r" úYd,kh lrk ,o tla ;U ;Srejl rEmigykla (3) rEmfha fmkajd we;'
^2 rEmh&
my; ish¨ .Kkhka i|yd ;U ;Srej, >klu h = 0.3 mm f,i .kak'

(i) os. 10mm iy m<, w = 1 mm ;U ;Srejl m%;sfrdaOh

.Kkh lrkak'
^;Uj, m%;sfrdaOl;dj = 1.8 x10−8 Ωmfõ'& W
h
(ii) fuu ;Srej yryd 0.1 A Odrdjla .uka lrk úg th
yryd fjda,aàh;dj iy tys laIu;d W;ai¾ckh
.Kkh lrkak' ^3 rEmh&
(iii) ;;amrhla ;=<oS W;ai¾ckh jk ish¨u ;dmh
mrsirhg ydks fkdù ;Srej ;=< tl;= jQfha kï" tys WIaK;ajh by< k.sk m%udKh fldmuKo@ ^;Uj, úYsIaG
s j,ska 400 J kg −1 K −1 iy 9 x 103 kg m−3 fõ'&
;dm Odrs;dj iy >k;ajh ms,f
(iv) úYd, Odrdjka f.k hk ;U ;Sre idudkHfhka l=vd Odrdjka f.k hk tajdg jvd jeä m<,lska ;kkq ,efí'
fuhg fya;= folla fokak'

2013 A/L
^1& rEmfha fmkajd we;s 𝑃 fmÜáh ;=< fldaI iy m%;sfrdaOj,ska muKla iukaú; ixlS¾K
úoHq;a mßm:hla wvx.= fõ' (2) rEmfha fmkajd we;s mßos ú'.d'n' 𝐸 jQ ;ks fldaIhl
iy 𝑅0 ;ks m%;sfrdaOhl fY%aKs.; ixhqla;hla u.ska fmÜáh ;=< we;s iïmQ¾K mßm:h
u m%;sia:dmkh l< yels nj Wml,amkh lrkak'

(a) 𝑅𝐿 ndysr m%;sfrdaOhla ^2& rEmfha 𝑋𝑌 w.% yryd iïnkaO l< úg 𝑃 ys mßm:fhka
weo.kakd 𝐼 Odrdj i`oyd m%ldYkhla 𝐸, 𝑅0 iy 𝑅𝐿 weiqfrka ,shkak'
by; i`oyka l<𝐸 iy 𝑅0 w.hhka my; (𝑏) iy (𝑐) hgf;a olajd we;s l%u fol Ndú;fhka mÍCIKd;aulj fiúh
yel'
(b) 𝑅𝐿 m%;sfrdaOh bj;a lr wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh 𝑅0 g jvd b;d úYd, w.hla we;s
fjd,aÜógrhla u.ska 𝑋𝑌 w.% yryd fjd,aáh;dj ukskq ,efí' túg fjda,aÜógr
lshùu 𝑉0 hehs lshuq'

bkamiq l=vd ld,hla i`oyd 𝑋𝑌 w.% ¨yqj;a lr fkd.sKsh yels wNHka;r

m%;sfrdaOhla iys; weñgrhla u.ska mßm:fha Odrdj ukskq ,efí' túg weógrfha
lshùu 𝐼𝑆 hehs is;uq'
by; ,nd .;a m%;sM,h Ndú;d fldg 𝐸 iy 𝑅0 i`oyd m%ldYk ,shkak'

(c) fojk l%uh Ndú;d fldg 𝐸 iy 𝑅0 w.hhka fidhd .ekSu msKi

s ^2& rEmfha we;s 𝑅𝐿 i`oyd" fjkia w.hhka folla
we;s m%;sfrdaOl Ndú; fldg" 𝑅𝐿 w.hhka yd iiok úg w;súYd, w.hlska hq;a wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOhla iys;
fjda,Üógrhlska 𝑅𝐿 yryd 𝑉𝐿 fjd,aáh;djhka ukskq ,efí' tjeks ñkqulska ,nd .;a w.hka lÜg,hla my; oS we;'
𝑅𝐿 = 1𝑘Ω jQ úg 𝑉𝐿 = 75𝑚𝑉
𝑅𝐿 = 100𝑘Ω jQ úg 𝑉𝐿 = 5𝑉
by; ñkqï Ndú;d fldg 𝐸 iy 𝑅0 .Kkh lrkak'
(d) (i) idudkHfhka 𝑅0 ys w.h 𝑅𝐿 yd ii`ok úg w;súYd, kï mßm:fha 𝐼 Odrdj fndfyda fihska 𝑅𝐿 f.ka iajdh;a; jk
nj;a th r`od mj;skafka 𝐸 iy 𝑅0 u; muKla nj;a fmkajkak' by; (𝑎) fldgi hgf;a 𝐼 i`oyd ,nd .;a m%ldYkh
Tng fï i`oyd Ndú;d l< yel' ^fï ;;a;ajh hgf;a 𝐸 iy 𝑅0 iys; 𝑃 ys we;s mßm:h ksh; Odrd m%Njhla f,i
ie,fla&

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(ii) by; (𝑑)(𝑖) ys i`oyka l< ;;ajh hgf;a 𝑅𝐿 yryd we;s jk fjda,aáh;dj 𝑉𝐿 kï" 𝑉𝐿 iu`. 𝐼 Odrdj fjkia jkafka
flfia oehs fmkaùug o< igykla w`oskak'^𝑥 wlaIh i|yd 𝑉𝐿 Ndú;d lrkak'&

(e) fmdÿ úfudapl úkHdifha iïnkaO lr we;s 𝑛𝑝𝑛 g%dkaisiagrhl

m%;sodk 𝐼 − 𝑉 ,dCIKslfha [ (3) rEmh n,kak ] fldgila Tn
by; (𝑑) (𝑖𝑖) ys w`osk ,o o< igykg fndfyda fihska iudk fõ'
fuhska Tng g%dkaisiagrfha ix.%dylh iy úfudaplh w;r
m%;sfrdaOfhys úYd,;ajh ms<sn`o j l=ula wkqudk l< yelso@ Tfí
ms<s;=r fláfhka meyeos,s lrkak

2014 A/L
(a) uq`M m%;sfrdaOh 𝑅0 jQ 𝐴𝐵 úNj fnokhla 𝑅𝐿 Ndr m%;sfrdaOhlg úp,H
fjda,aàh;djla ,nd oSug Ndú; lrkq ,efí' ^1& rEmfha fmfkk mßos úNj
fnokh fjda,aàh;djh 𝑉 jQ cj iemhqulg iïnkaO lr we;' 𝑅0
(i) úNj fnokfha 𝐵 ,CIHh iy 𝑊 i¾mk le,smrh w;r fldgfiys 𝑅1 𝑅𝐿
m%;sfrdaOh 𝑅1 jk úg" 𝐴 iy 𝐵 w;r iul m%;sfrdaOh i`oyd m%ldYkhla
jHq;amkak lrkak'
(ii) l%uj;a ;¾lkh u.ska fyda fjk;a l%uhlska 𝐴 iy 𝐵 w;r meje;sh yels
𝑅0 𝑅𝐿
wju iy Wmßu m%;sfrdaO ms<sfj<ska iy 𝑅0 nj fmkajkak'
𝑅0 +𝑅𝐿

(iii) 𝑅0 = 5𝑘Ω kï"𝑊 i¾mkh 𝐴 isg𝐵 olajd p,kh lrk úg mßm:fha 𝐼 Odrdfõ úp,kh 1] olajd
muKla bv i,ik 𝑅𝐿 ys wju w.h .Kkh lrkak'
(b) ^2& rEmfha fmkajd we;s úNj fnokfha"1 − 9 olajd we;s w.%" tla;rd WmlrKhl bf,lafg%dav ^rEmfha
fmkajd ke;& 9 la i`oyd Odrd iemhSug Ndú; lrkq ,efí' 𝑅1 , 𝑅2 iy 𝑅3 m%;sfrdaOl i`oyd w.hka
f;dard we;af;a" bf,lafg%dav úNj fnokhg iïnkao lr fkdue;s úgl oS" úNj fnokh i`oyd 𝑉0
fjda,aàh;djhla fh¥ úg" 𝑅1 m%;sfrdaOh yryd we;s jk fjda,à
a h;dj tla tla 𝑅2 m%;sfrdaOhla yryd
a h;dj fuka 4 .=Khla jk fia o" 𝑅3 yryd fjda,aàh;dj 𝑅2 yryd jk tu w.h fuka
we;s jk fjda,à
3 .=Khla o jk fia h'
(i) 𝑉0 = 1500𝑉 iy úNj fnokh yryd Odrdj 1𝑚𝐴 kï" 𝑅1 , 𝑅2 iy 𝑅3 .Kkh lrkak'
(ii) 9 jeks w.%h u.ska muKla thg iïnkaO lr we;s bf,lafg%davhg 5𝜇𝐴 Odrdjla 1𝜇𝑠 ld,dka;rhla
;=< ,nd osh hq;= wjia:djla i,lkak' fuu ld,dka;rh ;=< úNj fnokfhka by; Odrdj ,nd oSu
ksid 𝑅3 yryd we;s jk fjda,aàh;dfjys wvqùu .Kkh lrkak' 1 w.%fha isg 9 w.%h olajd úNj
fnokh yryd Odrdj 1𝑚𝐴 ys fkdfjkia j mj;sk nj Wml,amkh lrkak'
(iii) by; (𝑏)(ii) fuka l=vd ld,dka;r i`oyd Odrd weo.kak wjia:dj, oS ^3& rEmfha fmfkk mßos
𝑅3 yryd iïnkaO lr we;s Odß;%lfha .nvd ù we;s wdfrdamK u.ska tu Odrdj ,nd oSfuka w.%
w;r we;s jk fjda,aàh;d neiau" wju lr .; yels h'
(1) 5𝜇𝐴 Odrdj u.ska 1𝜇𝑠 ld,dka;rh ;=< oS /f.k .sh wdfrdamK m%udKh ∆𝑄 .Kkh lrkak'
(2) ^3& rEmfha fmkajd we;s Odß;dj 𝐶 jk Odß;%lh u.ska fuu ∆𝑄 wdfrdamK m%udKh ,nd fokafka
kï" Odß;%lfha fjda,aàh;djfha wvqùu ∆𝑉" i`oyd m%ldYkhla ∆𝑄 iy 𝐶 weiqfrka ,shkak'
(3) fuu fjda,aàh;dj wvqùu 0.05𝑉 g iSud lsÍug kï" 𝑅3 yryd iïnkaO l< hq;= Odß;%lfha
w.h fidhkak'

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2015 A/L
(𝑎) (1) rEmfhys fmkajd we;s mßm:fha 𝑋 hkq ú'.d'n' 𝐸 hk wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh 𝑟
jQ welshqñf,agrhls'
𝐿 hkq 𝐴𝐵 yryd iïnkaO lr we;s úÿ,s mykla jk w;r" myk yryd Odrdj 𝐼 fõ'
(i) úÿ,s myk u.ska mßfNdackh lrkq ,nk 𝑃 laIu;dj"
𝑃 = 𝐸𝐼 − 𝐼 2 𝑟 f,i osh yels nj fmkajkak'
(ii) 𝐸 iy 𝐼 i`oyd w¾: oelaùu Ndú;d lr" 𝐸𝐼 .=K;
s h welshqñf,agrh u.ska
W;amdokh lrkq ,nk laIu;djg iudk jkafka wehs oeZhs meyeos,s
lrkak'
(iii) fmkajd we;s ^2& rEmfha mßos" oeka ^1& rEmfha we;s úÿ,s myk ú'.d'n' 𝐸1
iy wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh 𝑟1 jQ fjk;a welshqñf,agrhlska m%;sia:dmkh
lrkq ,efí' 𝐸 > 𝐸1 jk w;r mßm:fha Odrdj oeka 𝐼1 fõ'
(1) 𝐸𝐼1 − 𝐼12 𝑟 = 𝐸1 𝐼1 +𝐼12 𝑟1 nj fmkajkak'
(2) by; m%ldYkfha 𝐸𝐼1 iy 𝐸1 𝐼1 .=Ks; fN!;slj l=uk rdYSka ksrEmKh lrhs o@ Tfí ms<s;=re meyeos,s
lrkak'

(b) by; ^2& rEmfha oS we;s mßm:hg iudk mßm:hla"

kej; wdfrdamKh l< yels úi¾ckh jQ negßhla
kej; wdfrdamKh lsÍu i`oyd Ndú;d l< yels
h' fuu ixo¾Nfha 𝑋 hkq ksh; laIu;d
m%;sodkhla ,nd osh yels m%Njhla jk w;r" th
negß wdfrdamlh f,i y`ÿkajhs' 𝑌 u.ska
úi¾ckh jQ negßh ksrEmKh fõ' ^3& rEmfha
olajd we;s tjeks mßm:hla i,lkak' 𝑋 hkq
12𝑉 negrs wdfrdamlhls' .Kkh lsÍï i`oyd th
ú'.d'n' 12𝑉 jQ o wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh 𝑟 = 2Ω jQ o ksh; laIu;d m%Njhla f,i i,lkak' 𝐿 hkq negß
wdfrdamlh yryd iïnkaO lr we;s m%;sfrdaOh 𝑟𝐿 = 2Ω jQ o¾Yl mykls' wdfrdamK l%shdj,sfha tla;rd
fudfyd;l oS 𝑌 negrsfha ú'.d'n' iy tys wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh 𝐸2 iy 𝑟2 u.ska ksrEmKh lrhs' tu fudfydf;a
oS 𝑟2 = 1Ω iy 𝑌 yryd Odrdj 1𝐴 kï"
(i) tu fudfydf;a oS 𝑌 negßfha 𝐸2 ú'.d'n' .Kkh lrkak'
(ii) tu fudfydf;a oS negß wdfrdamlh u.ska W;amdokh lrkq ,nk laIu;dj o 𝑟, 𝑟2 iy 𝑟𝐿 u.ska W;ai¾ckh
lrkq ,nk laIu;dj o .Kkh lrkak'
(iii) tu fudfydf;a oS wdfrdamK l%shdj,sh i`oyd Yla;s ixiaÓ;s uQ,O¾uh fhdod.ksñka" negß wdfrdamlh u.ska
W;amdokh l< wu;r laIu;djhg isÿ jQfha l=ula oeZhs meyeos,s lrkak'

2016 A/L
(𝑎) m%;sfrdaOh R jq m%;sfrdaOhla yryd 𝐼 Odrdjla" 𝑡 ld,hla ;=< hejq úg ydks jk Yla;sh (𝑊) i|yd m%ldYkhla
,shkak'
(𝑏) úÿ,s ú,dhlhla hkq ;=kS f,day lïìhla wka;¾.; l=vd uQ,djhjhls' ks¾foaYs; Odrdj,g jvd jeä Odrd (wêNdr
Odrd iy ¨yqj;a mßm: ksid ) .,d hEu ksid úoHq;a$bf,lafg%daksl mßm:j,g isÿ jk ydksh j<lajd .ekSug tajd
yd fYa%K.
s ;j úÿ,s ú,dhl iïnkaO lr we;' lsishï mßm:hl ú,dhlh yryd Odrdj" mßm:fha ks¾foaYs; Odrd
w.hg jvd jeä jq úg ú,dhlh oeù ^øj ù& f.dia mßm:h cj m%Njfhka úikaê fõ' úÿ,s ú,dhl f;dard .kq
,nkafka tajdfha m%udKk" mßm:j, ks¾foaY;
s Odrd w.hkag iudk jk mßÈ h'

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(i) ú,dhlhla 𝑅 Ndr m%;sfrdaOhla iys; mßm:hlg iïnkaO ú,dhl lïìh
lrkafka flfia oehs (1) rEmfha fmkajd we;'
tla;rd ú,dhlhl Odrdj 5 𝐴 f,i m%udKkh lr we;'
ú,dhl lïìfha È. 3 cm o tys wrh 0.1mm o ^yrialv 𝑅
j¾.M,h ∽ 3 × 10−8 𝑚2 ), iy 25 °C § lïìh idod we;s
øjHfha m%;sfrdaOl;dj 1.7 × 10−8 Ω m o kï" ldur WIaK;ajh ^1& rEmh
jk 25 °ys § ú,dhl lïìfha m%;sfrdaOh .Kkh lrkak.
(ii) ú,dhlh (i) ys i|yka l< m%udKkfhka ls%hd;aul jk úg" wkjr; wjia:dfõ § ú,dhl lïìfhka ckkh jk
iïmQ¾K ;dmh" ú,dhlh oeù hdulska f;drj mßirhg ydks fõ. 5 𝐴
ú,dhlfhka ta wdldrhg ydks jk laIu;dj .Kkh lrkak' WIaK;aj mrdih ;=< ú,dhl lïìfha
m%;sfrdaOfhys idudkH w.h (𝑏) (i) ys .Kkh l< w.h fuka mia.=Khla f,i .kak'
(iii) úÿ,s ú,dhl ksIamdolhka isÿ lrk tla mÍlaId lsÍula jkafka úÿ,s ú,dhlhla 𝐼0
wdikak jYfhka tla ñ,s ;;amrhl § øj ùug ^oeùug& wjYH Odrd iamkaohl
úia;drh fiùuhs' (2) rEmfha fmkajd we;s" ñ,s ;;amr tll ld,hla iys;
iDcqfldaKdi%dldr Odrd iamkaoh i,ld (𝑏) (i) ys § we;s ú,dhl lïìh øj lsÍug
wjYH iamkaofha 𝐼0 WÉp Odrdj .Kkh lrkak' fuu ;;ajh hgf;a § mßirhg isÿ
jk ;dm ydksh fkdie,lsh yels ;rï l=vd hehs Wml,amkh lrkak . (𝑏) (i) ys § we;s
ú,dhl lïìfha ialkaOh 7.5 × 10−6 kg f,i iy WIaK;aj mrdih ;=< ú,dhl 1 ms

lïìfha m%;sfrdaOfhys idudkH w.h (𝑏) (i) ys .Kkh l< w.h fuka mia.=Khla
(2) rEmh

f,i .kak' ú,dhl lïìh idod we;s øjHfha úYsIag ;dm Odß;dj 390 J
kg −1 °𝐶 −1 fõ' ú,dhl lïìh idod we;s øjHfha øjdxlh 1075 °C fõ.

(iv) (3) rEmfha fmkajd we;s wdldrhg 230 V fjda,aàh;djla fhdod we;s
5𝐴 𝑋
Ndrhla iys; mßm:h 𝑋𝑌 ys § ¨yqj;a ù we;s wjia:djla
i,lkak' fuu wjia:dfõ § 5 𝐴 ú,dhlhla yryd Odrdj
230 𝑉 𝑅
.Kkh lrkak' (𝑏) (iii) ys ,nd .;a m%;sM, Ndú;fhka fuys
§ ñ,s;;amr 1 lg m%:u ú,dhlh oeù hk nj fmkajkak'
(fuys ,efnk Odrdj iDcqfldaKdi%dldr Odrd iamkaohla f,i (3) rEmh 𝑌
Wml,amkh lrkak.)
(v) 1 μs ld,hla ;=< we;s jk 500 𝐴 iDcqfldaKdi%dldr mgq Odrd iamkaOkhla 5 𝐴 ú,dhlhla yryd .uka lrhs'
fuu wjia:dfõ § ú,dhlh oeù hhs o@ iqÿiq .Kkh lsÍula Ndú;fhka Tfí ms<s;=r i;Hdmkh lrkak '

S
2018 A/L
^1& rEmfha fmkajd we;s mßm:fha 5𝑉 fldaIhg we;af;a fkd.sKh
s yels wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOhls' 𝑍 hkq
5V Z
m%;sfrdaOlhls'

(a) 𝑆 iaúÉph jeiQ miq 𝑍 m%;sfrdaOlfha w.h 1 𝑘 Ω jk úg tys CIu;d ydksh .Kkh ^1& rEmh
lrkak' C B

(b) ^2& rEmfha fmkajd we;s iDcqfldaKdi%dldr ABCD fjda,aàh;d iamkaoh we;s lsÍu 5V
i|yd ±ka iaúÉph jrla ixjD; lr újD; lrkq ,efí'
10 ms
D A
^2& rEmh

fjda,aàh;d iamkaofha úia;drh iy m<, ms<sfj,ska 5V iy 10 ms fõ' iamkaoh we;s l< úg th mßm:h ;=<ska 2 ×
106 m s −1 fõ.hla iys; j .uka lrhs' mßm:h ;=<ska .uka lrk úg iamkaofha iDcqfldaKdi%dldr yevh fkdfjkiaj
mj;sk nj Wml,amkh lrkak'

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(i) 2𝑐𝑚 È.la iys; 𝑧 m%;sfrdaOlfha os. yryd .uka lsrSug fjda,aàh;d iamkaofha 𝐴𝐵 nEjqug fldmuK
ld,hla .; fõo@
(ii) 𝑍 m%;sfrdaOlfha iïmQ¾K È. yrydu 5𝑉 uq¿ fjda,aàh;dj wdikak jYfhka fldmuK ld,hla mj;S o@
(iii) 𝑍 m%;sfrdaOlfha w.h 1 𝑘Ω f,i Wml,amkh lrñka m%;sfrdOlh ;=< fjda,aàh;d iamkaoh u.ska ydks
lrkq ,nk Yla;sh .Kkh lrkak'
(c) ^3& rEmfha fmkajd we;s iDcqfldaKdi%dldr fjda,aàh;d ;rx. wdlD;sh ,nd .ekSu i|yd ±ka S iaúÉph wLKavj
ixjD; iy újD; lrkq ,efí'
5 ms
5V
↔
1 ms ^3& rEmh

^3& rEmfha fmkajd we;s mrsos iamkaohl m<< 1 𝑚𝑠 iy fjda,à

a h;d ;rx. wdlD;sfha wdj¾; ld,h 5 𝑚𝑠 fõ'
fuu ;;a;ajh hgf;a 𝑍 m%;sfrdaOlfha w.h 1 𝑘Ω jk úg th ;=< CIu;d ydksh .Kkh lrkak'

(d) 𝑌 iamkaok Odrd m%Njhla u.ska ksmojk ,o úia;drh 𝐼0 iy m<, 𝑇0 jQ

iDcqfldaKdi%dldr Odrd iamkaohla ^4& rEmfha fmkajd we;s mßos È. ℓ1 𝐼0 𝑇0 𝑙1

iy ℓ2 jk m%;sfrdaOl lïì folla ;=<g .uka lrhs'

𝑌 𝑙2
mßm:fha we;s wfkla iEu iïnkaOl lïìhlu fkd.sKsh yels m%;sfrdaO we;ehs
Wml,amkh lrkak' È. ℓ1 iy ℓ2 o tl tflys yrialv lafIa;%M,h 𝐴 o jQ ^4& rEmh

m%;sfrdaOl lïì fol idod we;af;a m%;sfrdaOl;dj 𝜌 jk øjHhlsks'

(i) 𝑅1 iy 𝑅2 hkq ms<sfj,ska È. ℓ1 iy ℓ2 jk lïìj, m%;sfrdaO kï" 𝑅1 iy 𝑅2 i|yd m%ldYk ,shkak'
(ii) ℓ1 iy ℓ2 jk lïì yryd ms<sfj,ska .uka lrk Odrd iamkaohkaf.a 𝐼1 iy 𝐼2 úia;dr i|yd m%ldYk 𝐼0 , ℓ1
iy ℓ2 weiqßka jHq;amkak lrkak'

(e) ^5& rEmfha fmkajd we;s mßÈ jdhquh 𝑋 lsrK wkdjrlhla iqÿiq 𝑋 − lsrK f*dfgdakh
jdhqjlska jg ù we;s È. 𝐿 jQ 𝑃𝑄 m%;sfrdaOl wefkdav lïìhlska
iukaú; h' ^5& rEmfha fmkajd we;s mßÈ mgq bf,lafg%dak iamkaohla
jdhqj
wefkdav lïìfhys 𝑆 ,CIHhg wdikakj jdhqj ;=< we;s lrñka 𝑋
𝑣 𝑆 𝑣
lsrK f*dafgdakhla jdhqj u.ska wjfYdaIKh lr.;af;a hehs is;uq' 𝑃 𝑄
𝑥
fuu bf,lafg%dak iamkaoh jdhqfjka weof.k 𝑃𝑄 wefkdav lïìh u;
𝐿
𝑆 ,CIHfha § bf,lafg%dak Odrd iamkaohla we;s lsÍfï yelshdjla
wefkdav lïìhg we;' wk;=rej bf,lafg%dak Odrd iamkaoh folg fn§ ^5& rEmh

𝑣 fõ.fhka lïìfha fome;a;g .uka lrhs'

∆𝑡 hkq bf,lafg%dak Odrd iamkao fol wefkdav lïìfha 𝑃 iy 𝑄 fofl<jrg <`.d ùug .kakd ld,hka w;r mr;rh kï"
𝑋 − lsrK f*dafgdakh wjfYdaIKh lr.;a 𝑆 ,CIHhg 𝑃 ,CIHfha isg ÿr jk 𝑥 i|yd m%ldYkhla ∆𝑡, 𝑣 iy 𝐿 u.ska
jHq;amkak lrkak'

2019 A/L
(a) úoHq;a m%Njhla u.ska tall wdfrdamKhla u; isoq lrk ld¾h m%udKh m%Njfha úoHq;a .dul n,h (𝑒𝑚𝑓) f,i
w¾: olajkq ,efí'
fuu w¾: ±laùu Ndú; lrñka"
(i) úoHq;a .dul n,fhys tall ks¾Kh lrkak'
(ii) m%Njhla u.ska ckkh lrk CIu;dj i|yd m%ldYkhla tys úoHq;a .dul n,h 𝐸 iy th yryd .,k
Odrdj 𝐼 weiqfrka ,nd .kak'

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(b) úoHq;a .dul n,h 𝐸 iy wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh 𝑟 jk m%Njhla" m%;sfrdaOh 𝑅 jQ ndysr m%;sfrdaOlhlg iïnkaO
lrkq ,efí' 𝑡 ld,hl § mßm:fha W;ai¾ckh jk uq¿ Yla;sh i|yd m%ldYkhla 𝐸, 𝑟, 𝑅 iy 𝑡 weiqfrka ,nd
.kak'
m%Odk ,dïmq

(c) ^1& rEmfha mßm:fhka ±lafjk mßÈ" fudag¾ r:hl" l%shdrïNl

fudagrhg (𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟) iy m%Odk ,dïmqj,g cjh ,nd fok 𝑆1

úoHq;a-ridhksl negßhla i,lkak' tla tla m%Odk ,dïmqfõ m%u; 𝐴

CIu;dj (𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟) 60𝑊 fõ' negßfha wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh l%shdrïNl fudagrh
0.03 Ω fõ' weógrh mßmQ¾K weógrhla f,i l%shd lrk nj i,lkak' 𝑀
𝑆2
fudag¾ r:h mK.kajd fkdue;sj ^ 𝑆2 újD;j& m%Odk ,dïmq muKla
±,ajQfha ^ 𝑆1 ixjD;& kï" fjda,aÜógrh 12.0𝑉 w.hla fmkajhs' 𝑉
fudag¾ r: negßh
i) weógrfha mdGdxlh l=ula o@
ii) m%Odk ,dïmqjl m%;sfrdaOh l=ula o@
𝐸 𝑟 = 0.03Ω
iii) negßfha úoHq;a .dul n,h .Kkh lrkak'
^1& rEmh

b) m%Odk ,dïmq o,ajd we;s úfgl oS l%shdrïNl fudagrh il%Sh l< ieKska (𝑆2 ixjD; l< ieKska) weógrh 8.0 𝐴
w.hla fmkajhs' túg"
(i) l%shdrïNl fudagrh yryd Odrdj iy
(ii) l%shdrïNl fudagrfha m%;sfrdaOh .Kkh lrkak'
(e) m%Odk ,dïmq o,ajd we;s úg § l%shdrïNl fudagrfha wdfïprh N%uKh jk úg ls%hdrïNl fudagrh yryd
Odrdj 34.2𝐴 iy fjda,aÜógrfha mdGdxlh 11.0𝑉 fõ'
fuúg" l%shdrïNl fudagrfha"
(i) m%;súoHQ;a .dul n,h" iy
(ii) ld¾hCIu;dj
.Kkh lrkak'
(f) fudagrfha m%;súoHq;a .dul n,h 𝐸𝑏 th yryd .,k Odrdj iu. úp,kfha o< igykla w|skak'
(g) tla;rd rd;%shl ßhÿre ,dïmq ksjd fkdoud fudag¾ r:h kj;d ;enQ ksid negßh ie,lsh hq;= f,i úi¾ckh
úh' tys m%;sM,hla f,i negßfha úoHq;a .dul n,h 10.8𝑉 olajd wvq ù tys wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh 0.24Ω olajd
jeä úh' negßfha isÿ jQ úi¾ckh ksid l%shdrïNl fudagr yryd .,k ,o Odrdj th lrleùug m%udKj;a
fkdù h' fuu wjia:dfõ § l%shdrïNl fudagrh yryd Odrdj fidhkak'
(h) by; (𝑔) ys i|yka l< wjia:dfõ § ßhÿre úiska úoHq;a .dul n,h 12.3 𝑉 iy wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh 0.02 Ω
jQ ndysr negßhla fudag¾ r:h mekakqï l%shdrïN (𝑗𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡) lsÍug Ndú; lrk ,§' fï i|yd ndysr negßh
úi¾ckh jQ negßh iu. tlsfkflys m%;sfrdaOh 0.015 Ω jQ cïm¾ flan,a (𝑗𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠) folla u.ska
iïnkaO lr wk;=rej fudag¾ r:h mK.ekajQfha h'
(i) fudag¾ r:h mekakqï l%shdrïN lsÍfï § ndysr negßh úi¾ckh jQ negßh iu. iïnkaO lrk wdldrh
mßm: rEmigykl we| olajkak'
(ii) tkacsu mK.kajk úg § l%shdrïNl fudagrh yryd .,k Wmßu Odrdj .Kkh lrkak'
𝑉
2020 A/L
(a) (i) 𝑅 m%;sfrdaOhla yryd 𝐼 ir, Odrdjla (𝑑. 𝑐. ) 𝑡 ld,hla ;=< .,d hdfï 𝐷
𝐶
oS W;ai¾ckh jk Yla;sh i|yd m%ldYkhla ,shkak'
𝐵
(ii) ihskdldr m%;Hdj¾; fjda,aàh;djhla 𝑉, ld,h 𝑡 iu`. úp,kh jk 𝐴
wdldrh ^1& rEmfha oelafõ' j¾. uOHkH uQ, fjda,aàh;djh 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑡
i|yd m%ldYkhla WÉp fjda,aàh;djh 𝑉𝑃 weiqßka ,shkak'

(1) rEmh
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(iii) ^1& rEmfha fmkajd we;s 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 yd 𝐷 f¾Ld weiqßka ms<sfj<ska 𝑉𝑃 yd 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 ksrEmKh jkafka l=uk f¾Ld
u.ska o@
(iv) ÿria: wê fjda,aàh;d úÿ,s iïfm%aIKfha oS m%;Hdj¾; fjda,à
a h;d fhdod .ekSfï m%Odk jdishla ,shkak'
(v) by; (𝑎)(i) ys Yla;s W;ai¾ckh i|yd ,nd .;a m%ldYkh m%;Hdj¾; Odrd i|yd kej; ilia lr ,shkak'

(b) (i) m%;Hdj¾; cj iemhqulg iïnkaO lrk ,o úoHq;a mßm:hl fldgila ^2& rEmfha oelafõ'
yrialv lafIa;%M,h 1 𝑚𝑚2 yd os. 10 𝑚 jQ 𝐴𝐵 ;U lïìhla u.ska
my; úoHq;a WmlrK 230 𝑉 jQ m%odkhg iïnkaO lr we;' 𝐴𝐵 yryd
we;sjk úNj neiau fkdi,ld yeßh yels ;rï l=vd hehs i,lkak'
𝐿1 − iy,a msisk W`ÿk (Rice cooker) 1200 W
𝐿2 − YS;lrKh 300 W
𝐿3 − úÿ,s fla;,h 800 W
(i) lïìh ;=<ska .,k Wmßu Odrdj .Kkh lrkak'
(ii) lïìh ;=<ska Wmßu Odrdj 10 𝑠 l ld,hla ;=< .,d .sfha kï
tys WIAK;ajh by< .sh m%udKh .Kkh lrkak' lïìh iïmQ¾Kfhkau ;dm mßjrKh lr we;ehs
iy ndysr mßirhg ;dmh ydks fkdfõ hehs i,lkak' lïìfha ialkaOh 100 𝑔 ls' ;Uj,
m%;sfrdaOl;dj iy úYsIag ;dm Odß;dj ms<sfj<ska 1.8 × 10−8 Ω 𝑚 iy 360 𝐽 𝑘𝑔−1 0 𝐶 −1 fõ'
(iii) wê Odrd .,d hk wjia:dj, oS ;ks ;U lïìhla fjkqjg lïì lsym
s hla iudka;rj tl;= fldg
idok ,o ixhqla; lïìhla Ndú; lrhs' fuu ieleiau ;dm W;ai¾ckh wju lrkafka flfia oehs
meyeos,s lrkak'

(c) úÿ,s ógrhla u.ska úoHq;a Yla;s mßfNdackh m%udKh

N
k W h j,ska ukskq ,nhs' tys we;s ;=kS we¨ñkshï ;eáh iaÓr
N%uKh lrùu i|yd iq<s Odrd fhdod .kS' we¨ñkshï pqï lh
legh
;eáh N%uKh jk jg .Kk úoHq;a Yla;s mßfNdackhg S

wkqf,dauj iudkqmd;sl fõ'

(3) rEmh (4) rEmh
(i) ^3& rEmfha oelafjk mßos ;eáfha ;,hg ,ïnlj
isriaj by<ska mßkd,sldjla ;nd we;' rEmfha olajd we;s osYdjg wkqj mßkd,sldj ;=<ska .,d hk Odrdj
jeä fõ hehs i,lkak' ^3& rEmh ms<s;=re m;%hg msgm;a lr mßkd,sldj ;=<ska .,d hk Odrdj ksid we;s
jk pqïnl i%dj f¾Ld iy ;eáh u; we;sjk iq<s Odrd tajdfha osYdjka olajñka w|skak'
(ii) úÿ,s mßfNdackhg k;r jQ miq ;eáfha we;s ksoyia N%uK k;r lsÍu i|yd iaÓr pqïnlhla fhdod we;s
wdldrh ^4& rEmfha oelafõ' ;eáfha ukaokh isÿjk wdldrh meyeos,s lrkak'

(d) tla;rd ksjil lsishï oskhl oS miajre 6'00 isg miajre 10'00 w;r ld,fhaoS ;eáh ñks;a;=jlg lerflk jg
.Kk (𝑟. 𝑝. 𝑚) ukskq ,efí' tys isÿjQ úp,kh ^5& rEmfha oelafõ' úÿ,s ógrh l%udxlkh lr we;a f;a N%uK 500
la 1 k W h g iul jk mßos h'
(i) miajre 8'30 úoHQ;a CIu;d mßfNdackh .Kkh lrkak' r.p.m.
(ii) miajre 7'00 isg miajre 9'00 olajd úÿ,s tallhl ñ,
tla k W h hlg re' 40'00 f,i;a wfkla fõ,djka i|yd
tla 1 k W h hlg re'10'00 f,i;a fõ kï" miajre 6'00
isg miajre 10'00 olajd ld,h ;=< oS whúh hq;= uq¿
uqo, .Kkh lrkak'
ld,h ^miajre&
6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00
(5) rEmh

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Odrd úoHq;h wdY%s; miq.sh úNd. rpkd i`oyd ms<s;=re

𝑉𝑚
2000 A/L 𝑅=
𝑉𝑚
𝐼𝑚 −
(a) (i) Odrdj 𝐼 kï n,anhg 𝑊 = 𝑉𝐼 𝑅𝑣
𝑉𝑚 𝑅𝑣
60 = 12𝐼 𝑅= ^,'01&
𝐼𝑚 𝑅𝑣 −𝑉𝑚

𝐼 = 5𝐴
úl,am l%uh
(ii) 1 𝑚2 l we;s ikakdhl bf,lafg%dak .Kk 𝑛 kï" 𝑅 iy 𝑅𝑣 ys iul m%;sfrdaOh 𝑅𝑒 kï"
6.0 × 1023 𝑉𝑚 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑅𝑒 ^,'01&
𝑛= × 9 × 103 𝑅𝑉 𝑅
63 × 10−3 𝑅𝑒 = ^,'01&
𝑅𝑉 +𝑅
= 8.6 × 1028 𝑚−3 𝑅 𝑅 𝑉𝑚 𝑅𝑣
𝑉𝑚 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑉 ⇒ 𝑅= ^,'01&
𝑅 +𝑅
𝑉 𝐼𝑚 𝑅𝑣 −𝑉𝑚
^8.6 × 1028 yd 8.7 × 1028 w;r w.hla&
(iii) 𝐼 = 𝑛𝐴𝑉𝑑 𝑒
(iii) 300 𝐶 oS 𝑉𝑚 = 4.0𝑉 iy 𝐼𝑚 = 0.02𝐴
−4 −1
𝑉𝑑 = 2.4 × 10 𝑚𝑠 ∴𝑅 =
4.0×1 000
^,'01&
0.02×1 000−4.0
^2.3 × 10−4 yd 2.5 × 10−4 w;r w.hla& = 250Ω^,'01&
4300 𝐶 oS 𝑉𝑚 = 4.05𝑉 iy 𝑉 iy 𝐼𝑚 = 0.018𝐴
1 2 3 4.05 × 1000
(iv) 𝑚𝑉𝑟.𝑚.𝑠 = 𝑘𝑇 ∴𝑅=
2 2 0.018 × 1000 − 4.05
3𝑘𝑇 = 290Ω(290 ± 1Ω) ^,'01&
𝑉𝑟.𝑚.𝑠. = √
𝑚
m%;sfrdaOfha WIaK;aj ix.=Klh 𝜶 kï
3×1.4×10−23 ×300 𝑅𝜃 = 𝑅0 [1 + 𝛼(𝜃 − 0)]
=√
9.1×10−31 250 = 𝑅0 [1 + 𝛼(30 − 0)] ^,'01&
= 1.2 × 105 𝑚 𝑠 −1 290 = 𝑅0 [1 + 𝛼(430 − 0)] ^,'01&
(𝑅430 = 𝑅30 [1 + 𝛼(430 − 30)] Ndú;d fldg we;akï by;
^1.1 × 105 yd 1.3 × 105 w;r w.hla&
,l=Kq foflka tlla muKla ,efí)
𝑉𝑟.𝑚.𝑠. hkq ix>Ügk w;frys bf,lafg%dak j, p,s;fha 𝛼 = 4.0 × 10−4 0 𝐶 −1 (4.0 − 4.1) × 10−4 0 𝐶 −1 ^,'01&
m%fõ.h ms<sn| ñkquls' ^tlla jeros kï ,l=Kla lmd yef¾'&
kuq;a 𝑉𝑑 hkq úoHq;a lafIA;%fha osYdj osf.a bf,lafg%dak j,
p,s;fha m%fõ.h ms<sn| ñkquls' tksid 𝑉𝑑 iy 𝑉𝑟.𝑚.𝑠. w;r (iv) mßm:hg lZfpdma kshuh fhoSfuka
úYd, fjkila we;' 𝐸 = 𝑉𝑚 + 𝐼𝑚 𝑅1 ^,'01&
1 300 𝐶 oS 𝑉𝑚 4.0𝑉 iy 𝐼𝑚 = 0.02𝐴
(v) ld,h = 𝐸 = 4.00 + 0.020𝑅1 ^,'01&
2.4×10−4

= 4.2 × 103 𝑠 4300 𝐶 oS 𝑉𝑚 = 4.5𝑉 iy 𝐼𝑚 = 0.018𝐴

𝐸 = 4.05 + 0.018𝑅1
^4.0 × 103 yd 4.4 × 103 w;r w.hla&
iaúph oukjd;a iu.u lïìh ;=, úoHq;a lafIA;%hla f.dv ∴ 𝑅1 = 25Ω
kef.a' ish¨ u bf,lafg%dak tljr lïìh osf.a p,kh ùug iy 𝐸 = 4.5𝑉

mgka .kS' tneúka n,anh ieKlska oe,afõ' fuu isoê

a h
bf,lafg%dakhka lïìfha tla fl<jrl isg wfkla fl<jrg 2002A/L
hEug .; jk ld,h iu. iïnkaOhla fkdolajhs' (i) .e,ajfkdañgrh yryd .,k
Odrdj Y=kH jQ úg
𝐸 = 𝐼(𝑃 + 𝑄 + 𝑟) ^,'01&
2001 A/L 𝐸0 = 𝐼𝑃 ^,'01&
𝑉𝑚 𝐸 𝑃+𝑄+𝑟
(i) 𝑅= ^,'01& ⇒ = ^,'01&
𝐼𝑚 𝐸0 𝑃

(ii) 𝑃 = 20Ω iy 𝑄 = 17Ω jkúg

𝑰𝑽 𝑹𝑽 (1) ⇒
𝐸
=
20+17+𝑟
^,'01&
1.0 20

𝑃 = 40Ω iy 𝑄 = 35Ω jk úg
𝑹𝟏
𝐸 40+35+𝑟
= ^,'01&
1.0 40
𝑰 𝑰𝒎

𝐼 = 𝐼𝑚 − 𝐼𝑣 ^,'01&
𝑉𝑚
𝑅= ^,'01&
𝐼𝑚 −𝐼𝑉

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s a ,shkf.a 15
 Odrd úoHq;h iqc;
s a ,shkf.a
(i) (a) 99𝑉
(b) 50𝑉(49.9𝑉/49.5 − 50𝑉)
úl,am l%uh
.e,ajfkdaógrh yryd .,k Odrdj Y=kH jQ úg (ii) ^fjda,aÜógrfha wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh hkq tys w.% w;r
𝐸𝑉 we;s m%;sfrdaOhhs & tuksid 𝑅𝑖 wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOhla we;s
𝑃 yryd .,k Odrdj 𝑃, 𝐼 =
𝑃
fjdda,aÜógrhla hï m%;sfrdaOhla yryd iïnkaO l< úg
túg 𝐸 − 𝐼 𝑟 = 𝐼(𝑃 + 𝑄)
𝑅𝑖 , tu m%;sfrdaOh yd iu`. iudka;r.;j iïnkaO fõ'
𝑃 = 20Ω iy 𝑄 = 17Ω jk úg
tu ksid 𝑉𝐼 mßmQ¾K fjda,aÜógrh u.ska tu m%;sfrdaO
1.0 1.0
𝐸− 𝑟= × 37 ixhqla;h yryd kshu$ i;H$fjda,aàh;djh ,ndfoa'
20 20
i;H$kshu fjda,aàh;d w.hhka uek .; yelafla
𝑃 = 40Ω iy 𝑄 = 35Ω jk úg
ixhqla; yryd mßmQ¾K fjda,aÜógrhla iïnkaO lsÍfuka
1.0 1.0
𝐸− 𝑟= × 75 muKs'
40 40
(iii) Tõ
^1& yd ^2& iólrK úi`ÿ úg
ix;=,k wjia:dfõoS 𝑋𝑃 yd 𝑌𝑄 Tiafia .,k Odrdj Y=kH
𝐸 = (1.9 ± 0.1)𝑉 ^,'01&
fõ' $ Odrdjla fkd.,hs' fyda 𝑋𝑌 w.% lsisÿ Odrdjla weo
𝑟 = 1Ω(±0.2) ^,'01&
fkd.kS'
(ii) m%;sfrdaOh 𝑅 jk ksfl%daï lïìhlska 𝑃 m%;sia:dmkh l< úg .e,ajfkdaógrh yryd .,k Odrdj Y=kH fõ' tuksid
𝑄 = 53Ω úNjudkh ^ndysr& mßm:fhka Odrdjla weo fkd.kS'
1.9 𝑅+53+1
^1& ⇒ = ^,'02&
1.0 𝑅
𝑅 = 60Ω ^,'01&
(iv) 𝑉𝐴𝐵 = 100 × 0.5 × 10−3
m%;sfrdaOl;dj 𝜌 fokq ,nkafka
= 0.05𝑉 ^,'01&
𝑅𝐴 𝜌𝑙 𝑉𝐴𝐵 = 𝑘𝑙1 ^,'01&
𝜌= (𝑂𝑅 𝑅 = )
ℓ 𝐴 0.05 5 × 10−2
60 × (3 × 10−7 ) ∴𝑘= =
𝜌= 40 40
10 𝑉𝐶𝐷 = 250 × 𝐼𝐶𝐷
𝜌 = 1.8 × 10−6 Ω𝑚(±0.2) ^,'02& = 𝐾𝐼2 ^,'01&
𝐾𝐼2 5 × 10−2 20 5 × 10−2
^,l=Kq 02 u ,nd.ekSug kï ksjeros tallh iys; ksjeros ∴ 𝐼𝐶𝐷 = = × =
250 40 250 500
w.h ;sìh hq;=hs'& 10−1
ksfl%daï lïìh yry .,k Odrdj = = 10−4
1000
𝐸0 1.0 = 10−4 𝐴(0.1𝑚𝐴) ^,'01&
𝐼= =
𝑅 60 𝐼𝐵𝐹 = 0.5𝑚𝐴 − 0.1𝑚𝐴 ^,'01&
= 0.017(±0.001)𝐴𝑜𝑟[(17)1𝑚𝐴] ^,'01& = 0.4𝑚𝐴(4 × 10−4 𝐴)
∴ 𝑉𝐵𝐹 = 0.4 × 10−3 𝑅2 ^,'01&
(iii) .e,ajfkdañgrfha iy iïu; fldaIfha wdrCIdjg ke;skï
5 × 10−2
tajd ;=<ska wêl Odrdjla .e,Su je<elaúug ^tla WmlrKhla = × 64
40
muKla i`oyka lsÍu iEfya& ^,'01& 5 × 10−2 × 64 5 × 64
= 𝑘𝐼3 = = × 101
úp,H m%;sfrdaOhla $ m%;sfrdaO fmÜáhla $ Odrdkshdulhla 40 × 4 × 10−4 16
= 200Ω ^,'01&
𝑆 ys úYd, w.hla iu`. ix;=,k ,laIH o< jYfhka ,nd
.kak' ^,'01&
B<`.g ksjerosj ix;=,k ,laIH fidhd .ekSu i`oyd 𝑆
2004 A/L
l%ufhka wvq lrkak'^,'01&
(i)
bkamiq 𝑆 ¨yqj;a lrkak ^,'01&'
ix;=,k ,CIHh fidhd .kak'

2003 A/L
(a) ;d;aúl fjda,aÜógrhlg mßñ; m%;sfrdaOhla we;' ^,'01&
mßmq¾K fjda,aÜógrhlg wkka; m%;sfrdaOhla we;' ^b;d
by<& 𝑅 m%;sfrdaOh ;=<ska .,k Odrdj 𝐼 f,i .ksuq'
𝐸
fyda 𝐼= fhoSfuka
𝑅+𝑟
^;d;aúl fjda,aÜñgrhla Y=kH fkdjk $ hï $ mßñ; Odrdjla 12
𝐼=
𝑅+2
weo.kS $.uka lrhs'&
𝑅 m%;sfrdaOhg ixl%duKh lrk laIu;djh 𝑃 kï"
^mßmQ¾K fjda,aÜñgrhla lsisÿ Odrdjla weo fkd.kS$ mßmq¾K 𝑃 = 𝐼2 𝑅
fjda,aÜñgrhl .,k Odrdj Y=kHh&

Current electricity | Physics 2021 - Revision iqc;

s a ,shkf.a 16
 Odrd úoHq;h iqc;
s a ,shkf.a
2 𝐸
12 (v) (a) negßfhka weo .kakd Odrdj =
𝑃=[ ] 𝑅 𝑅+𝑟
𝑅+2 12
12 2 =
(a) 𝑅 = 1Ω jk úg 𝑃 = [ ] × 1 2+2
3
= 3𝐴
= 16 𝑊 90𝐴ℎ
negßh u.ska laIu;dj ,ndosh yels ld,h =
3𝐴
12 2 = 30ℎ
(b) 𝑅 = 2Ω jk úg 𝑃 = [ ] × 2
4
(b) 30𝑚𝑖𝑛 ;=,oS" negßfha wNHka;rfhys W;ai¾ckh jk
= 18 𝑊
;dmh = 𝐼2 𝑟𝑡
12 2
(c) 𝑅 = 3Ω jk úg 𝑃 = [ ] × 3 WIaK;ajh ke.Su Δ𝜃 kï
5
= 17.3 𝑊 𝑚𝐶 (Δ𝜃) = 𝐼2 𝑟𝑡
(d) 𝑅 = 0 jk úg 𝑃 = 0 15 × 900 × (∆𝜃) = 32 × 2 × 30 × 60
(e) 𝑅 → ∞ jk úg 𝑃 = 0 ∆𝜃 = 2.40 𝐶
(ii)
𝑷

2005 A/L
(i) (a) E = 12.0V ^,'01& 𝟏𝟎𝑽
𝟏𝟐𝑽
𝟎 𝐸 = 𝐼𝑟 + 𝑉 𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝑽 𝑹
𝑹 𝒓 𝑳
𝟎 12 = 10𝑟 + 11.5 ^,'01&
0.5
(iii) 𝑅 = 𝑟 𝑟= = 0.05Ω ^,'01&
10
(iv) (a) my; l%u 03 ka ´kEu tlla ms<s.kS' (b) m%Odk ,dïmq foflkau W;ai¾ckh jk iïmq¾K laIu;j
𝑅 ndysr m%;sfrdaOh ;=< laIu;d W;ai¾ckh Wmßu jkafka
= 10 × 11.5𝑊
𝑅 = 2Ω úgh'
(1) 𝑹 ndysr m%;sfrdaOh ;=< Wmßu laIu;d W;ai¾ckh = 115𝑊 ^,'01&
= 𝟏𝟖𝑾 tla tla ,dïmqfjka W;ai¾ckh jk laIu;dj (𝑃)
18
∴ Wmßu n,an .Kk = 1
0.36 = × 115𝑊 ^,'01&
2
= 50
n,an .Kk fiúh yels fjk;a l%u = 57.5𝑊 ^,'01&
𝑷
^2& n,anhla ;=,ska hk Odrdj = u.ska (ii) (a) m%Odk ,dïmq i`oyd 10 × 𝑅𝐿 = 11.5
𝑽
0.36 𝑅𝐿 = 1.15Ω
=
6 m%Odk ,dïmq yryd fjda,aàh;djh
= 0.06𝐴
negßfhys laIu;d ixl%duKh Wmßu jkafka" ndysr 𝑉 = 𝑅𝐿 × 8.0 = 1.15 × 8.0
m%;sfrdaOh negßfha wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOhg iudk jk úg = 9.2𝑉
oSh' tksid ndysr m%;sfrdaOh = 2Ω
𝑅 = 2Ω jk úg negßh imhk Odrdj (𝑰 + 𝟖)𝑨
𝐸 𝑰𝑨
=
𝑅+𝑟 𝟏𝟐𝑽 𝑹𝑳 =
12 𝑽 𝑹𝑴
= = 3𝐴 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝛀 𝟏. 𝟏𝟓𝛀
2+2
n,an iudka;r .; f,i ikaê jk ksi Wmßu n,an .Kk
3
=
0.06
= 50 12 = (𝐼 + 80) × 0.05 + 9.2

^3& n,anhl m%;sfrdaOh =

𝑽𝟐
fhoSfuka 𝐼 = 48𝐴 ^,'01&
𝑷
62 tu ksid jdykh l%shd;aul l< fkdyel'^,'01&
= = 100Ω
0.36
úl,am l%uh
negßfha laIu;d W;ai¾ckh Wmßu jkafka 𝑅 = 2Ω jk
úg oS h' 10 × 𝑅𝐿 = 11.5
n,an 𝑛 ixLHdjla iudka;r .; f,i ikaê jq úg iul 𝑅𝐿 = 1.15Ω
100
m%;sfrdaOh = 𝟏𝟎𝑨
𝑛 m%Odk ,dïmq l%uh
100
=2 tla tla ,dïmqfõ m%;sfrdaOh 𝑅
𝑛
𝑛 = 50 f,i .ksuq' 𝑹 𝑹 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝑽
1 1 1
= + ⇒ 𝑅 = 2𝑅𝐿 ^,'01&
(b) 𝑅𝐿 𝑅 𝑅

𝑅 = 2.3Ω ^,'01&
𝟏𝟐𝑽 tla tla ,dïmqfjka jk ;dm W;ai¾ckh
𝑉2 (11.5)2
n,an 50 𝑃= = = 57.5𝑊 ^,'01&
𝑅 2.3

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s a ,shkf.a 17
 Odrd úoHq;h iqc;
s a ,shkf.a
;dm uQ,djhjhka u.ska we;s lrk laIu;d W;ai¾ckh
(𝑰 + 𝟖)𝑨 = 2 × 2.22 × 45
𝑰𝑨 = 435.6𝑊 ^,'01&
𝟏𝟐𝑽 𝑹𝑳 =
𝑽 𝑹𝟒
𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝛀 𝟏. 𝟏𝟓𝛀
úl,am l%uh
;dm uQ,djlhka u.ska we;s lrk laIu;d W;ai¾ckh
𝑉2
Ndú;fhka ,ndf.k we;akï my; mßos ,l=Kq
(ii) (a) m%Odk ,dïmq yryd fjda,aàh;dj 𝑅
fokak'
𝑉 = 𝑅𝐿 × 8.0 = 1.15 × 8.0 ^,'01&
2
= 9.2𝑉 220
×90
(100 ) ^,'01&
90
q fudagrh ;=<ska .,k Odrdj 𝐼 kï"
mk.ekajï
𝐼 = 48𝐴^,'01& = 435.6𝑊 ^,'01&
tu ksid jdykh l%shd;aul l< fkdyel' ^,'01&
(b) fudagrh u.ska we;s lrk laIu;d W;ai¾ckh
9.2 = (2.2)2 × 10 = 48.4𝑊
(b) by; rEmfha 𝑅𝑀 =
48
220 2
×10
= 0.19Ω ^,'01& fyda (100 ) = 48.4𝑊 ^,'01&
10
(0.190 − 0.192)
12 12
(c) 220 = 𝑖(10 + 45) 𝑖 = 4𝐴
(c) 𝐼 = =
0.05+0.19 0.24
𝑰
;dm uQ,djhjhka u.ska we;s lrk laIu;d W;ai¾ckh
= 50𝐴 = 42 × 45 = 720𝑊 ^,'01&
𝟏𝟐𝑽 𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝑽 𝑹
𝑴 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝛀
(49.6𝐴) 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝛀 (d) fudagrh u.ska we;s lrk laIu;d W;ai¾ckh
= 42 × 10 = 160𝑊 ^,'01&
jdykh l%shd;aul l< yel' ^,'01&
(iii) (a) pd,l Yla;sh$hdka;%sl Yla;sh ^jd; wxY=j, yd mxld
50𝐴 fjkqjg 49.6𝐴 ,eî ta wkqj lddrh mK .ekaúh ;,j,&$;dmh $Yíoh$úoHq;a pqïnl Yla;sh
fkdyels hehs ;¾l l<fyd;a fyda 49.6𝐴, 50𝐴 g b;d [ms<s;=re folgu ^,'02&]
wdikak ksid 49.6 𝐴 u.ska ldrh mK .ekaúh yels hehs (b) iaúpfha 𝐵 msyà
s fïoS Odrdj jeäh' ^,'01&
;¾l l<fyd;a uq`M ,l=Kq ,nd.; yel' ^,'01& tu ksid jdhq Odrdfõ fõ.h jeäh'
720
(iii) (a) negßfha wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh jeäùu u.ska mK.ekajï
q iaúph 𝐵 msysàfïoS Wmosk ;dm m%udKh 1.65 l ( )
435.6

fudagrh yryd .,k Odrdj my; fy<hs' $ wvq lrhs' fuu .=Khlska jeä jk kuq;a ^,'01&
wvqjk Odrdj wjYH wjuhg jvd l=vd jqjfyd;a ldrh mK jdhq Odrdfõ fõ.h jeäjkafka 1.8(4/2.2) .=Khlsks'
.ekaúh fkdyels jkq we;' tu ksid iaúph 𝐵 msyà
s fïoS jdhqfõ WIaK;ajh wvq h'

(b) n,anh oe,aùug wjYH Odrdj = 6/12 = 0.5𝐴

(iv) (a) 𝑅𝑡 = 𝑅0 (1 + 𝛼𝑡)
0.5𝐴 jeks l=vd Odrd negßh u.ska ,nd.ekSu m%Yk
a hla
𝑅200 = 𝑅0 (1 + 0.002 × 200)
fkdfõ' ^,'01&
45 = 𝑅0 (1 + 0.002 × 25)
fyda
𝑅200 1 + 0.002 × 200
n,anfha iQ;%sldfõ m%;sfrdaOh =
12×12
= 24Ω =
6 45 1 + 0.002 × 25
tu ksid (i),(a) ys .Kkh l< 0.05Ω w.hg jvd oi 𝑅200 = 60Ω ^,'01&
.=Khlska i,a*kSlrKh jQ negßfha wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh [59.8 − 60.0]
jeä jqj;a mßm:fha .,k Odrdj ie<lsh hq;= ;rulska (b) 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 220/70
fjkia fkdfõ' kuq;a mK.ekajï
q fudagrfha wNHka;r 𝑄 u.ska we;s lrk laIu;d W;ai¾ckh
m%;sfrdaOh b;d l=vd ksid negßfha wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOfha 22 2
= ( ) × 60 = 592.6𝑊 ^,'01&
jeäùu u.ska mßm:fha .,k Odrdj m%n, f,i $ úYd, 7

jYfhka wvq lrhs' wvqùu = 720 − 592.6 = 127.4𝑊

laIu;d W;ai¾ckh wvqjk m%udKh
2006 A/L = 127.4𝑊 [127.3 − 127.4] ^,'01&
𝜌𝑙
(i) 𝑅= (v) mxldfõ fõ.h wvq fõ'
𝐴
10−6 ×0.45 𝑄 jd; Odrdfjka bj;a jk úg WIaK;ajh jeäfõ' fuh ksid
𝑅= ^,'01&
10−8
= 45Ω ^,'01& 𝑄 j, m%;sfrdaOh jeäjk w;r iemhqu wvq ù mxldfõ fõ.h
(ii) (a) 220 = 𝑖(10 + 45 + 45) ^,'01& wvqfõ' ^,'01&
𝑖 = 2.2𝐴 ^,'01&

Current electricity | Physics 2021 - Revision iqc;

s a ,shkf.a 18
 Odrd úoHq;h iqc;
s a ,shkf.a
𝐼2 𝑅1
2008A/L ∴ =
𝐼 𝑅0 +𝑅1 + 𝑅2
(a) 𝑅1 𝑅4 YdLdj Tiafia .,k Odrdj 𝐼1 f,io 𝑅2 𝑅3 YdLdj Tiafia
úl,am l%uh
.,k Odrdj 𝐼2 f,io i,luq' fia;=j ix;=,kh ù
we;súg"^,'02& 𝐼1 𝑅1 = 𝐼2 (𝑅0 +𝑅2 )
𝐼2 𝑅1
𝐼1 𝑅1 = 𝐼2 𝑅2 iy 𝐼2 𝑅3 = 𝐼2 𝑅3 ^,'02& = ^,'01&
𝐼1 𝑅0 +𝑅2
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝐼2 𝑅1
by; iólrK foflka = = ^,'01&
𝑅4 𝑅3 𝐼1 +𝐼2 𝑅0 +𝑅1 +𝑅2

(b) 𝑅3 yer (𝑅 + 𝑟) b;sß ish`M m%;sfrdaO iudk jkúg" 𝐼2 𝑅1

=
𝑉𝐴 =
𝑅+𝑟
𝑉0 (𝑉) ^,'01& 𝐼 𝑅0 +𝑅1 + 𝑅2
𝑅+𝑅+𝑟
𝑅
[fyda 𝑉𝐶 − 𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉0 (𝑉)] (b) (i) 𝑍 w.%h
𝑅+𝑅+𝑟

𝑉𝐵 = (1/2)𝑉0 (𝑉) ^,'01& uhsfl%d - weñgrh yryd .,k Odrdj 100𝜇𝐴 g iSud l<
[fyda 𝑉𝐶 − 𝑉𝐵 = (1/2)𝑉0 (𝑉)] hq;= ksid weógrhg by< Odrdjla meñfKk úg l=vd
𝑅+𝑟 1 m%;sfrdaO w.hlska hq;a Wmm:hla (𝑅1 ) Ndú; l< hq;=h'
∴ 𝑉𝐴𝐵 = [ − ] 𝑉0 (𝑉) ^,'01&
2𝑅+𝑟 2
^fuh m%;súreoaO w;g;a ;¾l l< yel'& tu ksid l=vd
1 𝑅 𝑉0 (𝑉)𝑟
[fyda 𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐵 = [ − ] 𝑉0 (𝑉)] = mrdih f;dard .;a úg jeä m%;sfrdaO w.hlska hq;a Wm
2 2𝑅+𝑟 4𝑅+2𝑟
m:hla (𝑅1 + 𝑅2 ) f;dard .; hq;=h' ^,'01&
(c) (𝑅3 = 𝑅 + 𝑟 iy 𝑅2 = 𝑅 − 𝑟) hk ;;ajh hgf;a 𝐼2 𝑅1 +𝑅2
(ii) 0 − 0.01 𝐴 mrdih i`oyd =
𝑅+𝑟 𝐼 𝑅0 +𝑅1 +𝑅2
𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉 (𝑉)
2𝑅 0 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 100 10−6
=
[fyda 𝑉𝐶 − 𝑉𝐴 =
𝑅−𝑟
𝑉0 (𝑉)] 𝑅0 +𝑅1 + 𝑅2 0.01
2𝑅
100(𝑅1 + 𝑅2 ) = 𝑅0 +𝑅1 + 𝑅2
𝑉𝐵 = (1/2)𝑉0 (𝑉) [fyda 𝑉𝐶 − 𝑉𝐵 = (1/2) 𝑉0 (𝑉)]
𝑅+𝑟 1
𝑅0 g wdfoaY lsÍfuka 99𝑅2 = 1000 − 99 𝑅1
∴ 𝑉𝐴𝐵 = ( − ) 𝑉0 (𝑉)
2𝑅 2 (ii) 0 − 0.1𝐴 mrdih i`oyd
1 𝑅−𝑟
[fyda 𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐵 = ( − ) 𝑉0 (𝑉)] 𝐼2
=
𝑅1
^,'01&
2 2𝑅
𝐼 𝑅0 +𝑅1 +𝑅2
𝑉0 (𝑉)𝑟 𝑅1 100× 10−6
= = ^,'01&
2𝑅 𝑅0 +𝑅1 +𝑅2 0.1

fï whqßka 𝐴𝐵 yryd fjda,aàh;dj fo.=K l< yel' fyda 103 𝑅1 = 𝑅0 +𝑅1 + 𝑅2

(d) f,day m;=r i`oyd 𝑅 = 𝜌

ℓ by; iólrKfha 𝑅0 = 100Ω wdfoaY l< úg^,'01&
𝐴
𝑅2 = 999𝑅1 − 1000
𝐼 jeäjk úg 𝑅 jeäúh hq;=h' 𝑙 jeäjk úg 𝐴 wvqfõ' 𝐴
∴ 99(999𝑅1 − 1000) = 1000 − 99𝑅1 ^,'01&
wvqjk úgo 𝑅 jeäfõ' 𝑅2 =
100
= 1.01^,'01&
99
𝑙2
ke;fyd;a 𝑅 = 𝜌 ^,'01& = 1Ω (1.01Ω)
𝑉
999 × 100
hkak Ndú; fldg 𝑙 jeäjk úg 𝑅 jeäjk nj fmkaúh yel' 𝑅2 = − 1000
99
𝑉 hkq f,day m;=f¾ mßudjhs' = 9Ω (9.09Ω) ^,'01&
(e) (i) 𝑃 m;=f¾ os. jeäfõ' 𝑄 m;=f¾ os. wvqfõ' ^,'01& (iii) 𝟎 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝑨 mrdih i`oyd weógrfha wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh
1 1 1 𝑅0 (𝑅1 +𝑅2 )
(ii)
𝑟
=
1 = + fyda 𝑅𝑖 = ^´kEu wdldrhl
𝑅𝑖 𝑅1 +𝑅2 𝑅0 𝑅0 +𝑅1 +𝑅2
𝑅 100

∴ 𝐴𝐵 yryd cks;jk fjda,aàh;dj ksjeros m%ldYkhla ,súh yel'& ^,'01&

5 𝟎 − 𝟎. 𝟏𝑨 mrdih i`oyd weógrfha wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh
𝐴𝐵 = = 25𝑚𝑉 ^,'01& fyda (2.5 × 10−2 𝑉) ^,'01&
100×2 1 1 1 𝑅1 (𝑅0 +𝑅2 )
= + fyda 𝑅𝑖 = ´kEu wdldrhl ksjeros
(iii) fjda,aÜógrh iïnkaO fldg okakd ;ajrK lsym
s hla i`oyd 𝑅𝑖 𝑅0 +𝑅2 𝑅1 𝑅0 +𝑅1 +𝑅2

𝐴𝐵 yryd fjda,aàh;djhka uek .kak' fjda,aÜógr m%ldYkhla ,súh yel'^,'01&

mßudKh ;ajrKh w.hhka i`oyd l%udxlkh lrkak' (iv) 𝑃 − 𝑋 w.% 0 − 1 𝐴 i`oyd 𝝁𝑨

^,'01&
𝑃 − 𝑌 w.% 0 − 0.1 𝐴 i`oyd
𝑃 − 𝑍 w.% 0 − 0.01 𝐴 i`oyd
2009A/L ^,'01&
(a) lZfpd*a kshuh fhosfuka"
𝒁 𝒀
𝐼2 (𝑅0 + 𝑅2 ) = 𝐼1 𝑅1 ^,'01& 𝑿
= (𝐼 − 𝐼2 )𝑅1 ^,'01&
𝑷 𝑸
𝐼2 (𝑅0 + 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 ) = 𝐼𝑅1 ^,'01&

Current electricity | Physics 2021 - Revision iqc;

s a ,shkf.a 19
 Odrd úoHq;h iqc;
s a ,shkf.a

2010 A/L 2011 A/L

𝑉2
(a) 𝑃 = ^,'01& (a) (i)
𝑅
(b) (i) 𝑅1 m%;sfrdaOlh u.ska we;sjk laIu;d ydksh
𝑪 𝑩 𝑨
10 2 7.52
𝑃𝑅1 = ( ) × 600 fyda ^,'01& 𝒁
800 600 𝑹𝟎
𝑹𝟎
= 0.094 𝑊 fyda 94 𝑚𝑊 ^,'01& 𝑹𝟎
𝟒 𝟐 𝑹𝟎 𝑹𝟎
𝑹𝟎
𝑃𝑅 𝟒 𝟐
𝑃𝑅2 = 1 𝑽𝟎
3
𝒀
∴ 𝑃𝑅2 = 0.031 𝑊 fyda 31 𝑚𝑊 ^,'01&
2 ^1& rEmh
𝑹𝑹𝟐 fiùug úl,am
10 2
𝑅𝑅2 = ( ) × 200
800 𝑍𝑌 w;r iul m%;sfrdaOh 𝑅 kï
𝑅𝑅2 = 0.031𝑊/31𝑚𝑊^,'01& 1
=
1
+
2
+
4
=
7
𝑅=
𝑅0
^,'01&
𝑅 𝑅0 𝑅0 𝑅0 𝑅0 7
(ii) m%;sodk fjda,aàh;dj" 𝑉0 = 0 ^,'01&
𝑅𝑅4 = 𝐼2 𝑅
𝑉2 5 2 𝟕𝑽
𝑃𝑅3 = =( ) × 1.8 × 103
𝑅 5×103
25 (b) 𝑪 𝑩 𝟕𝑽 𝑨
= = 0.0018𝑊
5×103 𝑹𝟎
= 0.005 𝑊 fyda 5 𝑚𝑊^,'01& = 2 𝑚𝑊 fyda 0.002 𝑊 𝑹𝟎 𝑹𝟎
𝑹𝟎 ≡ 𝑽𝟎
^,'01& 𝟒 𝟐 𝒁

(ii) ish¨u m%;sfrdaOlj, m%udKkh jkafka" 0.125 𝑊 𝒁 𝑹′

𝑽𝟎
(iii) uQ,djhjh u.ska mßfNdackh lrk uq`M laIu;dj 𝑃 = 𝐼𝑉
𝒀 𝒀
= 1 × 10−3 × (5 − 1.8)
= 3.2𝑚𝑊 1 rEm igyk 2 rEm igyk
= 3𝑚𝑊 fyda 0.003 𝑊 1 2 4 𝑅0 7 𝑅0
mßm:h u.ska mßfNdackh lrk uq`M laIu;ddj fuys = + 𝑅′ = ^,'01& 𝑉0 = 7 ×
𝑅 𝑅0 𝑅0 6 ( 𝑅0 ) 6
6
= 94 + 31 + 5 + 2 + 3 𝑚𝑊 𝑉0 = 1𝑉 ^,'01&
= 135𝑚𝑊 fyda 0.135𝑊 ^,'01&
𝑅0
(c) (i) yd 𝑅0 iudka;r ixhqla;fha iul m%;sfrdaOh 𝑅′′ fokq
;j;a ksjeros l%uhla my; oelafõ' 4
1 4 1
cj iemhqfuka ,nd.kakd uq`M Odrdj ,nkafka = +
𝑅′′ 𝑅0 𝑅0
10 𝑅0
𝐼= + 0.001 𝑅′′ = ^,'01&
800 5
= 13.5𝑚𝐴 fyda 0.0135𝐴 ^,'01& 𝟕𝑽
mßm:h u.ska mßfNdackh lrk laIu;dj = 𝑉𝐼 (ii)
= 10 × 13.5 × 103 𝑪 𝟕𝑽 𝑩 𝑨 𝟕𝑽
𝑹𝟎
= 135𝑚𝑊 fyda 0.135𝑊 ^,'01& 𝑹𝟎 𝑹𝟎 𝟐 𝑹𝟎
𝑹𝟎
𝟒 𝟐 ≡ 𝑽𝟎 ≡ 𝟐
𝑹𝟎
(iv) ñks;a;= 5 loS mßm:h ckkh lrk ;dmh 𝑽𝟎 𝟓 𝑹𝟎
= 135 × 10−3 × 5 × 60 ^,'01& 𝑹𝟎
𝟒
is,slka lene,a, u.ska wjfYdaIKh lr .kakd ;dmh
= 0.9 × 10−6 × 600 × (𝜃 − 30) ^,'01&
1 rEm igyk 2 rEm igyk 3 rEm igyk
135 × 10−3 × 5 × 60 = 0.9 × 10−6 × 600 × (𝜃 − 30)
iudk lsÍug ^,'01&
𝑉 1 rEm igyk fyda 2 rEm igyk fyda 3 rEm igyk i`oyd
(v) mßm:fha iul m%;sfrdaOh 𝑟𝑒𝑞. =
𝐼 ^,'01&
fuys 𝑉 − iemhqï fjda,aàh;dj 7 𝑅0
𝐼 − iemhqfuka ,nd.kakdd Odrdj 𝑉0 = ×
7𝑅0 5
𝑟𝑒𝑞 =
10
fyda
102
^,'01& 10
13.5×10−3 135×10−3 = 2𝑉 ^,'01&
tjeks mßm: 5la iudka;r .;j iïnkaO l< úg iul
m%;sfrdaOh = 740/5 = 148Ω
𝑅𝐸𝑞 9.9
= ^,'01&
𝑟 0.1
fuys 𝑟 hkq negßfha wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh fõ'
𝑟 = 1.5Ω(1.4 − 1.5)Ω

Current electricity | Physics 2021 - Revision iqc;

s a ,shkf.a 20
 Odrd úoHq;h iqc;
s a ,shkf.a
= 5.625𝑊 ^,'01&
(d) 4 jk fma<sh 𝐶 yryd fjda,aàh;djh = 0.75 × 6
𝟕𝑽 𝟕𝑽 𝟕𝑽 = 4.5𝑉^,'01&
𝑪 𝟕𝑽 𝑨
𝑹𝟎
𝑹𝟎
(iii) 12 = 0.5 × (𝑅2 + 6)
𝑹𝟎
𝑹𝟎 𝑹𝟎 𝟐 𝑅2 = 18Ω ^,'01&
𝑹𝟎 𝟑
𝟒 𝟐 ≡ ≡
(iv) Wmßu uq`M Odrdj = 4.85𝐴 tu ksid 5𝐴 ú,dhlh iqÿiq
𝑽𝟎
𝑽𝟎
𝑹𝟎 𝑹𝟎 fõ' ^,'01&
𝟒 𝟒 𝜌𝑙
(b) (i) 𝑅 = fhosfuka ^,'01&
𝐴
1.8×10−8 ×10×10−3
m%;sfrdaOh =
1 rEm igyk 0.3×10−3 ×1×10−3
2 rEm igyk 3 rEm igyk
= 6 × 10−4 Ω ^,'01&
(ii) ;Srej yryd fjda,aàh;dj = 6 × 10−4 × 0,1
1 rEm igyk $ 2 rEm igyk $ 3 rEm igyk i`oyd ^,'01&
1 1 2
= 6 × 10−5 𝑉 ^,'01&
= + ^,'01& ^fyda 2 fyda 3 rEm igyk i`oyd & = CIu;d W;ai¾ckh = 6 × 10−6 𝑊 ^,'01&
𝑅′′′ 𝑅0 𝑅0
𝑅0
^,'01&
3
(iii) W;ai¾ckhjQ CIu;dj = 𝑚𝑠∆𝜃
7 𝑅0
𝑉0 =
7𝑅0
× 6 × 10−6 = 10 × 10−3 × 0.3 × 10−3 × 1 × 10−3 ×
4
12 9 × 103 × 400 × ∆𝜃 ^,'01&
= 3𝑉 ^,'01& ∆𝜃 = 5.5 × 10−4 0 𝐶 ^,'01&
(iv) (1) m<, jeäjQ úg m%;sfrdaOh wvq fõ fyda CIu;d
5 jk fma<sh W;ai¾ckh wvq fõ' ^,'01&
𝟕𝑽 (2) m<, jeä jQ úg mßirhg isÿjk ;dm ixl%uKh jeä
𝟕𝑽
𝑩 𝑨 fõ fyda m<, jeä jQ úg jd;hg ksrdjrKh jk
𝑪
𝑹𝟎 j¾.M,h jeäfõ' ^,'01&
𝑹𝟎 𝑹𝟎 𝟑
𝑹𝟎 ≡
𝟒 𝟐
𝑽𝟎 𝑹𝟎 2013 A/L
𝐸
𝟒 (a) 𝐼 = ^,'01&
𝑅0 +𝑅𝐿
𝐸
(b) 𝐸 = 𝑉0 ; 𝐼𝑆 = ^,'01&
𝑅0
^,'01&
1 rEm igyk 2 rEm igyk 𝑉0
∴ 𝑅0 = ^,'01&
𝐼𝑆
1 1 2 1 𝑅0 7 𝑅0 𝐸𝑅𝐿
= + = 𝑉 = × = 4𝑉 (c) 𝑉𝐿 = 𝐼𝑅𝐿 fhoSfuka = ^,'01&
𝑅′′′′ 𝑅0 𝑅0 𝑅′′′′ 3 0 7𝑅0
3 𝑅0 +𝑅𝐿
12
𝑉𝐿
^,'01& fyda ´ï kshuh iy lZfpdmaf.a kshuhg wkqj" 𝐼 =
𝑅𝐿

(e) (i) ∴ 𝐸 = 𝐼𝑅0 + 𝐼𝑅𝐿 ^,'01&

1×103 𝐸 100×103 𝐸
VC
VB ^fjda,aÜ& VA ^fjda,aÜ& V0^fjda,aÜ& = 75 × 10−3 ; = 5 ^,'01&
𝑅0 +1×103 𝑅0 +100×103
^fjda,aÜ&
^,'01&
1 fma<h
s 0 0 0 0
by; iólrK iq`M lsÍfuka"
2 fma<h
s 0 0 7 1 𝐸 = 75 × 10−6 𝑅0 + 75 × 10−3 iy 𝐸 = 5 × 10−5 𝑅0 + 5
3 fma<h
s 0 7 0 2 ∴ 25 × 10−6 𝑅0 = 4925 × 10−3 ; 𝑅0 = 197 × 10+3 Ω ^,'02&
4 fma<h
s 0 7 7 3
fyda 197𝑘Ω
5 fma<h
s 7 0 0 4
𝐸 = 985 × 10−2 + 5 = 14.85𝑉 ^,'02&
6 fma<h
s 7 0 7 5 𝐸
(d) (i) 𝑅0 ≫ 𝑅𝐿 jk úg 𝐼 = iólrKh ie,lSfuka"^,'01&
𝑅0 +𝑅𝐿
7 fma<h
s 7 7 0 6
𝐸 𝐸
𝐼≈ fyda 𝐼 =
8 fma<h
s 7 7 7 7 𝑅0 𝑅0
by; wjia:dj ms<sn`o ;¾l bosßm;a lr tu.ska ms<s;=r
iïmQ¾K l< j.=j ^𝑉0 ;Srej&^,'01& jpk u.ska bosßm;a lsÍfuka"

(ii) oaúuh isg oYu mßj¾;khla f,ig ^oaúuh isg wIagl& (ii) 𝑰
mßm:h l%shd lrhs'
fyda ixLHdxl isg m%;siu mßj¾;lhla (𝐷𝐴𝐶) f,ig
mßm:h l%shd lrhs'^,'01&
𝑽𝑳 ^,'01&
𝟎
2012 A/L
(a) (i) 12 − 3 = 0.1 × 𝑅1 ^,'01& (e) m%;sodk ,dCIKslfha fndfyda fihska ;sria jq ;, fldgi
𝑅1 = 90Ω ^,'01& ^tkï ls%hdldÍ fmfoig wkqrEm fldgi& by; jl%hg
(ii) 12 = 𝑖 × (10 + 6) iudk fõ' ^,'01&
𝑖 = 0.75 𝐴 ^,'01& ^úNjh fn§fuka úi`osh yelsh'&
CIu;d W;ai¾ckh = (0.75)2 × 10

Current electricity | Physics 2021 - Revision iqc;

s a ,shkf.a 21
 Odrd úoHq;h iqc;
s a ,shkf.a
by; jl%fha wkql%uKh b;d l=vd ùfuka .uH jkafka ta yd ∴ tall ld,hloS welshqñf,agrh u.ska W;amokh lrk
ne`oS we;s m%;sfrdaOh (
∆𝑉𝐿
) úYd, w.hla .kakd njhs' Yla;sh = 𝐸 × wdfrdamKh = 𝐸𝐼
∆𝐼 ld,h
tneúka g%dkaisiagrfha m%;sfrdaOh b;d úYd, nj lsj yel'
(iii) (1) l%uh 1
fyda by; jl%h ,eî we;af;a wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh (𝑅0 ) b;d
úYd, w.hla iys; mßm:hls" tuksid g%dkaisiagrhl lZfpd*a fojk kshuh fhoSfuka 𝐸 − 𝐸1 = 𝐼1 (𝑟 + 𝑟1 )
wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh b;d úYd,fõ' ^by; wkqudk foflka ∴ 𝐸𝐼1 − 𝐸1 𝐼1 = 𝐼12 (𝑟 + 𝑟1 ) fyda 𝐸𝐼1 − 𝐼12 𝑟 = 𝐸1 𝐼1 + 𝐼12 𝑟1
tlla i`oyd&^,'01& ^,'01&
l%uh 2 𝑋 welshqñf,agrh ie,lSfuka"
𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐵 = 𝑉𝐴𝐵 = 𝐸 − 𝐼1 𝑟
2014 A/L ú'.d'n' 𝐸1 iys; welshqñf,agrh ie,lSfuka"
(a) (i) 𝐴 yd 𝐵 w;r iul m%;sfrdaOh (𝑅𝑒𝑞 ) = (𝑅0 − 𝑅1 ) + 𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐵 = 𝑉𝐴𝐵 = 𝐸1 − 𝐼1 𝑟
𝑅1 𝑅𝐿 ∴ 𝐸𝐼1 − 𝐼12 𝑟 = 𝐸1 𝐼1 = 𝐼12 𝑟1 ^,'01&
^,'01&
𝑅1 +𝑅𝐿
(ii) 𝑅𝐿 m%;sfrdaOh 𝑅1 iu. iudka;r.;j mej;Sfuka
we;sjk n,mEu jkafka 𝑅1 ys iM, m%;sfrdaOh wvq l%uh 3
lsÍuhs' tuksid 𝑅𝐿 m%;sfrdaOh mßm:fha fkdue;s úg 𝑋 welshqñf,agrh u.ska ,ndfok laIu;dj = 𝐸𝐼1 − 𝐼12 𝑟
úNj fnokhg 𝐴𝐵 w;r Wmßu m%;sfrdaOhla ,efnk ú'.d'n' 𝐸1 iys; welshqñf,agrh u.ska mßfNdackh
w;r tys w.h 𝑅0 fõ' ^,'01& lrk laIu;djh = 𝐸1 𝐼1
ú'.d'n' 𝐸1 jQ welshqñf,agrhfhys wNHka;r
𝑅1 w.h 𝑅0 iudk jk úg by; i`oyka l, n,mEuo m%;sfrdaOh u.ska W;ai¾ckh jk laIu;dj = 𝐼12 𝑟1
Yla;s ixiaÓ;s uQ,O¾uh fhdod f.k ;¾l lsÍfuka
Wmßu fõ' túg 𝐴 yd 𝐵 w;r iM, m%;sfrdaOh wju jk
𝑅0 𝑅𝐿 𝐸𝐼1 − 𝐼12 𝑟 = 𝐸1 𝐼1 + 𝐼12 𝑟1 ^,'01&
w;r tys w.h fõ' ^,'01&
𝑅0 +𝑅𝐿
(2) 𝐸𝐼1 u.ska ú'.d'n' 𝐸 jq welshqñf,agrfhka W;amdokh
l< laIu;dj ksrEmKh lrhs'
fyda (i) ys we;s m%ldYhg wkqj (𝑅𝑒𝑞 ) = 𝑅0 − 𝐸1 𝐼1 u.ska ú'.d'n' 𝐸1 jQ fojk welshqñf,agrh g
𝑅1 𝑅𝐿 úreoaOj 𝐼1 Odrdjla hjk úg 𝑋 welshqñf,agrh
𝑅1 (1 − ) fuu w.h Wmßu jkafka 𝑅1 = 0 jQ úg u.ska flfrk ld¾hh lsÍfï YS>%;dj fyda 𝐸1 𝐼1 u.ska
𝑅1 +𝑅𝐿
jk w;r túg w.h 𝑅0 fõ' (𝑅𝑒𝑞 ) w.h wju jkafka ú'.d'n' 𝐸1 jQ welshqñf,agrfhys Yla;sh .nvdùfï
YS>%;dj ksrEmKh lrhs' ^,'01&
by; m%ldYkfha fojk moh Wmßu jk w;r fuh
isÿjkafka 𝑅1 tys Wmßu w.h ^tkï 𝑅0 & ,nd .kakd
𝑅0 𝑅𝐿
úgh túg by; m%ldYkfhka (𝑅𝑒𝑞 )𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (b) (i)
𝑰𝟎 𝑮 (𝑰𝟎 − 𝟏)
𝑅0 +𝑅𝐿 𝑬 𝑨
𝑅0 𝑅𝐿

(iii)
𝑅0+𝑅𝐿
=
99
fyda ^,'01& 𝟏𝑨
𝑅0 100
𝑬, 𝒓 𝑬𝟏 , 𝒓𝟐 𝒓𝑳
𝑅𝐿 99 𝑿
= ⇒ 𝐴 100𝑅𝐿 = 99 𝑅𝐿 +99 × 5000 ⇒ 𝑅𝐿 =
𝑅0 +𝑅𝐿 100
𝑫 𝑩
495𝑘Ω ^,'01& 𝑪
(b) (i) 𝑅2 m%;sfrdaOlh yryd úNj wka;rh 𝑉 f,i .ksuq' 𝐸 = 12𝑉, 𝑟 = 2Ω
túg" 4𝑉 + 8𝑉 + 3𝑉 = 1500 ⇒ 𝑉 = 100𝑉 ^,'01& 𝑟2 = 1Ω,
100 𝑟𝐿 = 2Ω
𝑅2 = = 100𝑘Ω ^,'01&
1
∴ 𝑅1 = 400𝑘Ω iy 𝑅3 = 300𝑘Ω ^,'01& 𝐹𝐺𝐶𝐷𝐹 mßm:hg lZfpd*a fojk kshuh fhoSfuka" 𝐸 −
𝐸2 = 𝐼0 𝑟 + 1 × 𝑟2 ; ^,'01& tkï 12 − 𝐸2 = 2𝐼0 + 1
(ii) bf,lafg%davh iïnkaO l<úg 𝑅3 yryd Odrdj = 995𝜇𝐴 ^,'01&
^,'01& 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐹𝐺𝐴 mßm:hg lZfpd*a fojk kshuh fhoSfuka" 𝐸 =
∴ 𝑅3 m%;sfrdaOh yryd fjda,aàh;d wvqùu (∆𝑉)∆𝑉 = 𝐼0 𝑟 + (𝐼0 − 1)𝑟𝐿 ; ^,'01& tkï 12 = 4𝐼0 − 2 ^,'01&
14
300 − 300 × 103 × 995 × 10−6 = (300 − 298.5) = ∴ 𝐼0 = 𝐴; m<uq iólrKfha 𝐼0 i`oyd wdfoaY l<úg
4
1.5𝑉 ^,'01& 14
𝐸2 = 12 − 1 − 2𝐼0 = 11 − 2 × = 4𝑉
4
fyda ∆𝑣 = ∆𝐼 × 𝑅 = 5 × 10−6 × 300 × 103 = 1.5𝑉 ∴ 𝑌 negßfha ú'.d'n = 4𝑉 ^,'01&

(iii) (1) ∆𝑄 = 5 × 10−6 × 1 × 10−6 = 5 × 10−12 𝐶 ^,'01& (ii) negß wfrdamlh u.ska W;amdokh lrk laIu;dj
∆𝑄 14
(2) ∆𝑉 = = 𝐸𝐼0 = 12 × = 42𝑊 ^,'01&
𝐶 4
5×10−12 14 2
(3) 𝐶 = = 10−10 𝐹 ^ fyda 100𝑝𝐹& ^,'01& 𝑟 ys W;ai¾ckh jk laIu;dj = ( ) 2 = 24.5𝑊
4
0.05
^,'01&
𝑟2 ys W;ai¾ckh jk laIu;dj = 1 × 1 = 1𝑊 ^,'01&
2015 A/L
10 2
𝑟𝐿 ys W;ai¾ckh jk laIu;dj = ( ) 2 = 12.5𝑊
4
(a) (i) 𝑉𝐴𝐵 = 𝐸 − 𝐼𝑟 iy 𝑃 = 𝑉𝐴𝐵 𝐼 ∴ 𝑃 = 𝐸𝐼 − 𝐼2 𝑟 ^,'01& ^,'01&
(ii) ú'.d'n' 𝐸 hkq my< úNjhl we;s iDK bf,lafg%davfha isg
by< úNjhl we;s Ok bf,lafg%davh olajd ^wNHka;rj& (iii) mßm: uQ,djhj u.ska W;ai¾ckh jk uq`M laIu;dj
tall ^Ok& wdfrdamKhla ^fyda l+f,daï tlla& f.k tafï oS = 38𝑊 ^,'01&
lrkq ,nk ld¾hhs' fuu ld¾hh m%udKh welshqñf,agrh W;amdokh jk cjh iy W;ai¾ckh jk laIu;dj w;r
;=< Yla;sh f,i .nvd fõ' Odrdj hkq tall ld,h oS fjki = 42 − 38 = 4𝑊 fuu laIu;dj ú'.d'n' 𝐸2 jk
.,dhk wdfrdamK m%udKhhs'^,'01& negßfha .nvd fjñka mj;S fyda fuu cjh ú'.d'n' 𝐸2 jq
negßfhys ú'.d'n' g úreoaOj ld¾hh lsÍug fho fõ'
^,'01&

Current electricity | Physics 2021 - Revision iqc;

s a ,shkf.a 22
 Odrd úoHq;h iqc;
s a ,shkf.a
= 2.5 × 10−4 𝐽 ^,'01&
𝑉2
2016 A/L (𝑐) CIu;d W;ai¾ckh = × 1 𝑚𝑠 × 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝑅
(a) 𝑊 = 𝐼2 𝑅𝑡 ^,'01& 𝑉2 1
𝜌𝑙 = × 1 𝑚𝑠 ×
𝑅 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑
(b) (i) 𝑅 = ^,'01& 25×10−3
𝐴
1.7×10−8 ×3×10−2
= 3 ^,'01&
10 ×5×10−3
= ksjerÈ wdfoaYhg ^,'01& −3
= 5 × 10 𝑊 ^,'01&
3×10−8
𝑙 𝑙
= 1.7 × 10−2 Ω ^,'01& (𝑑) (i) 𝑅1 = 𝜌 1 iy 𝑅2 = 𝜌 2
𝐴 𝐴
(ii) 𝑃 = 𝐼2 𝑅 wdfrdamKh ^m%ldYk foflka tlla i|yd& ^,'01&
ld,h (ii)
= 52 × (1.7 × 10−2 ) × 5 ^,'01&
𝐼1
= 2.125𝑊 ^,'01& 𝑙0 𝑅1
𝑇0
(iii) 𝐼02 𝑅𝑡 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝜃 ^𝑚𝑐∆𝜃 úoHq;a Yla;shg iudk lsÍu i`oyd& 𝑙1
^ixfla;j,g iqmqreÿ f;areï we;'&^,'01& 𝑅2 𝐼2
ksjerÈ wdfoaYhg^,'01& 𝑌
𝑙2
(7.5×10−6 )×390×1050
𝐼02 = (1.7×10−2 )×5×10−3
= 3.613 × 104
𝐼0 = 1.90 × 102 𝐴(1.900 × 102 𝐴 − 1.901 × 102 𝐴) ^,'01& È. 𝑙1 iy 𝑙2 jQ lïì yryd úNj wka;rhka ^ 𝑉 hehs
230
lshuq'& iudk fõ'
(iv) 5𝐴 ú,dhl yryd Odrdj = 𝑉 𝑉
𝐼1 = … . . (𝑋) iy 𝐼2 = … . . (𝑌)
1.7×10−2 ×5
𝑅1 𝑅2
= 2.706 × 103 𝐴(2.705 × 102 𝐴 − 2.707 × 102 𝐴) ^m%ldYk foflka tlla i|yd& ^,'01&
fuu Odrdj (iii) ys 𝐼0 g jvd úYd, ksid ú,hdlh tl ñ,s 𝐼 𝑅
(𝑋) iy (𝑌) Ndú;fhka ⇒ 1 = 2 = 2
𝑙
𝐼2 𝑅1 𝑙1
;;amrhlg fmr oeù hhs' ^,'01& 𝐼1 𝑙2 𝐼1 𝑅2
= fyda = ^,'01&
𝐼2 𝑙1 𝐼2 𝑅1
úl,am l%uh 𝐼0 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 ^,'01&
ú,dhlh oeù hdug .; jk ld,h 𝑡 kï 𝐼2 𝑅𝑡 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝜃 by; iólrK j,ska 𝐼2 bj;a lsÍfuka"
𝐼1 𝐼 𝐼 𝑅
𝑚𝑐 ∆𝜃 = 2 𝑜𝑟 1 = 2
𝑡= 2 𝐼0 −𝐼1 𝐼1 𝐼0 −𝐼1 𝑅1
𝐼 𝑅 𝑙2
(7.5×10−6 )×390×1050 𝐼1 = 𝐼0 ^,'01&
𝑙1 +𝑙2
𝑡 = (2.706×103)×1.7×10−3 ^,'01&
×5 by; iólrK j,ska 𝐼1 bj;a lsÍfuka"
= 4.934 × 10−4 𝑠 ^,'01& 𝐼0 −𝐼2 𝑙 𝐼 −𝐼 𝑅
= 2 𝑜𝑟 0 2 = 2
𝐼2 𝑙1 𝐼2 𝑅1
∴ tl ñ,s ;;amrhlg fmr ú,dhlh oeù hhs' fyda 𝑙1
fjk;a ksjeros úl,am l%uhla 𝐼2 = 𝐼0 ^,'01&
𝑙1 +𝑙2

(v) ke;' (𝑒) 𝑣 𝑡1 𝑡2 𝑣

idOdrKSlrKh(
ú,dhl lïìh wjYH Yla;sh P 𝑥 𝐼0 − 𝑥 Q
𝑚𝑐∆𝜃 = 7.5 × 10−6 × 390 × 1050 ^,'01& 𝑥 𝐿−𝑥
= 3.07 𝐽 𝑡1 = iy 𝑡2 = ^m%ldYk foflka tlla i|yd& ^,'01&
𝑣 𝑣
ú,dhl lïìfhka W;ai¾ckh jk Yla;sh
= 5002 × (1.7 × 10−2 ) × 5 × 10−6 ^,'01& ∆𝑡 = 𝑡1 − 𝑡2 = − (
𝑥 𝐿−𝑥
)
𝑣 𝑣
= 2.125 × 10−2 𝐽 𝑣 𝐿
fuu w.h ú,dhl lïìh oeùug wjYH Yla;shg (3.07 𝐽) 𝑥 = (∆𝑡 + ) ^,'01&
2 𝑣
jvd b;d l=vdh' tu ksid ú,dhl lïìh oeù fkdhhs'
^,'01&

úl,am l%uh ( ú,dhl lïìfha WIaK;ajh jeäùu ∆𝜃 2019 A/L

𝐼 2 𝑅𝑡
kï"∆𝜃 = (a) úoHq;a .dul n,h (𝑒𝑚𝑓) = ld¾hh$wdfrdamKh
𝑚𝑐
𝑊
5002 × (1.7 × 10−2 ) × 5 × 10−6 (𝑖) 𝐸 =
∆𝜃 = 𝑞
(7.5 × 10−6 ) × 390 tall 𝐽𝐶 −1 ^,'02&
= 7.260 𝐶 ^fjk;a tall i|yd ,l=Kq fokq fkd,efí&
∴ ú,dhl lïìh w;alr .kakd wjidk WIaK;ajh
(25 + 7.26) = 32.260 𝐶 ^,'01&
tneúka lïìh oeù fkdhhs' ^,'01& fyda fjk;a ksjeros (𝑖𝑖) ld¾hh" 𝑊 = 𝐸𝑞 ^,'01&
úl,am l%uhla m%Njfhka ckkh lrk ,o CIu;djh
𝑊 𝑞
𝑃 = = 𝐸 ^,'01&
𝑡 𝑡
𝑃 = 𝐸𝐼 ^fuhg muKla ,l=Kq ke;'& ^,'01&
2018 A/L ^fok ,o w¾: oelaùu Ndú; lsÍu wksjd¾h fõ'&
a fha § CIu;dj .Kkh lsÍu i|yd 𝐼2 𝑅 iy 𝑉𝐼
^fuu m%Yk
wjYH úg§ Ndú; lsÍu ms<s.; yelsh'& (b)
𝑉2 25
+ −
(𝑎) CIu;d W;ai¾ckh = = 3 ^,'01&
𝑅 10 𝐸 𝑟 rEmh wjYH ke;'
= 2.5 × 10−2 𝑊 ^,'01&
𝐼
(𝑏) (i) 2 𝑐𝑚 .uka lsÍug .; jk ld,h
2×10−2
= = 10−8 𝑠 ^,'01&
2×10−6 𝑅
(ii) 10 𝑚𝑠
25 𝑡 ld,hloS mrsm:fha W;ai¾ckh jQ iïmQ¾K Yla;sh = 𝐸𝐼𝑡
(iii) Yla;s W;ai¾ckh = 3 × 10 × 10−3 ^,'01&
10
= 25 × 10−3 × 10 × 10−3
Current electricity | Physics 2021 - Revision iqc;
s a ,shkf.a 23
 Odrd úoHq;h iqc;
s a ,shkf.a
𝐸 m%fhdackj;a
𝐸 = 𝐼(𝑅 + 𝑟) 𝑶𝑹 𝐼 = ^,'01& m%;sodk CIu;djh
𝑅+𝑟 (ii) fudagrfha ld¾hCIu;djh = × 100%
∴ 𝑡 ld,hloS mßm:fha W;ai¾ckh jQ iïmQ¾K Yla;sh m%Odk CIu;djh
𝐸 𝐸2𝑡
= 𝐸( ) 𝑡 = (𝑅+𝑟) ^,'01&
𝑅+𝑟 𝐸𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘 6.896
𝜂= × 100 = × 100
7 × 𝐼𝑀 11
úl,am l%uh = 62.7% ^fuhg ,l=Kq fjka lr ke;&
𝑡 ld,hloS mßm:fha W;ai¾ckh jQ iïmQ¾K Yla;sh
= 𝐼2 (𝑅 + 𝑟)𝑡 ^,'01& 𝑀
𝐸 = 𝐼(𝑅 + 𝑟) ⟹ 𝐼 =
𝐸
^,'01& 𝐿 𝐼𝑚 𝐸𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘
𝑅+𝑟
∴ 𝑡 ld,hloS mßm:fha W;ai¾ckh jQ iïmQ¾K Yla;sh
𝐸 2 𝐸2 𝐸 𝑟
( ) (𝑅 + 𝑟)𝑡 = (𝑅+𝑟) 𝑡 ^,'01&
𝑅+𝑟
𝐸𝐵𝐴𝐶𝐾
(f) (i) 𝑉 − 𝐼𝑟 = 𝐼𝑟𝑚 + 𝐸𝑏
𝐸𝑏 = −𝐼(𝑟 + 𝑟𝑚 ) + 𝑉
(c) (i) m%Odk ,dïmq i|yd 𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 Ndú;fhka 𝐸𝑏 = −𝑟𝑟 𝐼 + 𝑉
60 = 12 × 𝐼 fyda 𝐼 = 5𝐴 ^,'01& 𝑦 = −𝑚𝑥 + 𝐶 ^,'01&
weógrfha mdGdxlh = 2𝐼 = 10𝐴 ^,'02& ^m%ia:drfha yevh iy ksjeros
wCI muKla ;sîu m%udKj;a
(ii) m%Odk ,dïmqjl m%;sfrdaOh fiùu i|yd my; iólrK fõ'& 𝐼
weiqßka tlla Ndú; lrkak'
𝑉2
𝑃 = 𝐼2 𝑅 fyda 𝑃 = fyda 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 (g) 𝐼 wjia:dj ( m%Odk ,dïmq ksjdoud we;'
𝑅
𝑃= 𝐼2 𝑅
fyda 60 = 25𝑅 ^,'01& 10.8 = (0.24 + 0.12)𝑙 ^,'01&
𝑅 = 2.4Ω ^,'01& ^ksjeros wdfoaYh i|yd&
𝐼 = 30𝐴 fyda 30𝐴 fyda 30.25𝐴
(iii) negßh i|yd" ^,'01&
𝐸 = 𝑉 + 𝐼𝑟 = 12 + (10 × 0.03) ^,'01&
= 12.3𝑉 ^,'01&
𝑀
(d) 𝐼𝐿 = 8𝐴 𝐼 𝐼𝑚 = 0.12Ω
𝐼𝐿 /2
𝐼𝐿 /2 𝐸=10.8V 𝑟 = 0.24Ω
𝐼𝐿 𝑟𝑏 = 2.4Ω 𝐴
𝐼𝑊 𝐼𝐼 wjia:dj ( m%Odk ,dïmq os.gu o,ajd we;s úg
𝑀
𝐼𝑚
𝐼
𝐼𝐿
10.8 − (𝐼𝐿 + 𝐼𝑀 )0.24 = 𝐼𝑀 0.12 1.2Ω
+ − 10.8 − (𝐼𝐿 + 𝐼𝑀 )0.24 = 𝐼𝐿 1.2
^,'01& 𝐼𝑀
𝑀
𝐸 = 2.3V 𝑟 = 0.03Ω ^´kEu ksjeros iólrKhla i|yd&
by; iólrK fol úi|Sfuka 𝐼 𝐼𝑚 − 0.12Ω
𝐼𝑚 = 28.12𝐴 fyda 28.35𝐴 ^,'01&
(i) 𝐼 = 𝐼𝐿 + 𝐼𝑀 → (1)
+ −
𝑉 = 𝐸 − 𝐼𝑟 → (2)
𝐼𝐿
𝑉= 𝑟 → (3) 𝐸 = 10.8V 0.24Ω
2 𝑏
(3) => 𝑉 = 4 × 2.4 = 9.6𝑉 ^,'01& (h) (i)
(2) => 𝐼 =
12.3−9.6
= 90 𝐴 ^,'01& + −
0.03
(1) => 𝐼𝑀 = 90 − 8 = 82𝐴 ^,'01& 𝐸 − 12.3V
𝑟 = 0.02Ω
^wjidk ms<s;=rg ,l=Kq fokak'& 0.015Ω 0.015Ω
𝐼2 𝐼1 + −
(ii) fudagrhg 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑟𝑚 fyda 𝑟𝑚 = 9.6/82 ^,'01&
𝑟𝑚 = 0.117Ω ≈ 0.12Ω ^,'01& 𝑟 = 0.24Ω
𝐼𝑀
𝑀
(e) (i) 𝑉 = 11.0𝑉, 𝐼𝑀 = 34.2𝐴
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑀 𝑇𝑚 fyda 𝐸𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑘 = 11 − 34.2 × 0.12 𝑟𝑚 = 0.12Ω
𝐸𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑘 = 6.90𝑉 ^fuhg ,l=Kq fjka lr ke;'&
^,'02&

^CIh jQ negßfha Ok w.%h ndysr negßfha

OK w.%h iu. iïnkaO l< hq;=h'&

Current electricity | Physics 2021 - Revision iqc;

s a ,shkf.a 24
 Odrd úoHq;h iqc;
s a ,shkf.a
(ii) 𝐼𝑀 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 → (1) ^,'01& f¾Ld we|Su i|yd ,l=Kq 01 " osYdjg ,=l=Kq 01 hs' wju
10.8 = 0.12(𝐼1 + 𝐼2 ) + 0.24𝐼2 jYfhka i%dj f¾Ld folla we|Su wjYH fõ'&
36𝐼1 + 12𝐼2 = 1080 → (2) ^,'01& iq<s Odrd we|Su iy ksjeros osYdjka ,l=Kq lsÍu ^,'02&
^f¾Ld we|Su i|yd ,l=Kq 01" osYdjg ,l=Kq 01 hs' iq<s Odrd
12𝐼1 + 17𝐼2 = 1230 → (3) ^,'01&
i|yd tla rjqula we|Su m%udKj;a fõ'&
(3) × 3 − (2) => 39𝐼2 = 2610
2610
𝐼2 = = 66.9 ≈ 67 𝐴
39
1080−12×(67)
(2) => 𝐼1 = = 7.66 ≈ 80𝐴
36
(1) => 67 + 8 ≈ 75𝐴 ^,'01&
pqïNl i%dj f¾Ld

2020 A/L
(a) (i) 𝐸 = 𝐼2 𝑅𝑡 ^,'02&
𝑉𝑃 iq<s Odrd
(ii) 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = ^,'02&
√2
(iii) 𝐷 ^,'01&
𝐶 ^,'01& (ii) iq<s Odrd ksid ;eáh u; we;s jk pqïnl n,h ;eáfha
(iv) mßKdul Ndú;fhka fjda,aàh;dj fjkia lsÍfï ^wvq$jeä p,s;hg tfrysj l%shd lrhs' ^,'02&
lsÍfï& yelshdj fyda ^Odrdj wju ùfuka& CIu;d ydksh
wju lr .ekSu ^,'01& (d) (i) 1 𝑘𝑊ℎ iudk jkafka 1 × 1000 × 60 𝑊 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ^,'01&
2 𝑅𝑡 fyda 𝐸 = 𝑉𝑃2 𝑡 𝑉𝑟.𝑚.𝑠.2 𝑡
(v) 𝐸 = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 fyda 𝐸 = ^,'01& 8.30 m'j' ys oS úkdählg lerflk jg .Kk 4 la ksid
2𝑅 𝑅
1×1000×60
^𝐼2 𝑅𝑡 fyda
𝑉 2𝑡
,sùug ,l=Kq ke;'& ∴ 4 𝑟𝑝𝑚 iudk jkafka ×4
500
𝑅
4 𝑟𝑝𝑚 g wod, úoHq;a Yla;s mßfNdackh = 480 𝑊 ^,'01&
(b) (i) uq¿ úÿ,s CIu;dj mßfNdackh = 𝑃1 + 𝑃2 + (ii) 7.00 isg 8.00 m'j' olajd iïmQ¾K jg .Kk = 2 × 60
𝑃2 = 1200 + 300 + 800 = 2300𝑊 ^,'01& ∴ 8.00 isg 9.00 m'j' olajd iïmQ¾K jg .Kk = 4 × 60
^fjdàh;d tl;= lsÍug fyda ;ks Odrd tl;= lsÍu i|yd 7.00 isg 9.00 m'j' olajd iïmQ¾K jg .Kk
fuu ,l=Kq m%odkh lrkak'& = 6 × 60 = 360 ^,'01&
2300 Yla;s mßfNdackh fyda mßfNdackh lrk ,o tall .Kk
𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 fhoSfuka" 𝐼 =
230 360
= 10𝐴 ^,'01& = × 40.00 = 𝑅𝑠. 28.80
500
^YsIHhd WÉp Odrdj Wmßu Odrdj f,i Wml,amkh 6.00 isg 7.00 m'j' olajd iïmQ¾K jg .Kk = 1 × 60
lrkafka kï" 10√2𝐴 fyda 14.12𝐴 ms<s;=r úh hq;=h'& 9.00 isg 10.00 m'j' olajd iïmQ¾K jg .Kk = 2 × 60
∴ WÉp fkdjk ld,h ;=, iïmQ¾K jg .Kk
(ii) cQ,a ;dmh ∆𝑄 = 𝐼2 𝑅𝑡 3 × 60 = 180 ^,'01&
𝜌𝑙 WÉp fkdjk ld,h i|yd uq¿ uqo,
lïìfha m%;sfrdaOh" 𝑅 = ^,'01&
𝐴 180
(1.8×10−8 ×10) = × 10.00 = 𝑅𝑠. 3.60
= ^,'01& 500
1×10−6 6.00 isg 10.00 m'j' ld,h i|yd uq¿ uqo,
^wdfoaYh i|yd&
= 28.80 + 3.60
102 ×(1.8×10−8 ×10)×10
∆𝑄 = ^,'01& = 𝑅𝑠. 32.40 ^,'01&
1×10−6
^wdfoaYh i|yd&
= 1.8 × 102 𝐽
∆𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝜃
100 × 10−3 × 360∆𝜃 = 1.8 × 102 ^,'02&
^𝐿𝐻𝑆 i|yd ,l=Kq 01 la yd iudk lsÍu i|yd ,l=Kq 01 la&
180
∆𝜃 = × 103 = 50 𝐶 ^,'01&
100×360

(iii) Odrdj .,dhdu lïì w;r fnoS we;s w;r tla tla lïìh
yryd wvq Odrdjla .,d hhs fyd iM, m%;sfrdaOh wvq lrhs'
^,'02&

(c) (i) pqïnl i%dj f¾Ld we|Su iy ksjeros osYdj,a ,l=Kq lsÍu'
^,'02&

Current electricity | Physics 2021 - Revision iqc;

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