AN ASSESSMENT OF USERS’ PERCEPTION IN THE CALINAN PUBLIC

MARKET, DAVAO CITY: A STUDY OF IMPROVING PUBLIC MARKET

DESIGN TO ACHIEVE USERS’ SATISFACTION

Research Agenda:

An Architectural Thesis presented to the

College of Architecture and Fine Arts Education

University of Mindanao
Davao City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Architecture

Elmark R. Borado

April 2024
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Context

1.1.1 Background of the Study

The colonization of Spain and America has impacted the Philippines' urban planning, and
the effects were protected through past trade with the Chinese. In the Philippines, the term "public
market/palengke" is derived from the Spanish word "palenque," which means "(wooden) palisade
or stockade" (Diccionario, 2009). This area has a vital community institution that provides a wide
range of goods and where people regularly congregate to buy and sell groceries, livestock, and
other items. In many parts of the world, a marketplace is referred to as a souk, bazaar, stationary
Mercado, itinerant tianguis, or palengke. Public markets were once the heart of every town, but the
role of public markets in society has rapidly changed due to industrialization, business,
competition, and other factors. These magnates, or private supermarkets or malls, are becoming
more popular, and the numbers are steadily increasing (Pabico, 2016). These public marketplaces
have served as a link between larger communities and their agricultural roots and surroundings.
These unique, community-specific firms are proving especially appealing to consumers seeking
fresh, local items because they focus on promoting locally produced agricultural and artisanal
products (Lochaven, 2011). More than any other public or civic building, these public markets
created a "sense of place." They now appear in various shapes and settings, with only a few
retaining their original definition. Many public markets today sell a diversified range of goods
owned and operated by various people (Suubi, 2018).

Calinan is Davao City's third congressional district. The Calinan public market has long
been the commerce focus for all local agricultural items from nearby areas like Wangan, Malagos,
Baguio, Lacson, Tamugan, and Marilog. This public market has long been a culinary tourist
destination or supplier of fresh fruits delivered directly from the farms, such as durian, pineapple,
rambutan, lanzones, and other tropical fruits. It is also one of the top highest-earning markets in
Davao City, along with bangkerohan, agdao, and toril. Furthermore, it may still have a significant
opportunity to outperform. The study aims to investigate how users perceive the current design of
the Calinan Public Market in Davao City and identify areas for improvement to enhance users'
satisfaction. The study likely involves conducting surveys or interviews with market users to
gather their feedback on the market's layout, functionality, cleanliness, and other factors that affect
their shopping experience. The study's findings could inform the development of design
recommendations or interventions to improve the market's overall functionality and user
experience.
1.2 Statement of the Problem

The Calinan Public Market in Davao City is an essential hub for commerce, trade, and social
interaction. However, concerns about the market's design and functionality may negatively impact
users' satisfaction and experience. Despite previous efforts to improve the market, there is still a
need to assess users' perceptions and identify areas for improvement to achieve a more satisfactory
market design. Since the public market has existed for a long time, design elements such as
planning arrangement and proper space utilization have long been neglected in all corners,
resulting in deterioration. Also, the rapid increase in Ambulant vendor merchandise and the
excessive informal settling in the area have undermined the regular operation of market facilities,
resulting in the gradual degradation of the Calinan Public market over time. Public markets in the
Philippines are frequently described as messy, unorganized, and dingy environments ventilated
with a foul odor. These deteriorating conditions, combined with a lack of supporting facilities,
resulted in a sudden drop in the patronage of public markets (Nedic, 2012). Therefore, this study
aims to investigate users' perceptions of the Calinan Public Market's design and identify
opportunities for improvement to enhance users' satisfaction and experience.

1.2.1 Problem Questions

 How do the existing conditions of the public market affect the users’ response in
Calinan, Davao City?
 How satisfied are the users with the Public Market Design in terms of (a) location, (b)
size, (c) circulations, (d) landscaping, and (e) parking in Calinan, Davao City?
 How satisfied are the users with the Public Market Utility in terms of (a) water
supply, (b) sewage disposal and drainage, (c) power supply, and (d) fire safety
equipment/facilities in Calinan, Davao City?

1.3 Goals and Objectives

 To assess users’ response to the existing conditions of the public market in Calinan, Davao
City.
 To measure the level of user satisfaction with the Public Market Design in terms of (a)
location, (b) size, (c) circulations, (d) landscaping, and (e) parking in Calinan, Davao City.
  To measure the level of user satisfaction with the Public Market Utility in terms of (a)
water supply, (b) sewage disposal and drainage, (c) power supply, and (d) fire safety
equipment/facilities in Calinan, Davao City.

1.4 Hypothesis/es

Null Hypothesis: There is no significant relationship between public market design and
users' satisfaction in the Calinan Public Market, Davao City.

Alternative Hypothesis: There is a significant relationship between public market design

and users' satisfaction in the Calinan Public Market, Davao City.

The hypothesis suggests the study will find a significant relationship between public market design
and users' satisfaction in the Calinan Public Market, Davao City. If the research findings reject the
null hypothesis, there is evidence to support the alternative hypothesis, indicating that improving
the public market's design could enhance user satisfaction.

1.5 Significance of the Study

This study aims to improve the image of the Calinan Public Market, which has a terrible
reputation due to its filthy surroundings and poor public impression. It also aims to identify areas
for improvement in the design of the Calinan Public Market to enhance users' satisfaction and
experience. The results obtained from this study contribute towards the formulation of practical
strategies and interventions aimed at enhancing various aspects such as functionality, layout,
cleanliness, and other factors that play a crucial role in shaping the overall shopping experience of
users.

Market Users Significance:

The study could help identify opportunities to improve the market's layout and accessibility,
making it easier for users to navigate and find the needed products. This could save time and
increase convenience for market users. It also helps to identify potential health and safety hazards
in the market and develop strategies to mitigate these risks. This could help ensure the market is a
safe and healthy environment for vendors and customers. By addressing the issues raised by
market users, the study could result in a more efficient and enjoyable shopping experience.
Domestic Livelihood Significance:

The study will benefit barrio calinan's domestic livelihood and other nearby barangays' livelihoods
by providing remuneration for many aspects, such as agriculture and local enterprises, which will
improve local food production and consumption. It also could provide valuable insights into the
role of public markets in supporting local economies and social interactions. The study could
contribute to the broader understanding of the importance of public markets in urban areas and
their impact on community development.

Architectural Significance:

The study would encourage architects to think creatively and propose effective planning and
design solutions to improve Davao's public market's poor status and condition. Professionals could
inform the development of future policies and strategies related to public market design and
management in Davao City and other areas. This could promote the sustainable development of
public markets and support the local economy.

Economic Significance:

The study will benefit the community and the economy by bringing life to the area and connecting
the urban and rural economies. The public market is a much-needed facility in inner and outer
communities. Calinan Public Market plays a vital role in supporting local economies by providing
a space for local Enable local enterprises to market and offer their merchandise and services. The
study could attract more customers and boost sales for local vendors by improving the market's
design and functionality.

Researcher’s Significance:

The study will benefit people who want to continue their studies by providing additional data for
future research and contributing to the discovery of new findings and information that will help
them improve their abilities and benefit the economy. The study holds significant importance for
researchers in the following ways:

 Contributions to Literature: The study could contribute to the literature on public market
design and management, specifically in the context of Davao City. The study's findings
could add to the body of knowledge on public markets, user satisfaction, and the impact of
public markets on the local economy.
 Research Methodology: The study could serve as a model for future public market design
and management research. The study's methodology, including survey design and data
analysis techniques, could be replicated in other settings to generate comparable results.
  Interdisciplinary Collaboration: The study could facilitate interdisciplinary collaboration
between researchers in urban planning, architecture, public health, economics, and other
fields. Researchers could better understand the complex relationships between public
market design, user satisfaction, and community development by working together.
 Practical Implications: The study could have practical implications for local authorities and
policymakers promoting sustainable and inclusive urban development. The study's findings
could inform the development of policies and interventions to improve public market
design and management in Davao City and other areas.

1.6 Scope and Limitation

The scope and limitations will be studied at the Calinan public market and will only address
the current problem. The scope and limitations include the following:

The scope of the research:

 Study Area: The study focuses on the Calinan Public Market in Davao City, Philippines.
 Participants: The study aims to assess the perception of the market's users and vendors.
 Research Methods: The study uses a survey to gather data from market users and vendors
and statistical analysis to evaluate the data.
 Objectives: The study aims to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the current market
design and explore ways to improve it to enhance user satisfaction.

The limitations of the research:

 Sample Size: The study's sample size may be limited by the number of recommended
participants based on the population sample in the study area to participate in the survey.
 Time Constraint: The study may be constrained by the limited time available for data
collection and analysis, which could affect the depth and breadth of the study.
 Self-Reporting Bias: The study's findings may be influenced by the participant’s
willingness to provide accurate and truthful responses to the survey questions.
 Language Barrier: The study may be limited by language barriers, as some participants
may need help understanding the survey questions or providing accurate responses due to
language differences.
 Contextual Factors: The study's findings may be influenced by contextual factors such as
market conditions, weather, or cultural and social factors, which could affect the
interpretation of the data.
1.7 Theoretical/Conceptual Framework

USERS'
SATISFACTION WITH
EXISTING MARKET
THE MARKET MARKET DESIGN
CONDITION
DESIGN
ASSESSMENT

. Figure 1 – Theoretical Framework

The dependent variable in this research is users' satisfaction with the market design, while the
independent variable is the market design. The design and layout of service facilities are intricately
connected to developing customer perceptions. Various types of services involve interactions
between customers and facilities, which impact customers' perceived quality of the services
(Ariani, 2021).

USERS'
SATISFACTION WITH
THE MARKET DESIGN
ASSESSMENT

PUBLIC MARKET PUBLIC MARKET MARKET USERS'

UTILITIES DESIGN RESPONSE

WATER SUPPLY LOCATION

SEWAGE DISPOSAL AND SIZE
DRAINAGE
POWER SUPPLY
CIRCULATION EXISTING CONDITION
FIRE SAFETY LANDSCAPING
EQUIPMENT/FACILITIES PARKING

MARKET DESIGN
 Figure 2 – Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework will guide the study's data collection, analysis, and
interpretation, and inform the development of evidence-based recommendations for improving the
market's design and enhancing users' satisfaction. When using the research assessment tool for
evaluation, a researcher can identify concepts by branching them one by one. This involves
assessing user responses and market design. The researcher may identify three key concepts
through this process: the market's response to market conditions, the characteristics of public
market design, and the utility of public markets. The researcher conceptualizes it to identify the
improvement needed for the market design.

1.8 Acronyms and Abbreviations, Definition of Terms and Concepts

1.8.1 Definition of Terms

 Assessment: The evaluation or appraisal of something to determine its value, quality, or

effectiveness.
 Users' Perception: How users interpret or understand the market's design, layout, and
functionality based on their experiences, preferences, and expectations.
 Public Market: A physical marketplace where vendors sell goods directly to consumers,
often in a public space or building.
 Design: The process of planning and creating something, in this case, the physical layout,
organization, and functionality of the public market.
 Satisfaction: A feeling of contentment or pleasure derived from the experience of using or
consuming something.
 Study: A research investigation that aims to gather and analyze data to answer a specific
research question or hypothesis.
 Davao City: A city in the Philippines located on the island of Mindanao, known for its
markets, including the Calinan Public Market.
 Improvement: Making something better or enhancing its quality or functionality.
 User: People who use the public market for shopping or other purposes.
1.9 Study Area

The study will be conducted in Calinan Public Market, located in the third district of Davao
City. Barangay Calinan has been home to this public market for many years, a pivotal hub for
numerous vendors and customers over the decades.

Figure 3 – Study Area (source: Google Maps)

1.9.1 Population Sample

The researcher determined that the population of Calinan Población was 24,218.
According to (Ariani, 2021), the researchers employed the Slovin formula for computing
the sample of the population in the same way, which is stated as follows:

n = N/ 1+ (N x e²) where n = sample size

N = entire population
n = 24,218/ 1+ (24,218 x 0.05²) e = error rate
1 = a constant figure
n = 393

As a result, market users utilized a substantial number of samples, totaling 393,

while employing population sampling as their sampling technique.

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED

LITERATURE
2.1 Introduction

The information in this chapter is the review of related literature relevant to the study topic
based on the insightful knowledge of other research sources. A review of related literature is a
critical analysis and summary of published literature related to a particular topic or research
question. It involves a thorough review of academic, scholarly, and professional literature,
including books, journal articles, conference proceedings, and other related publications. It aims to
identify gaps in current knowledge, highlight areas of consensus or disagreement, and provide a
foundation for further research. This study aims to discover the elements that influence public
market development, as well as measures to reduce or improve it. The users, the location, and the
environment will all be prioritized. A review of related literature is an essential part of the research
process. It helps provide a solid theoretical foundation for the research and ensures that the
research builds on existing knowledge rather than reinventing the wheel (Ariani, 2021). It also
helps identify areas where further research is needed and can guide the research study's design.

2.2 Definition of Public Market

A public market is a physical location where various vendors, merchants, and farmers come
together to sell their goods and services to the public. Public markets have been a longstanding
tradition throughout history, with many dating back centuries. These markets typically offer a wide
range of products, such as fresh produce, meat, fish, baked goods, crafts, clothing, and other
household items. They are often considered important community gathering places where locals
and tourists can shop, socialize, and experience local culture. Public markets may be indoor or
outdoor and can be found in urban and rural areas. A public market is a year-round indoor/outdoor
medley of owner-operated shops, stalls, and day tables that are carefully crafted, intentional, and
diverse. Public markets typically sell fresh and prepared foods (Zaretsky A. P., 2010). The public
market serves an essential function by increasing access to healthy foods or products, honoring
historical legacies, and highlighting local culture. The phrase "public markets" has been used for
centuries. Modern Public markets combine the tradition of local artisan vendors with cutting-edge
technology, providing entertainment sources through food and modern culture (Bentley, 2016).
Public markets exist to serve a public purpose, to showcase a community's distinct character and
culture, and to meet its day-to-day shopping needs. They typically sell fresh, healthy, value-added,
and prepared foods – often grown or produced locally (Zaretsky A. P., 2017).

In the Philippines, the term "public market/palengke" is derived from the Spanish word
"palenque," which means "(wooden) palisade or stockade" (Diccionario, 2009). Public markets are
built for various public purposes, including job creation, business development, tourist attractions,
access to fresh and healthy food, historic preservation, and more, all of which can benefit the
community and adjacent barangays. The point is that public markets are more than just places to
shop; they are also a venue for cultural exchange. It is the town's commercial and trade center
(Capuyan, 2017). More than any other public or civic building, these public markets created a
"sense of place." They now appear in various shapes and settings, with only a few retaining their
original definition. Many public markets today sell a diversified range of goods owned and
operated by various people (Suubi, 2018).

2.3 Definition of Perception

Perception towards public markets refers to how individuals or groups view and interpret
public markets' characteristics, values, and roles in their community (Crouch, 2016). Perception
can vary widely depending on cultural background, personal experience, socio-economic status,
and geographic location (Ariani, 2021). Some people may perceive public markets as vibrant and
essential commerce and social interaction centers, offering fresh, locally sourced food and a
unique shopping experience. Others may view them as outdated or dirty, with a limited selection
of products and unappealing facilities. Perception can also be influenced by accessibility, pricing,
and the perceived quality and safety of the products being sold. For example, individuals living in
areas with limited access to fresh, healthy food may view public markets as a vital resource. In
contrast, those with greater access to supermarkets and specialty stores may view them as less
necessary. Overall, perception towards public markets is essential to their success and
sustainability, as it can impact the level of support and engagement from vendors and customers.

2.4 Market Facilities

Public market facilities are an essential element of urban architecture and a critical community
component (Hallsworth, 2013). They are central gathering places where people buy fresh produce,
artisanal products, and other locally made goods (Lochaven, 2011). Public markets have been
around for centuries, and their architecture has evolved with the changing times and technologies.
Public markets are complex facilities that typically include a variety of components, each serving a
different function and purpose (Ariani, 2021). Here are some of the standard components of public
market facilities:
  Vendor stalls: The core of any public market is the vendor stalls, typically small,
independently operated businesses that sell fresh produce, meat, dairy, and other locally
produced goods. According to (Ariani, 2021), vendors may rent these stalls daily, weekly,
or monthly, depending on the market's policies.
 Food court or restaurants: Many public markets include a food court or restaurants that
offer a variety of cuisines and dining options. Independent business owners or the market
may operate these establishments.
 Public spaces: Public markets often include public spaces such as seating, event, and
performance areas. These spaces unite the community and create a sense of place.
 Restrooms: Public markets typically provide restroom facilities for vendors and shoppers,
with separate facilities for men and women. These restrooms are an essential amenity for
visitors and a necessity for vendors working long hours (Ariani, 2021).
 Storage and loading areas: Public markets require significant amounts of storage space for
products and loading and unloading areas for vendors. These areas may be in the basement
or behind the market and are typically accessible only to vendors and market staff.
 Parking: Depending on the market's location, parking may be an essential facility
component. Public markets may provide shoppers with on-site parking or partner with
nearby parking garages or lots.
 Administrative offices: Public markets require administrative support, including
accounting, marketing, and vendor relations. Administrative offices may be located on-site
or off-site, depending on the size and complexity of the market.
 Utilities: Public markets require a range of utilities to function, including electricity, water,
and heating and cooling systems. These utilities must be designed to accommodate the
market's specific needs and may be supplied by local utility providers or generated on-site.

In conclusion, the architectural design of public market facilities is a critical factor in their
success as a vibrant and functional community gathering places. Architects and urban planners
must carefully consider the needs of vendors, shoppers, and the wider community when designing
these spaces and strive to create open, flexible, and accessible environments that accommodate
various activities and events.

2.4 Losing the Sense of Place

When public markets lose their sense of place, they may become generic, standardized, and
unremarkable, leading to a loss of connection and attachment to the place by vendors and
customers. This can result in a decline in the market's economic vitality and social function and a
loss of community cohesion and identity. Palengke, the heart of every town in the Philippines, has
some issues that reflect poverty. Despite some sanitation and health concerns, public markets in
the Philippines continue to operate. Public markets in the Philippines are frequently described as
messy, unorganized, and dingy environments ventilated with a foul odor. These deteriorating
conditions, combined with a lack of supporting facilities, resulted in a sudden drop in the
patronage of public markets (Nedic, 2012). According to (Garcia and Tapang, 2017), globalization
exposes people to global and new cultures through the media. Western-style shopping malls are a
byproduct of globalization in developing countries. Because of neglect and the advent of more
aggressive mall entrepreneurs, public markets, once the beating center of every town, are
disappearing (Pabico, 2016). The settings of public marketplaces, such as commercial avenues in
Turkey and Hong Kong, have a distinct feeling of place due to their identifiable cultural and
traditional qualities (Garcia and Tapang, 2017). Therefore, it is essential to maintain and enhance
the sense of place in public markets to preserve their unique cultural and economic value and
enhance their role as a gathering place for the local community.

2.5 Classification of Markets

According to the study guidelines of (Suubi, 2018), the markets are divided into two
categories: open and closed.

Open Air Markets

An open-air market, also known as an outdoor market, is a marketplace where vendors sell
goods and services in an open, outdoor setting. These markets can be found in various locations,
such as street corners, parks, squares, and other public areas. A temporary operation such as
assembling in marketplaces on designated market days, displaying their waves on the ground, and
constructing makeshift structures that deal with a wide range of items. These types of markets can
be set up in streets, squares, and open areas (Suubi, 2018). Open-air markets typically sell a wide
range of goods, including fresh produce, meats, fish, baked goods, handmade crafts, clothing, and
other household items. They often have a lively and vibrant atmosphere, with vendors calling out
to customers and shoppers haggling over prices. Open-air markets have a long history and can be
found in many cultures worldwide. They provide an essential source of income for small-scale
vendors and offer customers an opportunity to buy unique and locally sourced products.

Covered Markets

A covered market, also known as an indoor market or a market hall, is a market housed within
a building, often with a roof and walls. These markets can be found in cities and towns worldwide
and have a long history, dating back to ancient times. It is an indoor market or covered space
where independent vendors sell food and other items from stalls. Also, most permanent market
stalls are in town centers and surrounding areas. Craft markets, whether permanent or temporary,
linked with workshops or part of shopping centers, are among the new market projects (Suubi,
2018). Covered markets can vary in size from small local markets to large commercial complexes.
They often have a bustling and lively atmosphere, with vendors competing for customers and
shoppers exploring the various stalls and offerings. Some famous examples of covered markets
include the Grand Bazaar in Istanbul, the Mercado Central in Valencia, and the Borough Market in
London.

2.6 Benefits of the Public Market

Public markets have been integral to communities for centuries, serving as a central hub for
commerce, social interaction, and cultural exchange. These markets benefit the local economy and
community, making them a vital asset in any town or city. They promote community and
economic development by keeping money in the local community. If properly structured, public
markets can provide economic opportunities for a wide range of entrepreneurs as well as the
opportunity for communities to revitalize neighborhoods (Suubi, 2018). Public markets have a
proven track record of significantly increasing the value of nearby real estate and making it more
appealing for privately financed additional retail and housing development (Zaretsky A. P., 2017).

Provide Economic Opportunity

Public markets are the ultimate showcase for small or diverse enterprises, with opportunities
such as a one-day-a-week flea market vendor and a permanent market hall vendor, which have
tremendous potential for minorities, immigrants, and women to build their businesses. As a result,
public markets are great gathering spaces for people and the community.

Link Urban and Rural Economies

The public market comprises cross-space movements of commodities, people, information,

finance, trash, and social relations that connect rural and urban areas. It is also the focal point for
restoring the local food system and one of the most important gathering places for neighbors and
the entire country.

Bring Together Diverse People

 By providing places of inclusion that recognize individual diversity, public market organizers
provide opportunities for diverse groups or individuals, as well as new members of the
community, to develop plans. Also, recruiting new market producers from immigrant communities
resulted in settings where people of many cultures collaborate and empower one another.

Promote Public Health

By improving access to goods, remarkably fresh produce such as fruits and vegetables, public
markets have the potential to help alleviate these health issues. It also serves as a public gathering
place for socially isolated or depressed people or individuals. Markets can provide critical health
and wellness education and information in a friendly, welcoming public gathering space, in
addition to providing access to healthy, fresh foods.

Create Active Public Space

The public marketplace facing public roads or the vehicle reserve may occasionally host an
event for the streets, transforming it into a unique public gathering space for the community. In
addition to increasing food access to the neighborhood destination, the street closure market is
oriented towards the park or other unique spaces where a community can regularly look forward to
a fun event.

Renew Downtowns and Neighborhoods

The public market is the heart and soul of the downtown neighborhood; it attracts new life and
encourages customers to spend more money and time in the market and the surrounding
businesses.

Moreover, public markets serve as a gathering place for the local community, allowing people to
come together and socialize. These markets foster a sense of community by bringing together
people from different backgrounds and cultures, promoting cultural exchange and understanding.
The atmosphere of public markets is often lively and vibrant, with vendors calling out to
customers and friendly interactions between strangers, creating a welcoming and inclusive
environment. Public markets also offer a variety of fresh and locally sourced food, promoting
healthy eating and supporting local agriculture. These markets often feature produce from nearby
farms, allowing customers to purchase fruits, vegetables, and other goods that are in season and
locally grown (Lochaven, 2011). This benefits the community's health and reduces the carbon
footprint associated with transporting goods from distant locations. In addition to economic and
social benefits, public markets also have significant cultural value. They serve as a reflection of the
local community's identity, history, and traditions. Public markets are often situated in historic or
culturally significant locations, preserving and promoting local heritage (Garcia and Tapang,
2017). Moreover, they offer a platform for artisans and craftspeople to showcase their work,
creating an opportunity for the local community to appreciate and support local art and culture.

In conclusion, public markets benefit the local economy and the community. They serve as a
platform for small businesses, promote healthy eating, foster social interaction, preserve cultural
heritage, and offer a unique shopping experience. As such, it is essential to maintain and support
public markets, recognizing their importance in promoting economic growth, community
cohesion, and cultural diversity.

2.7 Challenges of the Public Market

Economic Failure

Simple economic failure is always a possibility in any commercial enterprise. Inadequate

capitalization, a lack of understanding of the customer and the market, and poor management can
all be problems for a new retail venture. In economics, "market failure" is the free market's
inefficient distribution of goods and services. Individual incentives for rational behavior do not
result in rational outcomes for the group in the case of market failure (Boyle, 2021).

Failure as a “Public” Market

An opposing concern is the failure of the market's public face. In this case, the market may be
a financial success. However, it serves no overt public purpose (i.e., separate from a coordinated
neighborhood economic development plan) other than what any business might contribute through
job creation and tax revenue (Ford, 2003).

Failure to Produce Wider Effects in its Neighborhood.

Finally, the market may fail to generate the "spin-off" benefits that multiply its value. It may
or may not succeed as a commercial venture, but it has little broader ramifications.

2.8 The Impact of Covid-19

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on public markets around the world.
Many markets were forced to close temporarily or operate under restricted conditions to comply
with public health guidelines and reduce the spread of the virus. The COVID-19 coronavirus
outbreak is thought to have started at the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan, China.
Marketplaces remained the focus of concern in many parts of the world regarding corona-
prevention efforts. The crowded, open, and public nature of marketplaces is thought to be a
primary risk factor for future unchecked pathogen spread (Eck, et. al, 2020). The impact of
COVID-19 on public markets can be seen in several ways:

 Economic impact: Public markets have been hit hard by the economic downturn caused by
the pandemic. With reduced foot traffic and the closure of non-essential businesses, many
vendors have seen a significant decline in sales and revenue. Some markets have also
needed help to adapt to online sales or other alternative business models.
 Public health impact: Public markets have been identified as potential high-risk locations
for COVID-19 transmission due to their crowded and enclosed nature. Many markets have
implemented new safety protocols such as mandatory mask-wearing, social distancing
measures, and increased cleaning and sanitization.
 Community impact: Public markets are often important community gathering places,
providing social and cultural connections as well as access to fresh and healthy food (Clark
& Nicholas, 2013). The closure or reduced operation of public markets has harmed
community cohesion and access to essential goods, particularly for low-income and
marginalized populations.
 Innovation impact: Some public markets have adapted to the challenges posed by COVID-
19 by innovating new business models, such as online ordering and home delivery, or by
expanding into new product lines or services.

Despite the rise of commercial retail chains and internet shopping, marketplaces have always
been at the core of urban life and continue to play an essential role in local food supply and
regional economy (Gonzalez, 2020). We see marketplaces as crucial meeting spaces for
unrestricted social interactions between residents in cities and villages as their social infrastructure
shifts (Klinenberg, 2019). Traders, customers, and live and dead animals are all located close to
one another in these crowded and narrow markets, with little opportunity for physical separation,
allowing zoonotic illnesses to be transmitted from animals to humans (Eck, et. al, 2020). They
distinguish the 'ground level' of marketplaces, where social interactions between visitors and
traders take place, from a broader 'organizational level,' where the everyday producers of
marketplaces, that is, the traders, interact with a wide range of stakeholders in bringing
marketplaces, and their social dynamics on the ground, into existence through their spatial
practices (Eck, et. al, 2020). When evaluating the physical conditions of marketplaces, it has been
argued that the specific spatial configurations of marketplaces, such as the lines of stalls, aisles,
and series of openings, are set back from the busy pavements (Dines, 2007). People's sense of
reflexive awareness and shared experiences of community and belonging is likely to be impacted
by the sudden disruption in traditionalized social practices in marketplaces in the face of their
temporary death (Eck, et. al, 2020).

In conclusion, the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted public markets worldwide,
affecting vendors, customers, and the broader community. However, with innovation and
adaptation, public markets have the potential to continue to play an essential role in local
economies and community life.
CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY

3.1Methods

This chapter outlines the data collection and analysis procedures to address the study's
research questions. The conducted study used mixed methods. The study's quantitative aspect
included using survey questionnaires with respondents from the community (Agboola, Rasidi,
Said, 2017) using the Likert scale method. The Likert scale is employed for assessing the attitudes,
opinions, and perceptions of an individual or a group of people regarding social phenomena
(Ariani, 2021). Researchers have highlighted the importance of mixed methods research. The
qualitative aspects involve examining natural phenomena through methods such as site observation
and utilizing open-ended questions to gather information. This allows the researcher to gather a
wide range of data. It is a strategy for how a specific study will be carried out. It specifies the
methods or procedures for locating and analyzing data about a given study topic.

3.2 Research Instrument

3.2.1 Primary Data

3.3.2.1 Survey Questionnaire

It will administer some questionnaires related to the assessment of the Calinan

public market. These surveys will help us determine the opinions and perspectives of
market users regarding the market's condition, public market design, and public market
utilities. According to (Wong, et al, 2016), the questionnaire includes both closed-ended
and open-ended questions, covering topics such as users' overall satisfaction with the
market, the cleanliness and safety of the market, and specific areas for improvement. The
survey will be administered to a representative sample of market users, with the data
collected used to inform recommendations for improving the market's design and
enhancing users' satisfaction.

3.3.2.2 Ocular Inspection

It involves an observatory to study how users of the Calinan public market interact
with its architectural elements and to assess the design condition of the market. The
inspection will involve an on-site evaluation of the market's physical layout, amenities, and
services, as well as an assessment of its cleanliness, safety, and overall functionality.
 Through this inspection, we aim to gather firsthand data on the market's strengths and
weaknesses, identify potential areas for improvement, and generate evidence-based
recommendations that can inform future design interventions and policies that prioritize
users' needs and preferences.

3.3.2 Secondary Data

3.3.3.1 Published Studies

This research utilizes articles and journals that discuss market conditions and the
architectural elements that characterize them. Additionally, it draws on other studies that
examine the conditions of marketplaces.

3.3 Field Survey

This field survey aims to assess the users' perception of the Calinan Public Market in
Davao City, as part of a broader study focused on improving the market's design to enhance users'
satisfaction. The survey will gather data on users’ overall satisfaction with the market's Different
parameters: location, size, circulation, landscaping, parking, water supply, sewage disposal, power
supply, and fire safety equipment/facilities, as well as their specific preferences and suggestions
for improvement. Through this survey, hoping to identify key areas for enhancement that can
inform future design interventions and policies that prioritize users' needs and preferences.

3.4 Participants

To understand the characteristics and preferences of customers at Calinan Public Market

Davao City, a population sampling method can be employed to select a representative sample of
individuals from the market's population. The researcher determined that the population of Calinan
Población was 24,218. Based on calculations using the slovin formula, the recommended sample
size is 393. This sample can then be surveyed or observed to gather data that can inform market
strategies and policies, as well as identify areas for improvement.

3.5 Research Analysis

The research analysis for this study will involve descriptive and inferential statistics.
Descriptive statistics encompass various methods, such as presenting data through tables, graphs,
pie charts, and pictograms, as well as calculating measures of central tendency like mode, median,
and mean. Additionally, techniques like computing deciles and percentiles, assessing data
distribution via average and standard deviation, and deriving the resulting percentage are also
included (Ariani, 2021).

3.6 Design and Procedure

The research design and procedure for this study is a mixed-methods approach that
includes both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. The study will begin with an
extensive review of literature related to user satisfaction, and market design interventions. To
ensure comprehensive data collection for this research, a total of 393 respondents will be invited to
complete a survey questionnaire designed to gather all necessary information. The questionnaire
will be guided by the conceptual framework which consists of users’ responses, users’ satisfaction
with the public market design, and public market utility that will be distributed online. The
research will then proceed with an ocular inspection of the market to identify areas for
improvement and gather additional data on the market's physical layout, amenities, and services.
The study will also administer a survey questionnaire to a representative sample of the market's
users, collecting data on their perceptions, preferences, and suggestions for improving the market's
design. The collected data will be analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative methods guided
by the conceptual framework, with the aim of identifying factors that contribute to users'
satisfaction and dissatisfaction with the market. The research design and procedure will be
carefully planned and implemented to ensure the study's validity, reliability, and accuracy, and the
results will be used to inform the development of evidence-based recommendations for improving
the market's design and enhancing users' satisfaction.
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5. Appendices
6. Attachment