CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND RELATED STUDIES

Sydney Nicole is a fashion and lifestyle influencer on Instagram.

In a recent video online Sydney shared how she upgraded her bathroom lighting with
some under cabinet remote control lights.

Vrushabh Kunturwar
It can be used to turn ON and OFF the lighting system of home automatically by detecting the presence
of human. This system can be used in garages, classrooms, staircases, bathrooms, etc. where there is no
need of continuous light but only when there is a human. Also, there is no need to worry about
electricity bills as the lights get OFF when there is no human and hence one need to pay the bills as per
use. The main components used in this system are Arduino Uno, PIR and Relay Module. Out of these
components, the operation of system mainly depends on PIR sensor which helps in detecting human
presence.

Polly Allcock,
IKEA has revealed two new smart lighting products under the range name PILSKOTT. The
gadgets are an LED floor lamp and an LED pendant lamp. Both devices are made using a
bendable LED light strip, expected to last 25,000 hours, and the light can be dimmed to suit
your mood or save energy.

JENNIFER PATTISON TUOHY

Nanoleaf is finally bringing its whole-home smart lighting ambitions to fruition with the launch
of its first-ever smart switches — and they come with a twist designed to make them smarter
than that of the competition. The smart lighting company announced the Sense Plus Smart
Light Switch and Sense Plus Smart Wireless Light Switch at CES this week, both with built-in
sensors designed to learn your lighting habits. (Think Nest Learning Thermostat but for lighting .
Corky Siemaszko
— For nearly a year and a half, a Massachusetts high school has been lit up around
the clock because the district can’t turn off the roughly 7,000 lights in the sprawling
building.
The lighting system was installed at Minnechaug Regional High School when it was
built over a decade ago and was intended to save money and energy. But ever since
the software that runs it failed on Aug. 24, 2021, the lights in the Springfield suburbs
school have been on continuously, costing taxpayers a small fortune.
“We are very much aware this is costing taxpayers a significant amount of money,”
Aaron Osborne, the assistant superintendent of finance at the Hampden-Wilbraham
Regional School District, told NBC News. “And we have been doing everything we can
to get this problem solved.”
Osborne said it’s difficult to say how much money it's costing because during the
pandemic and in its aftermath, energy costs have fluctuated wildly.
“I would say the net impact is in the thousands of dollars per month on average, but
not in the tens of thousands,” Osborne said.
That, in part, is because the high school uses highly efficient fluorescent and LED
bulbs, he said. And, when possible, teachers have manually removed bulbs from
fixtures in classrooms while staffers have shut off breakers not connected to the
main system to douse some of the exterior lights.
Still, having the lights on at Minnechaug all the time is a conspicuous waste of
taxpayer money, Wilbraham’s town selectmen said in an Aug. 8, 2022, letter to the
members of the Hampden-Wilbraham Regional School District.
“The image it projects is one of profligacy in a time when many families in the
communities the district serves are struggling with their own energy costs,” they
wrote.
But there’s hope on the horizon that the lights at Minnechaug will soon be dimmed.
Paul Mustone, president of the Reflex Lighting Group, said the parts they need to
replace the system at the school have finally arrived from the factory in China and
they expect to do the installation over the February break.
“And yes, there will be a remote override switch so this won’t happen again,” said
Mustone, whose company has been in business for more than 40 years.
Minnechaug is the only high school in its district and serves 1,200 students from the
towns of Wilbraham and Hampden. The original high school building, which dates
back to 1959, was replaced with the current 248,000-square foot structure in 2012.
One of the cost-saving measures the school board insisted on was a “green lighting
system” run on software installed by a company called 5th Light to control the lights
in the building. The system was designed to save energy — and thus save money —
by automatically adjusting the lights as needed.

Michael Xavier

In This Article
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If you’re looking to create a more tech-savvy home, installing smart light bulbs can
be an easy and affordable way to start. The best smart light bulbs allow you to
control the lighting in any room—often without having to lift a finger. Simply screw
in a smart light bulb into any lamp, pair it with a smartphone or device, and you
never have to worry about fumbling around in the dark for a switch.
“Smart light bulbs are extremely convenient and can be controlled remotely using a
variety of different devices, including your smartphone, laptop, or other internet-
connected devices,” says Michael Xavier, home automation expert and founder of
InsiderTechie.com. “With these LED bulbs, you can set your light to turn on/off at
specific times, dim the lights, or even change the color of the light altogether.”
Abby P Joby

This paper proposes a method to control lighting by taking advantage of the readily
available infrared remote or the more commonly referred to TV (television) remote.
Most of the commercially available TV remotes tend to have a large number of
buttons out of which some are not at all used. The system proposed here uses these
redundant buttons to control lighting. The microcontroller has been programmed in
such a manner that it requires the user to activate the system using a particular
button after which it can control the lighting. The system can be programmed to
respond to different IR (infrared) signals. The hardware consists of a typical MSP430
MCU (microcontroller unit), TSOP (thin small outline package) sensor, and peripheral
units.

Al-Sabri Akram Ali, Xianan Bao

We buy home appliances every once in a while, and we are adding another Remote
controller to our homes, and every device has its own remote control. Thus, the
purpose of our work is to control all home devices via the Internet and get rid of
using multiple Remote Controls. In this paper, we propose a smart remote controller
that can be controlling all home devices and operate them through Internet using
the mobile app and it contains a self-learning feature and the ESP8266 is used as a
microcontroller. By using our proposed model, people can control the home
appliances while they are at work or on the way home on a trip with an easy mobile
application and they do not need to learn a lot of remote controllers how it works.
Therefore, it can copy all other remote-control codes. This is a way to manage many
home appliances simply and intuitively. Our experiment results show that the
average response time of our model achieved 1.191 seconds.

Daeho Kim, Junghoon Lee, Yeongmin Jang, Jaesang Cha

In this paper, Smart LED lighting system based on continuous human tracking data
using US(UltraSonic) sensor and IR(Infared) sensor is proposed. LED Control of On-Off
is determined by the output based on human tracking data using US or IR sensor.
However existing LED control system is impossible to detect continuously by using
separately for each sensor. And the efficiency of the existing system is low.
Therefore, this paper proposes the solution of the continuous human tracking and
the efficiency. And it leads the direction of the implementation for LED smart lighting
system by implementing the hardware based on proposed system. And we
demonstrated the usefulness of the proposed system.

Waheb A. Jabbar
Street lights consume a huge amount of electric energy due to their conventional
control systems that automatically turn ON and OFF either using timers or light
dependent resistor (LDR). In addition, such systems use a high-power pulp, which is
not a good option for energy saving, thus it causes a huge waste of energy in the
whole world. Green and Smart Street Lighting System, is necessity to overcome such
issues, especially with the emergence of Smart City. Therefore, this project aims to
design a smart and green street lighting system (SGStreet-LS) for saving energy and
utilizing renewable energy sources efficiently. The proposed system composes
powerful ideas and concept to smoothly and efficiently control the operation of
street lightings based on the sunlight availability and the motion detection by
exploiting Arduino-based controllers with RF wireless communication support. It also
utilizes low power LEDs that supplied from solar panels to replace the conventional
high-power lights. Also, a part of this project is to study the relationship of energy
and environment based on the emission of CO 2 level in the experiment, and validate
the compatibility of real implementation of SGStreet-LS. In order to switching lights
ON, there are to conditions to be satisfied: LDR sensor detects lower level of lights
intensity (darkness situations), and PIR motion sensor detects the presence of an
object in the street (vehicle/human). Otherwise, the street's lights will be switched
OFF. As a result, by implementing SGStreet-LS, the electricity consumption for the
street's lights can be reduced in addition to lowering CO 2 level by using renewable
energy sources. The lights turn on before pedestrians and vehicles come and turn off
or reduce brightness when there is no one.

J. Nalifa Begam
Data transmission through wireless medium has been prominently increasing in the
current era due to many emerging technologies like Internet of Things (IoT). Most of
the wireless communications happen through the air medium. Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) is
a technology which transfers data using optical-like visible light. Data from the
arduino can go through the light and a while later be received on the receiver side
using any light-sensitive device like LDR or photodiode. In this paper, the data or
picture from the arduino is sent using LED and keypad. It is decoded on the receiver
side using LDR. Li-Fi uses visible light as a medium for the transmission of data. A LED
can go probably as a light source and the photodiode goes probably as a receiver
that gets light signals and decodes at the receiver side. Arduino is used for
controlling the light at the transmitter side. At the receiver, the photodiode or Light-
Dependent Resistor (LDR) changes over the received data into original information. A
working prototype using arduino and LDR to transfer the alpha-numeric and image
data through Li-Fi technology has been developed and presented in this paper.

Sikhinam Nagamani
Street light management system is one of the smart applications that requires huge
energy expenses on developing a smart city infrastructure. A wise street light
management method can definitely scale back the street lighting prices. Due to the
increasing importance for saving power and proper maintenance results in the
development of latest technologies, which allow significant power savings and
largest respect for the environment and to reduce the road accidents. This project
describes a brand-new answer for street light system and major accidents. It consists
of wireless technology which can be controlled by a base server by simply sending
the information and works according to the weather. The primary motto of this
research is to avoid the energy wastage and to save the lives of the individuals from
accidents.

Tran Phuong Nam

In today's world, energy is the single most important parameter to consider when
assessing the impacts of technical systems on the environment. More amount of
electricity is consumed due to street lights. Intelligent lighting control and energy
management system is a perfect solution for energy saving, especially in public
lighting management. The paper focuses on products and innovative components for
street lighting, proposing a consumption reducing solution based on an intelligent
system for remote measurements and control with GPS/GPRS/4G technologies for
public lighting system. The architecture was successfully tested and validated and
continues to be in development.

Z. Y. Wu
This work takes independent research and design of an intelligent light control
system that can realize infrared wireless remote control of LED lamp beads. Users
can use the buttons on the remote control to turn on or off the four LED lamps
individually or uniformly. The remote-control distance can reach more than 10
meters. It has the characteristics of rapid and accurate control response. The
implementation of this intelligent remote-control lighting system is based on the
Arduino development platform. On the hardware level, the Arduino microprocessor,
infrared remote-control receiver, remote control, LED light driver are constructed as
independent circuit modules, and these circuits are connected in an orderly manner
to build a complete hardware system. This intelligent light control system is tested
during the work process and be improved for high performance. The intelligent light
control system is very suitable for popularization, and it is convenient to improve the
operation effect of related products.

Kyu Min Cho

This paper presents a wire and wireless linked remote control system for the group
lighting system using induction lamps. Ethernet based network communication is
used for long distance management and 2.4 GHz RF network is adopted for the local
area communication between the main network and the ballast. For the effective
remote control and management including dimming using wire and wireless linked
digital communication networks, the control circuit of the ballast is implemented
with fully digital circuit using MCU and EPLD. In this paper, the applicable system
configuration is proposed for the group lighting-control system and the detailed
system configurations including fully digital controlled electronic ballast for the
induction lamp are described.

Artur I. Emelyanov
The article defines the role of an automated control and management system of
electrical equipment in production, studies main types of such systems, their
requirements and key benefits. The main part of electric installation work using
remote control systems for electrical equipment is determined.

Smita A. Bhosale
Now a days environment norms & energy is important aspects for street lighting
systems design. Developing countries like India, where these street light monitoring
& control system plays important role to reduce the specific power consumption.
This paper represents a remote street light system with intensity control based on
vehicle movement, weather & climatic conditions like humidity, loudly weather,
rainy season; it is based on LED and wireless sensors network like zigbee. The system
is automatic controlling of street light according to seasonal variations, which
includes auto loop system with respective time dependent, while vehicle crossing the
road. It will give large impact of saving electricity.

Angel Pachamanov
For road/street lighting in the EU, Regulation 245/2009 applies. A major problem
after the rehabilitation of street lighting systems under the EC Operational Programs
is the monitoring of the EU green public procurement criteria (EU GPPC). These
criteria cover three main sections: energy consumption, light pollution and life cycle
costing of the installations. The paper examines the possibilities for rehabilitation of
public lighting in the municipalities of the Republic of Bulgaria, the technologies for
the construction of the transmission environment and the devices that monitor and
manage the public lighting by regions.

Hoon Kim
This paper presents a dimmable electronic ballast for wired or wireless remote
control of a group lighting system and its control algorithms. The proposed ballast
consists of a resonant inverter, an erasable programmable logic device (EPLD) for
dimming, and a MCU for ballast control and communication with the group
management server. 150 W ballasts were made and used to confirm their
performance. The implemented system was controlled well with the host server
through the wired and wireless communication, and a constant power control
algorithm for the lamp also worked properly.

Xiaofeng Ye
To achieve the monitoring and control function of traffic signal lights, a system using
PLC with Ethernet function as its controller is developed. The local control program is
based on IEC61131-3 standard language and the remote control program is based on
LabVIEW. OPC Server realizes the data communication between controller and
remote control program. This system with web camera installed in the field achieves
remote monitoring and controlling of the traffic lights through Internet; the local
control program can be modified via Internet; and the traffic signal time sequence
can be dynamically controlled. Experiment results show that this system not only has
convenient remote monitoring capabilities, but also can implement the remote
control functions in complicated road conditions. Furthermore, easy maintenance,
low cost and good application value can be reflected in the system.

N. Kanaya
An asynchronous remote event notification (AREN) for heterogeneous remote
monitoring systems and distributed control systems has been developed using a
distributed object model, Java remote method invocation (RMI), for the 1.8-GeV
synchrotron radiation source at the Tohoku Synchrotron Radiation Facility (TSRF),
which will have fifty beamlines for soft X-ray researches. The beamlines are
controlled by distributed control systems composed of fifty outlying node computers
and eleven remote monitoring systems connected to a network. There are more
than three thousand event status signal data available from the beamlines. The
event status signal data are transition status signals generated at any instance by
valves/shutters, driving units, and safety interlocks when closing/opening. To acquire
such event signal data, the monitoring system had to make continuous synchronous
inquiries (CSI) or performed polling for an outlying node over the network. However,
the monitoring system must synchronously wait each time until the outlying node
transmits event status data back to the monitoring system, causing an unacceptable
low event rate of approximately 40 events/second and heavy CPU load. On detecting
a transitional change in an event status signal of a component, AREN automatically
sends event status signal data to the monitoring systems over the network.
Performance measurements proved that AREN increased the maximum event rate
by one order of magnitude compared with that of CSI. By using AREN, the monitoring
systems are capable of predicting signs that suggest malfunctioning of a beamline
component at TSRF. The design and performance of AREN for monitoring systems
and control systems for the synchrotron radiation source are described in this paper

Jaekuk Choi
This paper is on the implementation of a system that monitors and controls a smart
farm using Arduino and DC motors. Light control in traditional smart farms uses
artificial light such as LED lights to control brightness. However, this traditional
method has high maintenance cost for continuously turning on artificial light. In this
paper, we develop a system to control the amount of light inflow using the angle
control of the reflector. Also, we monitor environmental information such as
temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide (Co2), and light value for the optimum smart
farm environment. The temperature is controlled using the ventilator and heater.
Also, environmental data can be uploaded to the server in real-time to check the
accumulated data on a chart, and we accumulate the optimal reflector angle data for
more than one year. Since solar motion repeats every year, we can control the
reflector according to this accumulated data. This system has been implemented as a
server and mobile application that provides various sensors for environmental
control, Arduino, Wemos for Wifi server upload, and a monitoring UI.

Zhen Yu
This paper presents a method for implementing remote monitoring street lighting
system based on virtual private networks. The communication between master
station and substation is realized by using the data center which provides socket
interface to communicate with GPRS DTU directly. With the use of the data center, it
is of practical significance to implement multiple master stations to receive data
from all slave stations simultaneously and to control all slave stations in parallel. The
objectives of this paper are two fold. One is to present an overview of the
architecture and protocol layers of remote wireless monitoring street lighting
system. The other is to present the fundamentals of GPRS DTU and to analyze its
performance and impact on the remote wireless monitoring street lighting system.
At the same time, we also analyze the negotiation mechanism of point-to-point
protocol in detail. A good foundation for further implementing a remote wireless
monitoring system which uses point-to-point protocol to establish communication
link between nodes is provided.

Kyung-Hwa Choi
A vision system for remote surveillance has been proposed using a field
programmable gate array (FPGA) and a smart vision chip. Because of the vision chip's
characteristics, the output value is less fluctuated by illumination condition. The
system based on transmission control protocol / internet protocol (TCP/IP) enables
to monitor the remote place. Light emitting diode (LED) was used as an indicator
which expresses the warning signal from the system.

Mark V. Mamchenko
This paper presents an approach to remote temperature control of a semiconductor
light source (light-emitting diode - LED) with an unknown emissivity of the surface of
its elements. We developed a testbed to study the thermal modes of LED modules
and verify the proposed approach. In the experiment, the values of color
temperature, direct voltage, full width at half maximum (FWHM), and the surface
temperature of an LED module were obtained and analyzed. Based on the conducted
studies, the temperature values obtained using the thermocouple, and thermal
imager differ by no more than 3 °C. This fact confirms the adequacy and applicability
of the proposed remote approach to the control of the temperature of the LED
modules, including smart ones (based on the Internet of Things (IoT) technology).
During the experiment, the correlated color temperature (CCT) of the LED module
increased by about 60 K due to the luminophore degradation and the increase of the
radiation intensity in the blue region of the spectrum. Further studies imply
laboratory and practical experiments on remote temperature control of the LED
modules with standard bulbs and IoT lighting devices.