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American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)

EEE 3103: Electrical Power Transmission and Distribution

Current and Voltage Relations on a Transmission Line

Transmission Line
 Short Length<80 km or 50 miles
 Medium 80 km < Length < 240 km or line length
within 50-150 miles
 Long Length > 240 km or above 150 miles
Lumped parameter: IS IR IS IR
VS VR Load VS VR

Distributed parameter: IS IR
VS VR

Transmission line as a two port network:

The voltages and currents at the input and output terminals are expressed IS IR
in the form general equations given by A B
VS = AVR + BIR …..(1) VS C D VR
IS = CVR + DIR …..(2)
Where, VS = Sending-end voltage; IS = Sending-end current;
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VR = Receiving-end voltage; IR = Receiving-end current;

The A, B, C, D constants are called the general circuit constants. They depend on the line parameter
[Z=(R+ j XL) and Y= j BC]
Equation 1 and 2 can be put in the matrix form as  VS  A B   VR 
The generalized circuit constants are related to I   C  I 
each other by following equation: AD-BC=1.  S   D  R 
Regulation:
(1) Voltage regulation. When a transmission line is carrying current, there is a voltage drop in
the line due to resistance and inductance of the line. The result is that receiving end voltage
(VR) of the line is generally less than the sending end voltage (VS). This voltage drop (VS -VR) in
the line is expressed as a percentage of receiving end voltage V R and is called voltage regulation
VS
 VR.fullload
VR.noload  VR.fullload A
% Regulation = 
VR.fullload VR.fullload

(2) Transmission efficiency. The power obtained at the receiving end of a transmission line is
generally less than the sending end power due to losses in the line resistance.
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Few nomenclatures
 z = series impedance per unit length per phase
 y = shunt admittance per unit length per phase to neutral; [y= 1
 jb C ]
 jX C
 l = total length of line
 Z = zl = total series impedance per phase
 Y = yl = total shunt admittance per phase to neutral
The short transmission line:
Due to small length shunt admittance(Y) is omitted. Z= R + j XL IR
IS = IR IS
VS = VR + IR Z VS VR
A= 1; B= Z; C= 0; D=1

IS Z IR
The Medium transmission line:
Nominal π model: VR
Y VS Load
Current through the capacitor near to the load is
VR Y/2 Y/2
2
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Y
V
Current through the series impedance is (IR + R )
2
Y
V
VS = (IR + R ) Z + VR
2
= (1+ YZ ) VR + Z IR
2
Y
V
Current in the shunt capacitance at the sending end is S 2
Y Y Y Y
V V YZ
IS = S 2 + (IR + R 2 ) = [(1+ ) VR + Z IR] 2 + (IR + R 2
V )
2

Y2Z
YZ
= [Y+ ] VR + [1+ 2 ] IR
4
Y2Z YZ YZ
A= (1+ YZ ); B= Z; C= [Y+ ] = Y [1+ ]; D= [1+ ]
2 4 4 2
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Nominal T model:
IS Z/2 Z/2 IR
YZ 2 YZ VR
A= (1+ YZ ); B= [Z+ ] = Z [1+ ]; C= Y; Y V1 Load
2 4 4 VS IC
YZ
D= [1+ ]
2

Math examples
1. A 3-phase, 50 Hz, 16 km long overhead line supplies 1000 kW at 11kV, 0·8 p.f.
lagging. The line resistance is 0·03 Ω per phase per km and line inductance is 0·7 mH per
phase per km. Calculate the sending end voltage, voltage regulation and efficiency of
transmission.

2. A 50 Hz three phase transmission line is 50 km long. It has a total series impedance of 35 +

j150 ohm and a shunt admittance of j530µ mho. It delivers 4 MW of power at 40 kV and at
80% power factor lagging. Determine the sending end power and the voltage regulation of this
line.

Problem_1: A three-phase 60 Hz, 200km long transmission line has the following constants:
Resistance per phase per kilo meter is 0.15Ω,
Reactance per phase per kilo meter is 0.45Ω,
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Susceptance per phase per kilo meter is 10-5mho.

If the line supplies a load of 16MW, at 0.75 lagging power factor and if the receiving end
voltage is 60kV then calculate by using nominal T method
i) Sending end power factor and
ii) Regulation

Solution:

VR = 600000
= 205.28  41.40
P
IR 
3VL cosθ
R = Total resistance of line = 200*0.15 = 30Ω.
XL = Total reactance of line = 200*0.45 = 90Ω.
Y = Total susceptance of line = 200*10-5= 2*10-3mho.
Z = (R + j XL ) = (30 + j90)
Y = j2*10-3
Z/2
A= (1+ YZ ) = 0.91+j0.03 = 0.9101.888 IS Z/2 IR
2
Y VR
YZ 2 VS IC
V1 Load
B= [Z+ ] = 27.3+j86.4 ohm
4
C= Y = j2*10-3 mho
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YZ
D= [1+ ] = 0.91 + j0.03
2
71,447.909.179
VS = AVR + BIR = 69,916.95 + j 11,941.04 =
IS = CVR + DIR = 144.19 + j1.0832 = 144.200.430
Sending end power factor = cos (θVs – θIs) = 0.988
VS 71.447 * 10 3
 VR.fullload  60 * 10 3
VR.noload  VR.fullload A 0.910
% Regulation = * 100  * 100  * 100
VR.fullload VR.fullload 60 * 10 3
= 30.855 %

For long transmission line model

 Distributed parameters considered
 Sending end voltage and current is a hyperbolic function of the line lengths, thus calculation
process is complex
VS = VR cosh γl + IR ZC sinh γl ;
IS = IR cosh γl + (VR /ZC ) sinh γl
ZC (characteristic impedance)= ; γ (propagation constant)=
z yz
y