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Microstructure and Softening of Laser-Welded 960 MPa Grade High Strength

Steel Joints

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DOI: 10.1007/s11665-013-0795-5

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Microstructure and Softening of Laser-Welded 960 MPa

Grade High Strength Steel Joints
Wei Meng, Zhuguo Li, Jian Huang, Yixiong Wu, and Seiji Katayama

(Submitted June 26, 2013; in revised form November 3, 2013)

The microstructural evolution of laser-welded 960 MPa grade high strength steel joints and its effect on
softening behavior of heat affected zone (HAZ) were investigated in this paper. The results show that
microstructure of HAZ and fusion zone (FZ) is composed of lath martensite and bainitic ferrite. The
microstructure of mixed grained zone presents strip-like characteristics and small block martensite dis-
tributes along the grain boundary. The grain size near the fusion line is about 25 lm, and the grain size in
the fine grain zone is less than 5 lm. Microhardness of HAZ and FZ is lower than base metal. The soft zone
locates in transitional region between tempering zone and mixed grained zone due to the interaction of the
martensite tempering and the recovery and recrystallization of the rolled microstructure. Microhardness of
soft zone is 310 HV and drops 18% compared to base material. Welding heat input has a remarkable effect
on the width of soft zone and microhardness. The tensile properties of weld joints are closely related to the
softening behavior of HAZ.

steel, and the softening behavior is closely related to micro-

Keywords HAZ, laser welding, microstructure, softening
1. Introduction
960 MPa grade high strength steel is a new type of structure
steel. A relatively defect-free microstructure and good mechan-
ical properties of this steel can be achieved by applying
reasonable thermo mechanical controlled process (TMCP) and
optimizing chemical composition. The microstructure of this
steel is mainly composed of fine lath martensite, and the
strength and toughness are improved through refining lath
martensite. This kind of steel has recently been applied in
pipeline, naval vessels, bridge, derrick, etc. (Ref 1).
Laser welding is widely used to join structure steel and other
alloys due to high welding speed, high welded joint strength,
high depth-to-width ratio, and less distortion after welding (Ref
2-4). Meanwhile, laser welding with high energy density can
decrease the width of HAZ and avoid the mechanical
performance deterioration of welded joint (Ref 5). However,
welded joints are heterogeneous by nature and present a
gradient of microstructure and properties in HAZ. HAZ
softening is difficult to avoid during laser welding high strength
Wei Meng, Zhuguo Li, and Jian Huang, Shanghai Key Laboratory of
Material Laser Processing and Modification, School of Materials Science
and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240,
China; Yixiong Wu, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Material Laser
Processing and Modification, School of Materials Science and
Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240,
China; and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University,
Shanghai 200240, China; and Seiji Katayama, Joining and Welding
Research Institute (JWRI), Osaka University, 11-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki,
Osaka 567-0047, Japan. Contact e-mail: lizg@sjtu.edu.cn.
structure change (Ref 6-8).
One of the major factors affecting toughness and strength of
welded joints is local softening or embrittling. HAZ softening
usually lies in the tempered zone, and the ductility of the super
critical HAZ and fusion zone (FZ) is poor. The material chemical
composition and welding conditions greatly affect softness and
brittleness of welded joint (Ref 9-11). Xia et al. (Ref 12) and Biro
et al. (Ref 13) have reported welded joints exhibit HAZ softening
in dual-phase steels and HSLA steels. The microhardness of the
tempered or subcritical HAZ is lower than the parent material.
The heat input required for HAZ softening decreases as the C
content of the martensite within the DP structure increased.
However, the presence of carbide forming alloying elements such
as Cr and Mo is able to increase resistance to softening. Çam et al.
(Ref 14, 15) have reported the FZ exhibits a high microhardness
for C-Mn structural steels due to the formation of martensite. The
low-heat-input laser welding process is suitable for fine-grained
steels to avoid a coarse-grained microstructure in the HAZ. Some
researchers (Ref 16, 17) have also focused on the microstructure
and properties of laser-welded dual-phase steel and ultra-fine-
grained steels joints. The HAZ softening can be suppressed at
higher welding speeds because linear heat input decreases as
welding speed increases. Tensile and fatigue performance are
reduced by the formation of a soft zone lied in the outer region of
HAZ. Lambert-Perlade et al. (Ref 18) and Lan et al. (Ref 19) have
investigated phase transformation of HAZ and the effect on the
toughness of microstructure in low alloy structural steels after
simulated welding heat treatment. However, the microstructure
and softening behavior of laser-welded 960 MPa grade high
strength steel joints are reported seldom, and microstructural
evolution of HAZ still need to be further investigated.
The microstructure change in HAZ greatly affects the
properties of welded joints, and it is necessary to understand
the influence of microstructure evolution on HAZ softening and
grain coarsening (Ref 20). In the paper, microstructure evolution
and HAZ softening of laser-welded 960 MPa grade high strength

Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance

steel joints are investigated, and the microhardness measure-
ments and tensile properties test are also carried out.
2. Experimental Procedure
a parabolic mirror of 357 mm focal length. The M2 value of the
laser beam was about 3.6 and the focus diameter was 0.86 mm.
Helium shielding gas was blown forward through a nozzle of a
6 mm internal diameter. The process parameters for laser
welding were: laser power, 10 kW, welding speed, 2 m/min,

The steel chosen for the study was provided as a 6 mm thick

hot rolled plate after thermo mechanical controlled processing
and low temperature tempered. Its chemical composition is:
0.08C, 0.20Si, 1.24Mn, 0.60Cr, 0.29Mo, 0.15Ti, 0.14Nb, and
0.34Alt in wt.%. Its room temperature tensile properties are:
0.2% proof stress 1109 MPa, ultimate tensile strength
1247 MPa, and fracture elongation 11%.
The laser welding was done using 15 kW CO2 laser system.
The laser beam was focused 2 mm below the plate surface with

Fig. 1 Geometry and dimensions of tensile test specimens used in Fig. 3 The morphology and distribution of typical bainite ferrite in
the present study (in mm) the FZ

Fig. 2 Light micrographs and scanning electron micrographs of welded joint under different zones. (a) Low magnification OM images of wel-
ded joint, (b) microstructures of welded joint observed by OM and SEM

Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance

shield gas flow rate, 30 L/min. The welded seam was
perpendicular to the rolling direction (RD).
After welding, specimens were cut from the weld, and then
prepared according to the standard procedures and etched by
4% Nital solution to reveal the bead shape and size. The etched
Fig. 4 SEM images of mixed grained zone (MGZ)
Fig. 5 TEM images of different area of welded joint: (a) BM, (b) HAZ, (c) FZ, and (d) EDS spectrum from the precipitate
Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance
samples were observed, measured and photographed by optical
microscope, JSM-7600F scanning electron microscope (SEM)
and JEM-2100F transmission electron microscope (TEM),
equipped with Oxford energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy
(EDS).
Vickers microhardness tests were performed on the etched
samples with a load of 0.98 N and a dwell time of 15 s were used
during testing. Microhardness position was away 2 mm upper
surface of sample. The geometry and size of the tensile test
sample was given in Fig. 1. The welded samples were machined
perpendicular to the welding direction. Tensile strength test was
carried out using a fully computerized universal tensile testing
machine at the room temperature and the strain rate was 0.01 s 1.
An extensometer with a gage length of 25 mm was used to
measure the strain during the test. Fracture morphologies of
tensile specimens were observed with SEM.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1 Microstructure of Welded Joints
Figure 2 shows the optical micrographs and SEM micro-
graphs of a laser-welded 960 MPa high strength steel joint with
laser power 10 kW and welding speed 2 m/min. As shown in

Fig. 6 Typical microhardness profile of welded joint. (a) Microh-
ardness of the upper part, (b) microhardness of the lower part,
(c) microhardness of welded joint with high heat input
Fig. 2(a), HAZ is divided into coarse grain zone (CGZ), fine
grain zone (FGZ), mixed grained zone (MGZ), and tempered
zone (TZ). HAZ is presented as gradient variation from CGZ to
BM.
As shown in Fig. 2(b), the strip-like microstructure pro-
duced by rolling occurs in the base material. The microstructure
of BM is mainly consisted of fine lath martensite (M). A small
quantity of granular bainitic (BG) and tempered martensite
(TM) are embedded in the matrix. The width of strip-like
Fig. 7 Typical fracture failure location of tensile samples
martensite is about 5 lm, and it is very difficult to identify the
grain boundary.
The microstructure of FZ is made up of coarse lath
martensite and bainitic ferrite (BF). Martensite coarsens
significantly due to high peak temperature and long stayed
time at high temperature. Figure 3 shows a typical SEM
micrograph of BF in FZ. As shown in Fig. 3, BF with lath
width about 0.5 lm locates near the columnar grain boundary
in FZ, indicating that BF nucleates in the austenite grain
boundary (GB) and grows up transgranularly.
As shown in Fig. 2, TZ has less change compared with BM
and presents obvious strip-like characteristics. The microstruc-
tures of MGZ are composed of original lath martensite, small
block martensite and retained austenite. Austenite is firstly
formed at grain boundary when the heat temperature is above
Ac1. During the fast cooling process, austenite is transformed
into fine martensite islands and retained austenite. As shown in
Fig. 2(b) and 4, the microstructure of MGZ presents heteroge-
neous strip-like and small block martensite discontinuously
distributes along grain boundary. In MGZ, granular bainitic
starts to decompose under high tempering temperature. A few
recovery and recrystallization occurs in the zone, and the
dislocation density and the lattice distortion decreases (Ref 21).
As shown in Fig. 2, the microstructure of FGZ and CGZ is
uniform lath martensite without strip-like characteristics. The
width of CGZ and FGZ is 200 and 400 lm, respectively. The
grain size of CGZ is about 20 lm, and the gain boundary of
FGZ is not be distinguished with optical microscope due to the
tiny grain size. The microstructure transformation in CGZ
occurs under higher temperatures, leading to grain coarsen
obviously (Ref 22, 23).
The microstructure near fusion line is comprised of BF and
M with nearly equivalent in volume fraction. As shown in
Fig. 2(b), the grain size near fusion line is about 25 lm. Plenty
of BF forms in the area. The propagation direction of crack can
be changed by austenite grain boundaries and lath bainite
boundaries (Ref 24, 25). The microstructure composed of M
and BF has large-angle grain boundary which prevents crack
extending, and improves the impact toughness (Ref 26).
In laser welding, fine austenite can be obtained in FGZ
during the fast heating and residual austenite is retained during
the fast cooling. Fine lath martensite is formed when cooled to
low temperature zones. The coarse grains of CGZ are due to the
Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance
Fig. 8 Typical SEM images of tensile fracture surface of BM. (a) The edge zone, (b) the central zone
Fig. 9 Typical SEM images of tensile fracture surface of welded joints. (a) The edge zone, (b) the central zone
growth of austenite grains in the high peak temperature.
Figure 5(a)-(c) shows the martensite lath obtained from the
TEM observation of different areas of welded joint and second
phase particles morphology of BM. As shown in Fig. 5,
martensite lath can be observed clearly, and the widths of
martensite lath in HAZ and FZ are about 100 nm. In BM,
plenty of second phase particles distribute on martensite lath,
and the particles in HAZ and FZ are not observed. Figure 5(d)
shows EDS spectrum analysis from the precipitate. EDS
chemical analysis on the particles shows that the particles is
rich in Ti and Nb, and the constitution of the particles is
speculated as (Ti, Nb) (C, N). Most of the fine precipitates in
the matrix tend to dissolve due to welding thermal cycles, and
lose the action of pinning the austenite grain boundaries during
welding, leading to grain coarsen (Ref 27).
3.2 Mechanical Properties
3.2.1 Microhardness. Microhardness distribution across
the weld zone was exhibited in Fig. 6. As shown in Fig. 6(a), the
microhardness of welded joints is in the order of BM > FZ >
HAZ. In past works, the maximum microhardness and minimum
microhardness of high strength steel joints are located in the weld
metal and HAZ, respectively (Ref 16-19). In the test, the highest
Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance
microhardness is in BM, and the lowest microhardness occurs in
transitional region between TZ and MGZ. Compared to that of
weld metal, high microhardness of BM is contributed to rolling
deformation and fine lath martensite. The coarse grains of HAZ
and FZ and the recrystallization of rolling microstructures cause
microhardness of HAZ and FZ to reduce.
In the HAZ, there exists a significant microhardness drop
called ‘‘soft zone’’ as indicated in Fig. 6(a), in comparison with
other regions of welded joint. As shown in Fig. 6(a), the
microhardness from TZ to MGZ decreases firstly and increases
subsequently and the lowest microhardness locates at the
interface between TZ and MGZ. The lowest microhardness
value is 310 HV and drops 18% compared to BM. The
microhardness of TZ is lower than BM due to the tempering of
martensite. The microhardness decreases as the tempering
temperature and the tempered time increases. The recovery and
recrystallization of martensite occur in MGZ and result in
microhardness of MGZ increasing. Therefore, the microhardness
of transitional region between TZ to MGZ is lowest. Moreover,
the distribution of microstructure in soft zone is unevenly and
small block martensite forms in grain boundary, which further
deteriorates the mechanical properties of the soft zone.
As shown in Fig. 6(b), the microhardness distribution away
2 mm lower surface of sample is consistent with the upper part.
The width of soft zone of lower and upper part is 0.2 and
0.4 mm, respectively. Figure 6(c) shows microhardness varia-
tion of welded joint obtained with laser power 10 kW and
welding velocity 1 m/min. As shown in Fig. 6(c), HAZ and FZ
are wider than laser power 10 kW and welding velocity 2 m/
min. The width of soft zone is about 0.8 mm and doubles in
welding velocity 1 m/min. The lowest microhardness in soft
zone is 280 HV and drops 30 HV compared to welding velocity
1 m/min. A low-heat-input is adopted to obtained a narrow
soften zone and increase microhardness of soften zone, which
can improve the mechanical properties of HAZ.
3.2.2 Tensile Properties. The room temperature tensile
properties of welded joint are: 0.2% proof stress 970 MPa,
ultimate tensile strength 1081 MPa, and fracture elongation
5.1%. The average yield and tensile strengths of welded joints
are a little lower than BM. As shown in Fig. 7, tensile
specimens fracture along the region of HAZ, and the facture
location is about 1.6 mm away from fusion line. It is calculated
that the fracture location is the transitional region of TZ and
MGZ according to Fig. 6, indicating that the soft zone is the
weakest part of the joint.
Figures 8 and 9 show SEM images of tensile facture surface
of BM and welded joints, respectively. As shown in Fig. 8, the
fracture surface near the specimen surface of BM shows a
combination of equiaxed and elongated dimples, indicating that
the shearing motion occurs. However, welded joints show
quasi-cleavage fracture. Fracture is layered features (as shown
in Fig. 9). The tensile fracture surfaces of BM and welded joint
show mostly equiaxed dimples at the center indicating ductile
fracture characteristics. Cup-like dimple rupture is the main
feature of the fracture surface, representing ductile type of
fracture mode (Ref 28). The shallow and uneven dimples and
plastic tear phenomenon is presented quasi-cleavage fracture
feature. Pseudo-cleavage feature and plastic tearing feature is
found in the fracture surface in the last stage of crack growth
according to the observation on the fracture surface. Laminated
fracture of tensile samples is in agreement with strip-like
microstructure characteristics of TZ and MGZ. It is clearly
shown that grain boundary is the crack initiation site and crack
propagated along GB on the fracture surface.
4. Conclusion
1. Microstructure of HAZ and FZ is composed of lath mar-
tensite and bainitic ferrite for laser-welded 960 MPa
grade high strength steel joints. HAZ grain growth is not
severe and the microstructure near the fusion line coars-
ens obviously. A small quantity of bainitic ferrite is
formed near fusion line. The microstructure of MGZ pre-
sents strip-like characteristics and small block martensite
distributes along the grain boundary.
2. Microhardness distribution of welded joints is: BM >
FZ > HAZ. The soft zone locates in transitional region
between TZ and MGZ. Because of the interaction of the
martensite tempering and the recovery and recrystalliza-
tion of MGZ, the microhardness of soft zone is 310 HV
and drops 18% compared to base material. The width of
the soft zone increases and microhardness of the soft
zone decreases as heat input increases.
3. The average yield and tensile strengths of welded joints
are lower than BM. The tensile samples of welded joints
are fractured on the soft zone, and the fracture surfaces
exhibit a mixture of cavitation and cleavage type of frac-
ture. The fracture characteristic of welded joints is clo-
sely related to the uneven microstructure and softening
behavior.
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by the National Natural Science
Foundation of China (Grant No. 51035004).
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