Pronouns Simple present (to be) Simple past (to be) Possessive Adjectives Possessive Pronouns

I Am (I’m) Was My Mine

You Are (You’re) Were Your Yours
He/She/It Is (He’s/She’s, It’s) Was His/Her/Its His/Hers/Its
We Are (We’re) Were Our Ours
You Are (You’re) Were Your Yours
They Are (They’re) Were Their Theirs

Definite Articles Indefinite Articles

A (words beginning with consonant sounds): a The (non-proper names): the president, the
word, a phone, a person teacher, the song
An (words beginning with vowel sounds): an Ø (proper names): Beyoncé, Brazil, 5th Avenue,
apple, an app, an elephant Times Square, Christmas

Frequency Adverbs
Never – Hardly ever/Almost never – Seldom – Occasionally – Sometimes – Often – Normally – Usually – Always
0%________________________________________________________________________100%

Apostrophes
Contractions
Verb to be in the simple present
Negatives (can’t, don’t, aren’t)
Future (I’ll, she’ll, they’ll)
To have (I’ve, she’s, they’ve)
Would (I’d, she’d, they’d)
Let us – let’s
Possessives
Words that don’t end with “s”: apostrophe + s
(Harry’s, the woman’s, the dog’s)
Words that end with “s”: add only the
apostrophe (boss’, the guys’, Mrs. Thomas’,
mother-in-law’s)

Wh- questions
What Things
When Time
Where Places
Who People
Whom People (object)
Which Choices between a limited number of things
Whose Possession
Why Reasons
How Manner and process

Objects close to the speaker Objects far from the speaker

Singular This That
Plural These Those
 • To do: jobs, work or tasks. No physical objects are produced. Ex: do the dishes, do
homework, do a favor, do good, do my best.
• To make: producing, constructing or creating something new. Ex: make breakfast, make a
mistake, make a profit, make friends, make a phone call, make a decision.

Monosyllables Words with 2+ syllables

Comparatives Adjective+er + than: better
than, worse than, taller than,
wiser than
Superlatives The + adjective+est: the best,
the worst, the tallest, the wisest
More + adjective +than: more
important than, more beautiful
than
The + most + adjective: the
most important, the most
beautiful

Quantifiers Countable Uncountable

Some ✓ (some apples) ✓ (some bread)
Any ✓ (any cats) ✓ (any meat)
Much x ✓ (much water)
Many ✓ (many people) x
Lots of ✓ (lots of words) ✓ (lots of trash)
A lot of ✓ (a lot of days) ✓ (a lot of rain)
A little x ✓ (a little cheese)
A few ✓ (a few songs) x
A number of ✓ (a number of things) x
An amount of x ✓ (an amount of help)

Modal Verb Usage Example

Ability I can swim.
Permission Can/Could I go?
Can Possibility It can/could rain tomorrow.
Offer I can/could do that for you.
Request Can/could you close the door?
Permission May/might I go to the bathroom?
May
Possibility We may/might go visit him next week.
Obligation You must study for the test.
Must
Certainty He must be home by now.
Prediction It will snow this winter.
Promise We will go to Paris next year.
Will
Spontaneous decision Yeah, I’ll be there.
Request/demand Will/would you bring me some water, please?
Advice You should go see a doctor.
Should
Prediction/Expectation We should be done by ten-thirty.