Strain Gages

1
Strain Gages

For General Purpose

For Waterproof

For Concrete Applications

For Composite Materials, PCB & Plastics

For Ultra-small Strains, High Temperatures & Low Temperatures

For High Elongation Strains

For Non-magnetoresistive Applications

For Hydrogen Gas Environment & Bending Strains

Gages with a Protector & Embedded Gages

Crack Gages

Adhesives & Coating Agents

Custom-designed Gages

*When using for special purposes, please contact us.

*For prices and delivery date, please contact us.
*For specific cataloges, please contact us.
 1 -1

Strain Gages
STRAIN GAGES

Strain Gages
■Strain, Stress, and Poisson's Ratio For example, if tensile force makes 100 mm long
material elongate by 0.01 mm, the strain initiated in
Outline When tensile force P is applied to a material, it has the material is as follows:
stress σ that corresponds to the applied force. In
proportion to the stress, the cross section contracts ε= ΔL =
0.01
= 0.0001 = 100 μm/m
and the length elongates byΔL from the length L the
Lead-wire cable
L 100
material had before receiving the tensile force (See Thus, strain is an absolute number and is expressed
General the upper illustration in Fig. 1.) below. with a numeric value with x10 -6 strain, με or μm/m
suffixed.
Fig. 1
Based on Hooke's law, the relation between stress
Waterproof
and the strain initiated in a material by the applied
− ΔD

− ΔD
2

force is expressed as follows:

D− ΔD

Concrete
σ = E ·ε σ: Stress
P P
D

Composite material ΔL ΔL E: Young's modulus

PCB
Plastics
2 L 2
ε: Strain
L＋Δ L

Ultra-small strain (Tension)

High temp. Stress is thus obtained by multiplying strain by the
ΔD
ΔD
2

Low temp. Young's modulus. When a material receives tensile

force P, it elongates in the axial direction while
D＋Δ D

High elongation
P P contracting in the transverse direction. Elongation
D

in the axial direction is called longitudinal strain and

Non- Δ
− L Δ
− L
contraction in the transverse direction, transverse
magnetoresistive 2 L− ΔL 2 strain. The absolute value of the ratio between the
L longitudinal strain and transverse strain is called
Hydrogen gas (Compression) Poisson's ratio, which is expressed as follows:
Bending
The ratio of the elongation to the original length is ε2
With protector called a tensile strain and is expressed as follows: ν= ε1
Embedded
ε: Strain ν: Poisson's ratio
ε= ΔL
ε1: Longitudinal strain ΔLL ΔL（See Fig. 1）
L L: Original length
Crack
ΔL: Elongation or 　　
-
L
Δ Δ
Adhesive ε2: Transverse strain - D or 　　
D
D
D
（See Fig. 1）
Coating agent See the lower illustration in Fig. 1. If the material
receives compressive force, it bears compressive Poisson's ratio differs depending on the material.
Custom- strain expressed as follows: For major industrial materials and their mechanical
ε= -ΔL L
designed
properties including Poisson's ratio, see page 9-1.

1-1
 1 -2

A strain gage detects a minute dimensional change (strain) as an electric signal. By measuring strain

STRAIN GAGES
with the gage bonded to a material or structure, the strength or safety will be known. Thus, the
strain gage is used in various industries including machinery, automobile, electric, civil engineering,
medical, and food.
The strain gage is also adopted as a sensing element of force, pressure, acceleration, vibration,
displacement, and torque transducers used for various purposes including measurement and control
of production lines.
Kyowa produced the first Japanese-made strain gages in 1951, and based on the abundant experience
and technology accumulated for these years, we manufacture a variety of high-performance,
environmentally friendly strain gages.

Strain Gages
■Principles of Strain Gages ■Types of Strain Gages
If external tensile force or compressive force Types of strain gages are classified into foil strain Outline
increases or decreases, the resistance proportionally gages, wire strain gages, and semiconductor strain
increases or decreases. Suppose that original gages, etc.
resistance R changes byΔR because of strain ε: the
Lead-wire cable

following equation is set up.

■Structure of a Strain Gage General
ΔR
=Ks ε
· The foil strain gage has metal foil on the electric
R insulator of the thin resin, and gage leads attached, Waterproof
as shown in Fig. 2 below.
Where, Ks is a gage factor, expressing the sensitivity
The strain gage is bonded to the measuring object
coefficient of strain gages. General-purpose strain
with a dedicated adhesive. Strain occurring on the Concrete
gages use copper-nickel or nickel-chrome alloy for
measuring site is transferred to the strain sensing
the resistive elements, and the gage factor provided
element via adhesive and the resin base. For accurate Composite material
by these alloys is approximately 2. PCB
measurement, the strain gage and adhesive should Plastics
be compatible with the measuring material and
operating conditions such as temperature, etc. Ultra-small strain
High temp.
Low temp.

High elongation
Fig. 2 Structure of a foil strain gage
Base length *KFGS gages Non-
magnetoresistive
Gage length Resin cover
(Grid length) Resin base Hydrogen gas
(Grid width)

Bending
Gage width

Base width

With protector
Embedded

Center marks Crack

Resin base Metallic foil Resin cover

Lead-free solder Adhesive
Coating agent

Gage leads (Silver-covered copper wires, Custom-

Bonded surface designed
φ0.12 to φ0.16 mm and 25 mm long)

1-2
 1 -3
STRAIN GAGES

Strain Gages
■Principles of Strain Measurement Fig. 3
Outline Strain-initiated resistance change is extremely small.
Thus, for strain measurement a Wheatstone bridge is
formed to convert the resistance change to a voltage R1
Lead-wire cable R2
change. Suppose in Fig. 3 resistances (Ω) are R1, R2, R 3

Output voltage e0
and R4 and the excitation voltage (V) is E. Then, the
Strain gage
General output voltage eo (V) is obtained by the following
equation:

Waterproof R 1R 3 − R 2 R 4 R4 R3
e0 = ·E
(R1＋R 2) (R 3＋R 4)
Concrete
Suppose the resistance R1 is a strain gage and it Excitation voltage E
Composite material changes by ΔR due to strain. Then, the output
PCB voltage is,
Plastics

（R1＋ΔR）R3 -R2R4
Ultra-small strain
e0 = ·E ■Strain Gage Wiring System
(R1＋ΔR＋R2) (R3＋R4)
High temp.
Low temp.
A strain gage Wheatstone bridge is configured with
a quar ter, half, or full bridge according to the
High elongation If R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 = R in the initial condition,
measuring purpose. The typical wiring systems are
shown in Figs. 4, 5 and 6. For various strain gage
e0 = R ＋RΔR-R · E
2 2
Non- bridge systems, see pages 9-7 and 9-8.
magnetoresistive (2R＋ΔR) 2R ●Quarter-bridge system (1-gage system)
With the quarter-bridge system, a strain gage is
Hydrogen gas
Bending
Since R may be regarded extremely larger thanΔR , connected to one leg of the bridge and a fixed
resistor is connected to each of the other 3 legs. This
ΔR
With protector e0 ≒ 41 · 1
· E = 　 · Ks ·ε· E
4
system will be easily configured, and thus it is widely
Embedded R used for general stress or strain measurement.
The quarter-bridge 2-wire system shown in Fig.
Crack Thus obtained is an output voltage that is proportional 4-1 is largely affected by leads. Therefore, if a big
to a change in resistance, i.e. a change in strain. temperature change is expected or if the lead-wire
This microscopic output voltage is amplified for length is long, then the quarter-bridge 3-wire system
Adhesive
Coating agent analog recording or digital indication for strain shown in Fig. 4-2 must be used. For the quarter-
measurement. bridge 3-wire system, See "Compensation Methods of
Custom- Temperature Effect of Lead Wires" (See page 9-4).
designed

1-3
 1 -4

STRAIN GAGES
Strain Gages

Fig. 4-1 Fig. 5-2

Outline
R

Strain gage eo
( Active
strain gage) Rg1 R
Rg
eo Lead-wire cable
R R Fig. 4-2
Rg2
E
R
R
(Active
strain gage) General

Strain gage eo E
Rg Waterproof
Active opposite-leg half-bridge system
R R

E ●Full-bridge system (4-gage system) Concrete

See Fig. 6. The full-bridge system has 4 strain gages
connected one each to all 4 legs of the bridge. This Composite material
PCB
●Half-bridge system (2-gage system) circuit ensures large output of strain-gage transducers, Plastics
With the Half-bridge system, 2 strain gages are improves temperature compensation and eliminates
Ultra-small strain
connected to the bridge, one each to adjacent or strain components other than the target strain. High temp.
opposite legs with fixed resistors inserted in the For details, see "How to Form Strain-gage Bridge Low temp.

other legs. See Figs. 5-1 and 5-2. There is the active- Circuits" (See pages 9-7 and 9-8).
High elongation
dummy system, where one strain gage serves as a
dummy gage for temperature compensation, and Fig. 6
the active-active system, where both gages serve Non-
magnetoresistive
as active gages. The half-bridge system is used to
eliminate strain components other than the target Rg1 Rg2
Hydrogen gas
strain; according to the measuring purpose, 2 gages Bending
are connected to the bridge in different ways. eo
For details, See "How to Form Strain-gage Bridge With protector
Circuits" (See pages 9-7 and 9-8). Embedded

Rg4 Rg3
Fig. 5-1
Crack
E
(Active
strain gage )
Rg1 Rg2
(Dummy or active
strain gage ) Adhesive
Coating agent
eo

Custom-
R R designed

E
Half-bridge system 1-4
 1 -5
STRAIN GAGES

■Self-temperature-compensation Gages ■The following are described

Strain Gages
(SELCOM Gages)  in Technical Memo.
When receiving a temperature change, a strain gage (See the chapter 9.)
Outline bonded to a measuring object generates an apparent
strain due to a difference in linear expansion coefficient
between the measuring object and the resistive · Mechanical properties of industrial materials
Lead-wire cable element of the strain gage, and a thermally-induced · Linear expansion coefficients of materials
resistance change of the gage element. The SELCOM · Examples of strain-gage measurement
gage has a resistance temperature coefficient of the · Tensile and compressive stress measurement
General
resistive element adjusted to match with the measuring · Bending stress measurement
object, thereby minimizing the apparent strain. · Equation of strain on beams
Waterproof Kyowa's SELCOM gages have been adjusted so · Torsional and shearing stress measurement of axis
that, when they are bonded to suitable measured
· Temperature effect on lead wires with 2-wire system
materials, the average value of the apparent strain in
Concrete the self-temperature-compensation range is within · Influence of insulation resistance
±1.8 μm/m per °C* (representative value). · Resistance change of strain gages bonded to
Composite material As shown in Fig. 7, the thermally-induced apparent curved surfaces
PCB
Plastics strain of KFGS gages is within ±1 μm/m per °C* in a · Compensation methods of different gage factors
temperature range of 20 to 40°C in which they are · Misalignment effect of bonding strain gages
Ultra-small strain
High temp. most frequently used. For the principle of SELCOM · Compensation methods of effect of lead wire
Low temp. gages, see page 9-4. For the models and suitable
extension
measured materials, see page 1-6.
High elongation · Compensation methods of nonlinearity error of
* Representative value. For details, see the "Thermal Output"
data attached with the products. quarter-bridge system
· Methods of obtaining the magnitude and
Non- ■Typical characteristic curve of thermally-induced
magnetoresistive
apparent strain with KFGS gages direction of principal stress (Rosette analysis)
140 · Generating calibration values based on the tip
Thermally-induced apparent strain output (μm/m)

Hydrogen gas ℃
Bending
120
per parallel resistance method
100 /m
μm
1.8
80
With protector 60 1 μm/m per ℃
Embedded 40
20 Temperature（℃）
10
0
Crack 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
-20
-40
-1 μm/m per ℃
Adhesive -60
-1.8
Coating agent -80 μm
/m
per
-100 ℃
-120 Adhesive: CC-33A
Custom-
designed -140

Fig. 7
1-5
■Strain-gage Model Name Coding System
1 -6

STRAIN GAGES
Resistance (Ω) Gage Pattern

Gage Length (mm) Applicable Linear Expansion Coefficient

Suffix N indicates base and
gage (grid) widths are narrow.
Type and Length of Lead-wire Cable
Model

KFGS-2-120-C1-11 L1M3R
Applicable linear expansion
coefficient ( x10–6/°C )

KFGS: General-purpose Foil Strain Gages
KFB: Strain Gages for Measuring Axial Tension of Bolts
KFGT: Foil Strain Gages with a Temperature Sensor
KFRB: Foil Strain Gages
KFWB: Waterproof Foil Strain Gages
KFWS: Small-sized Waterproof Foil Strain Gages
KCW: Weldable Waterproof Foil Strain Gages
KC: Wire Strain Gages
KM: Embedded Strain Gages
KMC: Concrete-embedded Strain Gages
KFRPB: Foil Strain Gages for Composite Materials
KFRS Foil Strain Gages for Printed Boards
KFP: Foil Strain Gages for Plastics
KSPB: Semiconductor Strain Gages
A1: Uniaxial, leads at one end (KC gage) 1: Composite materials such as CFRP
C1: Uniaxial, leads at one end (Foil gage) Amber (1.1)
C2: Uniaxial 90°, leads at both ends Diamond (1.2)
C3: Uniaxial 0°, leads at both ends
C9: Uniaxial, leads at one end (KFNB gage) 3: Composite materials such as GFRP
C11: Uniaxial, 2-element, 1 mm thick (KFF gage) Silicon (2.3)
C12: Uniaxial, 2-element, 2 mm thick (KFF gage) Sulfur (2.7)
C15: Uniaxial right 45°, for shearing strain, leads at one end
C16: Uniaxial left 45°, for shearing strain, leads at one end 5: Composite materials such as GFRP
C20: Uniaxial, leads at one end (KFB gage) Tungsten (4.5)
D1: Biaxial 0/90°, leads at both ends Lumber [Wood] (5.0)
D2: Biaxial 0/90°, leads at both ends (For torque) Molybdenum (5.2)
D3: Triaxial 0/45/90°, leads at both ends, plane arrangement Zirconium (5.4)
Strain Gages
D4: Triaxial 0/120/240°, plane arrangement Kovar (5.9)

KSN: Self-temperature-compensation Semiconductor Strain Gages D6: Quadraxial 0/30/90/150°, plane arrangement
6: Composite materials such as GFRP Outline
KSPH: High-output Semiconductor Strain Gages D9: Uniaxial 5-element 90°
28 Tantalum (6.6)
KSPLB: Ultra Linear Semiconductor Strain Gages D16: Biaxial 0/90° stacked rosette, round base
KHCX: Encapsulated Gages D17: Triaxial 0/45/90° stacked rosette, round base
9: Composite materials such as CFRP, GFRP Lead-wire cable
KHCR: Encapsulated Gages D19: Uniaxial 5-element 0°
Titanium alloy (8.5)
KHCV: Encapsulated Gages D20: Biaxial 0/90° (KFNB gage)
Platinum (8.9)
KHCS: Encapsulated Gages D22: Triaxial 0/45/90°, plane arrangement
Soda-lime glass (9.2) General
KHCM: Encapsulated Gages D25: Triaxial 0/45/90°, plane arrangement
KHC: Encapsulated Gages D28: Triaxial 0/90/135°, plane arrangement (For boring)
11: Common steel (11.7)
KFU: High-temperature Foil Strain Gages D31: Biaxial 0/90°, leads at one end (For torque) Waterproof
SUS631 (10.3)
KH: High-temperature Foil Strain Gages D34: Biaxial 0/90°, plane arrangement
SUS630 (10.6)
KFHB: High-temperature Foil Strain Gages D35: Triaxial 0/45/90°, plane arrangement
Cast iron (10.8)
KFLB: Low-temperature Foil Strain Gages D39: Biaxial 5-element 0/90°, stacked rosette Concrete
Nickel-molybdenum steel (11.3)
KFEM: Ultrahigh-elongation Foil Strain Gages E3: Uniaxial, leads at both ends (Semiconductor gage) Beryllium (11.5)
KFEL: High-elongation Foil Strain Gages E4: Uniaxial, leads at one end (Semiconductor gage) Inconel X (12.1) Composite material
KFNB: Non-inductive Foil Strain Gages E5: Uniaxial, leads at both ends with no base (Semiconductor gage) PCB
Plastics
KFSB: Shielded Foil Strain Gages F2: Uniaxial 2-element (Semiconductor gage) 13: Corrosion and heat-resistant alloys such as NCF
KFV: Foil Strain Gage for Hydrogen Gas Environment F3: Biaxial 0/90° (Semiconductor gage) Nickel (13.3) Ultra-small strain
KFF: Foil Strain Gages for Bending Strain Measurement G4: Uniaxial, leads at one end (KH-G4) High temp.
Printed circuit board (13.0)
Low temp.
KCH: Foil Strain Gages with a Protector G8: Uniaxial active-dummy 2-element, Inconel (For KHC)
KMP: Embedded Gage G9: Uniaxial active-dummy 2-element, SUS (For KHC) 16: Stainless steel SUS304 (16.2)
High elongation
KV: Crack Gages G10: Uniaxial (For KCW) Beryllium steel (16.7)
G12: Uniaxial active-dummy 2-element (For KHCS) Copper (16.7)
G13: Uniaxial active-dummy 2-element (For KHCX) Non-
G15: Uniaxial active-dummy 2-element (For KHCM) 23: 2014-T4 (23.4) magnetoresistive
G16: Uniaxial active-dummy 2-element (For KHCR) Brass (21.0)
G17: Uniaxial active 1-element (For KHCV) Tin (23.0) Hydrogen gas
H1: Uniaxial (For KM-30) 2024-T4 (23.2) Bending
H2: Uniaxial (For KM-120)
H3: Uniaxial (For KMC) 27: Magnesium alloy (27.0) With protector
Embedded
H4: Uniaxial with T thermocouple (For KMC)
J1: Uniaxial (For KFSB) 65: Acrylic resin (65.0)
Polycarbonate (66.6) Crack

Adhesive
Coating agent
For choosing strain gages, see pages 1-7, 1-8.
For special custom-made gage patterns, see pages 1-52, 1-53. Custom-
Note: Combination of codes is limited and impossible to choose menu options at random. designed

1-6
 1 -7
Strain-gage Selection Chart Please select strain-gage types matching to
measurement purpose and environment.
STRAIN GAGES

KFGS-2-120-

Model Gage Length (mm) Resistance (Ω)

Selecting strain-gage types Selecting gage-length types Selecting strain-gage

matching the kind of material matching the kind of materials resistance matching
and the temperature of the and the environment of space. the measurement
environment. application.
Strain Gages

Outline

E.g.
Lead-wire cable
· Outdoor environment,
measurement in
Strain Gage
Main Applications Lengths Applications Resistance
General underwater (mm)

KFWB 30 to 120
Waterproof Waterproof foil Strain measurement Bending
for mortar & concrete
60 Ω
compensation
strain gages

Concrete
5 to 30 General-
Strain measurement purpose
Composite material
for wood & glass
120 Ω
PCB
strain
Plastics
· Measurement under measurement
high temperature
Ultra-small strain
High temp. Strain measurement 1 to 6
Low temp. 350 to
KFU for common steel For transducers
1000 Ω
High-temperature & acrylic
High elongation
foil strain gages
0.15 to 2
Non- Concentrated stress
magnetoresistive measurement
· Concrete internal strain
Hydrogen gas
Bending measurement 0.2 to 1
Strain measurement
With protector in narrow space
Embedded
KM
Embedded 0.2 to 1
Strain measurement
Crack strain gages
in fast phenomena
(Impact-shock, etc.)
Adhesive
Coating agent

Custom- For special custom-made gage patterns, see pages 1-52, 1-53.
designed Note: Combination of codes is limited and impossible to choose menu options at random.

1-7
 1 -8

STRAIN GAGES
Every model
has meaning.

C1-11 L1M3R

Applicable Linear Type and Length of

Gage Pattern Expansion Coefficient Lead-wire Cable

Selecting a pattern matching Selecting an applicable Selecting a lead-wire cable

the measurement application. linear expansion coefficient matching the measurement
matching the measurement under environments and
application. temperature.
Strain Gages

Outline

E.g. E.g.
Lead-wire cable

· Concentrated General
stress measurement
5
Wood [lumber] Waterproof
D9
Uniaxial
5-element 90°
11 Stain gages with Concrete

Common steel lead wires for

Composite material
labor saving PCB
Plastics
· Measurement of We supply these two types:
Poisson ratio 16 ・Gages with leads only
Ultra-small strain
High temp.
Stainless steel ・Gages connected with flat Low temp.
D16
vinyl lead wires of required
2

Biaxial 0, 90° 1 3

High elongation
stacked rosette, length
round base 23 Gages connected with lead
Aluminum alloy Non-
wires provide increases in magnetoresistive
speed and labor saving
required for adhesion. Hydrogen gas

· Stress analysis
27 See the pages for each gage for Bending
Magnesium alloy
combinations of gages and
D17
2

With protector
lead wires. Embedded
Triaxial 0, 90,
3

and 45°
stacked rosette,
round base 65 Plastics Crack

Adhesive
Coating agent

Custom-
designed

1-8
 1 -9
Strain-gage Measurement Examples
STRAIN GAGES

●Stress Measurement of precast concrete such as Tetrapods®

Wire strain gage

KC

Strain Gages

Outline
Universal recorder
EDX-200A
Lead-wire cable

General
●Stress measurement of plastic parts

Waterproof
General-purpose foil strain gage
KFGS
Concrete

Composite material
PCB
Plastics

Ultra-small strain
High temp.
Low temp.

High elongation

Non-
magnetoresistive

Hydrogen gas
Bending

With protector
Embedded

Crack

Adhesive
Coating agent
Sensor interface
PCD-400A
Custom-
designed

1-9
 1 -10

STRAIN GAGES
●Stress measurement when a PCB is mounted

Foil strain gages

for printed boards
KFRS

Strain Gages

Outline
Sensor interface
PCD-400A
Lead-wire cable

●Stress measurement during strength testing of a shutter General

Waterproof

Concrete

Composite material
PCB
Plastics
General-purpose foil strain gages
KFGS Ultra-small strain
High temp.
Low temp.

High elongation

Non-
magnetoresistive

Hydrogen gas
Bending

With protector
Embedded

Crack

Adhesive
Universal recorder Coating agent
EDX-200A
Custom-
designed

1-10
 1 -11
Strain-gage Selection Chart for Each
Measurement Application
Metal
General Stress Measurement Crack Gages
STRAIN GAGES

Measurement Measurement
Models Pages Models Pages
Environment Environment
KFGS Measurement KV
Under general
environment
1-18 of the progress
1-46
General-purpose Foil Strain Gages and propagation
KFGS speed of crack Crack Gages
Max.
elongation 1-18
5% General-purpose Foil Strain Gages Measurement at High Temperature
KFRB
Usable at up Measurement
Environment Models Pages
1-27
to 150°C
Foil Strain Gages KHCX
KFWB Up to 950°C 1-38
Simply Encapsulated Gages
1-29
waterproofed KHCV
Waterproof Foil Strain Gages
Up to 800°C 1-38
KFWS Encapsulated Gages
Simply
1-30 KHCR
waterproofed
Small-sized Waterproof Foil Strain Gages Up to 750°C 1-38
Simply KCW Encapsulated Gages
waterproofed, 1-30 KHCS
long-term stability Weldable Waterproof Foil Strain Gages Up to 750°C 1-38
Encapsulated Gages
Simply KCH KHCM
waterproofed, Foil Strain Gages 1-45 Up to 650°C 1-38
rugged with a Protector Encapsulated Gages
KHC
Up to 550°C 1-38
Strain Gages Applicable to Sensing Element of Transducers Encapsulated Gages
Measurement
Models Pages KFU
Environment Up to 350°C 1-39
Outline High-temperature Foil Strain Gages
Uniaxial, KFGS
high-resistance 1-24 KH
350, 500, 1000 Ω General-purpose Foil Strain Gages Up to 350°C 1-39
Lead-wire cable High-temperature Foil Strain Gages
Uniaxial, KFGS-C15, C16
for shearing 1-22
KFHB
Up to 250°C 1-40
General strain General-purpose Foil Strain Gages High-temperature Foil Strain Gages
Biaxial, KFGS-D2, D31
1-20
Waterproof
for torque 1-21 Measurement at Low Temperature
measurement General-purpose Foil Strain Gages
Measurement Models Pages
Environment

Concrete Residual Stress Measurement Measurement

at LHe temp.*
KFLB
1-41
Measurement
Models Pages (-269°C) Low-temperature Foil Strain Gages
Composite material Environment
PCB * LHe temp.: Liquid Helium temperature
Plastics Installation KFGS T-F7

Ultra-small strain
by cutting 1-25 Measurement under High Electric Field
method Foil Strain Gages with Gate Terminal
High temp. Measurement Models Pages
Low temp. Installation KFGS-D28 Environment
by boring Foil Strain Gages for 1-25 Measurement KFSB
High elongation method Boring Method under high
electric field 1-43
accompanying
induction noise Shielded Foil Strain Gages
Non-
magnetoresistive Measurement under Hydrogen Gas Environment
Measurement
Hydrogen gas
Environment
Models Pages
Applicable to Ultra-small Strain Measurement and
Bending Measurement KFV Highly-sensitive Element of Transducers
under high-pressure Measurement
1-44 Environment Models Pages
With protector hydrogen gas
Embedded environment Foil Strain Gage for Hydrogen Gas Environment Measurement of KSPB
<100μm/m under
little temperature 1-36
change environment Semiconductor Strain Gages
Crack
Internal Strain Measurement Measurement of KSN
Measurement
Models Pages <100μm/m under
Environment little temperature Self-temperature-compensation 1-36
Adhesive
Coating agent A box structure KFF change environment Semiconductor Strain Gages
allowing no Measurement of KSPLB
strain gage to 1-44 <100μm/m under 7-E4

Custom- be bonded on little temperature 1-37

designed the inside of it. Foil Strain Gages for Bending Strain Measurement change environment Ultra Linear Semiconductor Strain Gages

1-11
 Composite Materials, Printed
Boards, and Plastics
1 -12
Impact Strain Measurement General Stress Measurement

STRAIN GAGES
Measurement Measurement Pages
Environment Models Pages Environment Models

Measurement KSPH Applicable linear KFRPB

with no amplifier 1-37 expansion
coefficient 1-33
used High-output Semiconductor Strain Gages
1 to 9×10 -6/°C Foil Strain Gages for Composite Materials
Custom-designed Gages Applicable
linear expansion
KFRS
coefficient 1-34
Measurement
Environment Models Pages 13×10 -6/°C Foil Strain Gages for Printed Boards
Applicable KFP
For making Diaphragm pattern linear expansion
1-53 1-35
transducers coefficient
65×10 -6/°C Foil Strain Gages for Plastics
KMP
Concentrated Stress Measurement For strain
measurement 1-45
Measurement
inside resin Embedded Gage
Environment Models Pages

Measurement KFGS-D9, D19,

of stress D39
distribution at 1-22
8mm to 12mm
intervals Pitch: 2 mm or 3 mm
Metal, Plastics, Lumber and Rubber
Measurement KFRB-D9, D19 High-elongation Gages
of stress 1-28
distribution at Measurement
Environment Models Pages
2mm intervals
Pitch: 0.5 mm
Max. elongation KFEM
Approx. 20% to 1-42
Measurement under High Magnetic Field 30% Ultrahigh-elongation Foil Strain Gages
Strain Gages
Max. elongation KFEL
Measurement Models Pages
Environment
Approx. 10 to 1-42
Measurement KFLB 15%
under DC High-elongation Foil Strain Gages Outline
magnetic field at 1-41
low temperature Low-temperature Foil Strain Gages
Measurement KFRB Lead-wire cable
under DC
magnetic field at
mid temperature Foil Strain Gages
1-27
Wood [Lumber], Plaster, Paper, etc.
Measurement KFHB General
under DC
1-40
General Stress Measurement
magnetic field at
high temperature High-temperature Foil Strain Gages Measurement Models Pages
Environment Waterproof
Measurement KFNB Lumber KFGS
under DC/AC Non-inductive 1-43 (Applicable linear
magnetic field expansion 1-19
Foil Strain Gages Concrete
coefficient
5×10 -6/°C) General-purpose Foil Strain Gages
Concrete, Mortar, etc. Composite material
PCB
Plastics
General Stress Measurement
Measurement
Various Materials Ultra-small strain
High temp.
Environment Models Pages Low temp.

KFWB General Stress Measurement

Simply High elongation
1-29 Measurement
waterproofed Environment Models Pages
Waterproof Foil Strain Gages
KFWS Simultaneous KFGT Non-
Simply measurement magnetoresistive
1-30 1-26
waterproofed of strain and
Small-sized Waterproof Foil Strain Gages temperature Foil Strain Gages with a Temperature Sensor
Hydrogen gas
Surface strain KFGS Bending
meas. (Small General-purpose Foil Strain Gages 1-31
aggregate) Length: 10 to 30 mm With protector
Surface strain KC
meas. (Large Wire Strain Gages 1-31
Metal Bolts Embedded

aggregate) Length: 60 to 120 mm

Measurement of Axial Tension of Bolts Crack
KM
Internal strain Measurement
1-32 Environment Models Pages
measurement Adhesive
Embedded Strain Gages Coating agent
KFB
Self-shrinkage KMC Tightening stress
strain 1-32 measurement of Strain Gages for 1-26 Custom-
bolts Measuring Axial designed
measurement Concrete-embedded Strain Gages Tension of Bolts

1-12
 1 -13
Major Properties of Kyowa Strain Gages
Materials Operating temperature Self- Applicable linear Strain limits Fatigue lives
Models/ in combination temperature- expansion at normal temp. at normal temp.
STRAIN GAGES

with major adhesives compensation coefficients Pages

series designation Resistive (Approx. ) (Times)
elements Bases after curing (℃) *1 (℃) (x10–6/℃) *2 *3
CC-33A -196 to 120
For general CC-36 -30 to 100 5，11，16，
purpose EP-340 -55 to 150
10 to 100
23，27
5.0% 1.2×107 1-18
PC-600 -196 to 150

For sensing element PC-600 -196 to 150 11，

16，23，
of transducers EP-340 -55 to 150
10 to 100
27
5.0% 1.2×107 1-20

For concrete CC-35 -10 to 80 10 to 100 11 5.0% 1.2×107 1-31

General-purpose
Foil Strain Gages CuNi alloy foil Polyimide
CC-33A -196 to 120
KFGS Concentrated stress CC-36 -30 to 100 11，
16， 23，
EP-340 -55 to 150 10 to 100
27
1-22
measurement
PC-600 -196 to 150
CC-33A -196 to 120
Residual stress CC-36 -30 to 100 11，
16，23，
measurement EP-340 -55 to 150
10 to 100 27 1-25
PC-600 -196 to 150

Strain Gages for Measuring Axial Tension of Bolts

KFB
CuNi alloy foil Polyimide EP-370 Normal temp. to 50 1-26
For general stress measurement

CC-33A -10 to 120

Foil Strain Gages with a Temperature Sensor 11，
16，23，
CuNi alloy foil Polyimide CC-36 -10 to 100 10 to 100
27
3% 1×106 1-26
KFGT EP-340 -10 to 120
Strain measurement PC-600 -196 to 150
at mid tempera- CC-33A -196 to 120 0 to 150 11，
16，
23 2.2% 1×106 1-27
ture, for transducers EP-340 -55 to 150
Foil Strain Gages
NiCr alloy foil Polyimide
KFRB PC-600 -196 to 150
Concentrated stress
measurement CC-33A -196 to 120 0 to 150 11，
16，
23 1-28
EP-340 -55 to 150
Strain Gages
CC-33A -10 to 80
Waterproof Foil Strain Gages
CuNi alloy foil Polyimide CC-36 -10 to 80 10 to 80 11，
16，
23 2.8% 3×104 1-29
KFWB
EP-340 -10 to 80
Outline
Small-sized Waterproof Foil Strain Gages CC-33A -10 to 80 11，
16，
23
KFWS
CuNi alloy foil Polyimide
EP-340 -10 to 80
10 to 80 5.0% 3×104 1-30
Lead-wire cable
Weldable Waterproof Foil Strain Gages (Spot welding)
KCW
NiCr alloy foil Stainless steel 10 to 90 11 1-30
-20 to 100
General
Wire Strain Gages Paper base +
KC
CuNi alloy wire
phenol-epoxy
CC-35 -30 to 120 10 to 60 11 1.8% 1.5×105 1-31
Waterproof
Embedded Strain Gages (Embedment)
KM
CuNi alloy Acrylate 0 to 50 11 0.2% 1-32
-10 to 70
Concrete
Concrete-embedded Strain Gages (Embedment)
KMC
CuNi alloy wire Silicone 0.3% 1-32
Normal temp. to 70
Composite material
PCB
For composite materials,

Foil Strain Gages for Composite Materials EP-34B -55 to 200

Plastics
KFRPB
NiCr alloy foil Polyimide
CC-33A -196 to 120 0 to 150 1，
3，6，
9 2.2% 1×106 1-33
plastics and rubber

Ultra-small strain
High temp. Foil Strain Gages for Printed Boards CC-33A -196 to 120
NiCr alloy foil Polyimide 1.6% 2×106 1-34
Low temp. KFRS PC-600 -196 to 150 -30 to 120 13

High elongation Foil Strain Gages for Plastics EP-34B -20 to 80

KFP
CuNi alloy foil Polyimide CC-33A -20 to 80 10 to 80 65 3.0% 1×106 1-35
CC-36 -20 to 80
Non- Ultra-small strain: for
sensing element CC-33A -50 to 120 *A
magnetoresistive P type Si Polyimide 0.3% 1-36
For ultra-small strain measurement

Semiconductor of highly sensitive EP-340 -50 to 150 2×106

transducers
Strain Gages
Hydrogen gas KSPB Ultra-small strain: 2- P type Si CC-33A -50 to 120 *A
Bending element, temperature-
N type Si
Polyimide
EP-340 -50 to 150
20 to 70 11.7 0.15%
2×106 1-36
compensation type

With protector Self-temperature-compensation Paper base + CC-33A -50 to 120 *A

Embedded Semiconductor Strain Gages N type Si
phenol-epoxy CC-36 -30 to 100
20 to 70 11，
16 0.1%
2×106
1-36
KSN
High-output Paper base + CC-33A -50 to 120 *A
Crack Semiconductor Strain Gages P type Si
phenol-epoxy CC-36 -30 to 100
0.3%
2×106 1-37
KSPH
Ultra Linear
Adhesive CC-33A -50 to 120 *A
Semiconductor Strain Gages P type Si Polyimide
EP-340 -50 to 150
0.15%
2×106
1-37
Coating agent KSPLB

Custom- *1. Underlined adhesives are those used for strain limit tests and fatigue life tests at normal temperature.
*2. Typical values with uniaxial gages. Strain limit is the mechanical limit where the difference between the strain reading and mechanical strain
Notes

designed
initiated by applying tension load exceeds 10%.
*3. Typical values with uniaxial gages. Strain level: ±1500 μm/m ; *A: ±1000 μm/m; *B: ±500 μm/m
1-13
 1 -14

Materials Operating temperature Self- Applicable linear Strain limits Fatigue lives
Models/ in combination temperature- expansion at normal temp. at normal temp.

STRAIN GAGES
with major adhesives compensation coefficients Pages
series designation Resistive (Approx. ) (Times)
elements Bases after curing (℃) *1 (℃) (x10–6/℃) *2 *3
Heat-resistant (Spot welding)
Encapsulated Gages Heat-resistant 1-38
special alloy -196 to 950 25 to 950 11，
13
KHCX metal
wire

Heat-resistant (Spot welding)

Encapsulated Gages Heat-resistant
special alloy (Dynamic 1-38
KHCV metal 25 to 800
wire measurement)

Heat-resistant (Spot welding)

Encapsulated Gages Heat-resistant
special alloy 25 to 750 25 to 750 11，
13，
16 1-38
KHCR metal
wire

Heat-resistant (Spot welding)

Encapsulated Gages Heat-resistant
special alloy -196 to 750 25 to 750 11，
13，
16 1-38
KHCS metal
For high temperature

wire

Heat-resistant (Spot welding)

Encapsulated Gages Heat-resistant
special alloy -196 to 650 25 to 650 11，
13，
16 1-38
KHCM metal
wire

Encapsulated Gages Heat-resistant (Spot welding) Normal temp.

NiCr alloy wire 11，
13，
16 1-38
KHC metal -196 to 550 to 500

High-temperature Foil *A
Strain Gages NiCr alloy foil Polyimide PI-32 -30 to 350 10 to 300 11，
16，
23 1.9% 1.5×105 1-39
KFU (300℃)

High-temperature Foil (Spot welding) *B

Stainless 10 to 300 11，
16 0.5% 1-39 Strain Gages
Strain Gages NiCr alloy foil 1×107
steel -50 to 350
KH

High-temperature Foil PC-600 -196 to 250 Outline

Strain Gages NiCr alloy foil Polyimide EP-34B -55 to 200 10 to 250 11，
16，
23 2.1% 1-40
KFHB PI-32 -196 to 250
Lead-wire cable
For antimagnetic For large strain For low

Low-temperature Foil PC-600 -269 to 150

measurement temp.

5，
11， 16，
Strain Gages NiCr alloy foil Polyimide EP-270 -269 to 30 -196 to 50 23 2.2% 1×106 1-41
KFLB CC-33A -196 to 120
General
Ultrahigh-elongation Foil
Strain Gages CuNi alloy foil Polyimide CC-36 -20 to 80 20% to 30% 1-42
KFEM Waterproof

High-elongation Foil
Strain Gages CuNi alloy foil Polyimide CC-36 -10 to 80 15% 1×106 1-42
KFEL Concrete

Non-inductive Foil
PC-600 -196 to 150 Composite material
1-43
strain environments applications

Strain Gages NiCr alloy foil Polyimide 0 to 150 11，

16，
23 1% 1×104 PCB
CC-33A -196 to 120
KFNB Plastics

Shielded Foil CuNi alloy foil Ultra-small strain

(120 Ω) CC-33A -196 to 120
Strain Gages
NiCr alloy foil
Polyimide 10 to 100 11，
16，
23 0.5% 1×104 1-43 High temp.
EP-340 -55 to 120 Low temp.
KFSB (350 Ω)
gas

Foil Strain Gage for High elongation

Special
With Internal hydrogen

Hydrogen Gas Environment Polyimide 1-44

For

alloy foil PC-600 -30 to 80

KFV
Non-
Foil Strain Gages for Bending CC-33A -50 to 80 magnetoresistive
*B
Strain Measurement CuNi alloy foil Acrylate EP-340 -50 to 80
20 to 60 11，
16，
23 0.2% 1-44
4×106
KFF
Hydrogen gas
Protector: Stud bolt Bending
Crack Embedded protector

Foil Strain Gages *A

Strain gage
with a Protector CuNi alloy foil Polyimide
EP-340， CC-33A
11 1%
1.2×106
1-45
KCH -40 to 100 With protector
Embedded
Embedded Gage Aluminum 20 to 120 1-45
KMP
Crack

CC-33A
Crack Gages Paper base+
KV
CuNi alloy foil
phenol-epoxy
CC-36 1-46 Adhesive
PC-600 Coating agent

*1. Underlined adhesives are those used for strain limit tests and fatigue life tests at normal temperature. Custom-
Notes

*2. Typical values with uniaxial gages. Strain limit is the mechanical limit where the difference between the strain reading and mechanical strain designed
initiated by applying tension load exceeds 10%. *1%=10000 μm/m
*3. Typical values with uniaxial gages. Strain level: ±1500 μm/m; *A: ±1000 μm/m; *B: ±500 μm/m.
1-14
 1 -15
Strain Gages with Pre-attached Lead-wire Cables
Virtually all Kyowa strain gages are delivered with a lead-
wire cable pre-attached to ensure labor saving in gage When ordering, specify the model of the strain gage and
bonding works by eliminating the need for soldering. the code of the lead-wire cable with a space in between.
STRAIN GAGES

Types and lengths of the lead-wire cable for each gage are
Model of strain gage Code of lead-wire cable
as follows.
E.g. KFGS-2-120-C1-11 L1M3R

KFGS,KFRB, KFGS,KFRB,
Models KFGS,KFRB,KFWB,KFWS,KC,
KFRPB,KFRS,KFP, KFRPB,KFRS,
of Strain Gage KFRPB,KFRS,KFP,KFEL,KFEM
KFLB,KFEL,KFEM KFP,KFLB

Type of 2 polyester-coated 3 polyester-coated

copper wires copper wires
lead-wire -196 to 150°C -196 to 150°C Vinyl-coated flat 2-wire cable Vinyl-coated flat 3-wire cable
cables -10 to 80°C -10 to 80°C

Uniaxial Multiaxial Uniaxial Multiaxial

15 cm N15C2 N15C3 L15C2R L15C2S L15C3R L15C3S
lead-wire cable

30 cm N30C2 N30C3 L30C2R L30C2S L30C3R L30C3S

Lengths of

1m N1M2 N1M3 L1M2R L1M2S L1M3R L1M3S

3m L3M2R L3M2S L3M3R L3M3S
（＊） 5m L5M2R L5M2S L5M3R L5M3S
Models, etc. L-6 L-7
Twisted for ≥ 50 cm L-9 for ≥ 6 m L-10 for ≥ 6 m
Strain Gages Red Red stripe (Independent)
Coating color Red White
White
Outline

Models KFGS,KFRB,KFRPB, KFRPB,KFHB,

KFNB,KFSB KFU,KFHB
Lead-wire cable of Strain Gage KFRS,KFLB KFLB

General
Type of
Mid- Mid- Vinyl-coated Fluoroplastic- High/low-
lead-wire temperature temperature normal-temperature coated temperature
Waterproof high/low-temp.
cables 2-wire cable 3-wire cable low-noise 3-wire cable 3-wire cable
3-wire cable
-100 to 150°C -100 to 150°C -10 to 80°C
-269 to 250°C -269 to 350°C
Concrete
15 cm R15C2 R15C3 J15C3 F15C3 H15C3
lead-wire cable

30 cm R30C2 R30C3 J30C3 F30C3 H30C3

Lengths of

Composite material
PCB 1m R1M2 R1M3 J1M3 F1M3 H1M3
Plastics
3m R3M2 R3M3 J3M3 F3M3 H3M3
Ultra-small strain
High temp. （＊） 5m R5M2 R5M3 J5M3 F5M3 H5M3
Low temp.
Models, etc. L-11 L-12 L-13 L-3 L-17
Red (Independent) Red (Independent) Red (Independent) Black (Independent)
High elongation
Coating color Grey
Grey White White Blue Yellow
Black Black Blue Green
Non-
magnetoresistive
＊For other lead-wire cable lengths, contact us.
Hydrogen gas
Bending For 2-wire gages, the gage resistance indicated on the (20)

package includes that of the lead-wires.

With protector For 3-wire gages, the gage resistance indicated on the
（8）

Embedded
package is only for the gage itself, and does not include
that of the lead-wires. KFU-2-120-C1-16
L-17
Crack KFU and KFHB: The advance ribbon wire section is covered
with the glass-cloth tape for reinforcement. (See the right Advance ribbon wire
Soldered
Adhesive
figure.)
Sandwiched with
Coating agent Encapsulated gages are provided standard with an MI the glass-cloth tape.
cable 2 m long and a soft cable 50 cm long. Figure: Example of lead-wire cable of a KFU gage
Custom-
designed
See page 1-30 for KCW, page 1-32 for KM.
See page 1-39 for KH. For selecting other lead-wire cables, see page 1-16.

1-15
Lead-wire Cables 1 -16
●L-type lead-wire cables

STRAIN GAGES
Nominal Number of Reciprocating Coated
Operating Cross Resistance
Models Types Conductor Strands/
Section of Wire Diam.
Wire Lengths
Temperature Materials per Meter Diameter (m)
Conductor (mm) (Ω) (mm)
(mm )2

High-temperature lead wire

Normal temp.
to 350°C L-1 CuNi alloy 0.07 1／φ0.30 14.20 φ0.50 50

Vinyl-coated flat 3-wire cable

–10 to 80°C L-2 Copper 0.30 12／φ0.18 0.12 φ2.30 100

Fluoroplastic-coated
–269 high/low-temp. 3-wire cable Tin-plated
to 250°C L-3 copper
0.14 7／φ0.16 0.28 φ0.98 50

Vinyl-coated flat 2-wire cable

–10 to 80°C L-5 Copper 0.50 20／φ0.18 0.07 φ2.50

Vinyl-coated flat 2-wire cable

–10 to 80°C L-6 (*1)
Copper 0.08 7／φ0.12 0.44 φ1.00

Vinyl-coated flat 3-wire cable

–10 to 80°C L-7 (*2)
Copper 0.08 7／φ0.12 0.44 φ1.00
Strain Gages

Vinyl-coated flat 2-wire cable

Outline
–10 to 80°C L-9 (*1)
Copper 0.11 10／φ0.12 0.32 φ1.00

Vinyl-coated flat 3-wire cable Lead-wire cable

–10 to 80°C L-10 (*2)

Copper 0.11 10／φ0.12 0.32 φ1.00 100
General

Mid-temperature
–100 2-wire cable Tin-plated
to 150°C
L-11 copper
0.08 7／φ0.12 0.44 φ0.86 Waterproof

Mid-temperature Concrete
–100 3-wire cable Tin-plated
to 150°C L-12 copper
0.08 7／φ0.12 0.44 φ0.86
Composite material
PCB
Vinyl-coated normal-temperature Plastics
low-noise 3-wire cable Tin-plated
–10 to 80°C L-13 copper
0.09 7／φ0.13 0.46 φ3.50 Ultra-small strain
High temp.
Low temp.
Chloroprene-coated normal-temperature
low-noise 4-wire cable Tin-plated High elongation
–50 to 90°C L-14 copper 0.08 7／φ0.12 0.48 φ4.00

Non-
Fluoroplastic-coated high/low-temp. magnetoresistive
–269 low-noise 3-wire cable Silver-plated
to 250°C
L-15 copper 0.08 7／φ0.12 0.48 φ2.50
Hydrogen gas
10 Bending
Fluoroplastic-coated high/low-temp.
–269 low-noise 4-wire cable Silver-plated
to 250°C L-16 copper 0.08 7／φ0.12 0.48 φ3.30 With protector
Embedded

High/low-temperature Crack
–269 3-wire cable Nickel-plated
to 350°C L-17 copper
0.07 1／φ0.30 0.50 φ0.38 30

Adhesive
Coating agent
*1. These models have a suffix R, W, G, Y or B indicating the coating color; red, white, green, yellow or black. E.g. L-6B: Black vinyl coated.
*2. These models have a suffix WR, WL or WY indicating the stripe color; red, blue or yellow on white vinyl coating. Custom-
E.g. L-7WR: Red stripes on white coating designed

1-16
 1 -17
Examples of vinyl-coated flat wire to connect gages
Cord Cord
2-wire 3-wire 2-wire 3-wire
Type Type
STRAIN GAGES

D9
or
D19
C1 or
Red stripe Red stripe
D39
Red Red stripes
Red
2 connection methods
depending on the models.
(Same as D16 and D17.)
*KFGS: Right only

White
Yellow stripe

C2 D16
or
C3
Red
Red stripe Red stripe
Red
Strain Gages

Outline

Lead-wire cable C15 White Yellow stripe

or
General C16 D17
Red Red stripe
ne
re

Red
G

Waterproof Blue stripe

Red stripe

Concrete
D1 White Yellow stripe
Composite material Red White
PCB Red stripe Yellow stripe
Plastics

Ultra-small strain
High temp.
Low temp.
D28 Red
Red stripe
High elongation

D2
Non- Blue stripe
Green
magnetoresistive
Red stripe

Hydrogen gas
Bending

Red stripe
With protector Red White
Embedded

Yellow stripe
Crack
D31
D4
Adhesive
Coating agent
Red stripe
Green Blue stripe
Custom-
designed

1-17