Chapter 2

Introduction to One-Dimensional Kinematics

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Chapter 2: Introduction to One-Dimensional Kinematics

TOPIC DISCUSSION
2.1 Displacement (1 of 4)

x  xf  xi SI unit: m

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 Displacement (2 of 4)

x  xf  xi  52 m  30 m  22 m

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Displacement (3 of 4)

x  xf  xi  53 m  38 m  91 m

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2.2 Vectors, Scalars, and

Coordinate Systems

A vector quantity is characterized by having both a magnitude and a direction.

A scalar quantity has magnitude, but no direction.
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 Equality of Two Vectors

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Coordinate Systems

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Displacement (4 of 4)

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 2.3 Time, Velocity, and Speed (1 of 5)

Average speed  path lengthSI unit: m/s

elapsed time

vd
t

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Demo 01-08 Constant Velocity

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Velocity (2 of 5)

Average speed  path length

elapsed time

Atlanta to St. Petersburg: Side trip to Jacksonville:

d = 500 mi d = 600 mi
t = 10 h t = 10 h

average speed  500 mi  50 mi/h average speed  600 mi  60 mi/h

10 h 10 h

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 Velocity (3 of 5)

v  x  xf  xi
ttf  ti
SI unit: m/s

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Velocity (4 of 5)
Table 2.1 Position of the Car at Various Times

v  x  xf  xi  52 m  30 m  2.2 m/s
t tf  ti10 s  0 s

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Velocity (5 of 5)

velocities are equal; speeds are different

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Example 2.1

commuter driving 6.0 km due east to work. Calculate the average velocity in kilometers per hour if it takes him 15 min to drive to work.

v  x
t
v  6.0 km east
15 min
v  0.40 km/min east
v  24 km/h east

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Graphical Interpretation of Velocity (1 of 3)

v  x  xf  xi
ttf  ti

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 Graphical Interpretation of Velocity (2 of 3)

Table 2.1 Position of the Car at Various Times

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Average velocity = slope of straight line joining the initial and final points on position-versus-time graph

Graphical Interpretation of Velocity (3 of 3)

Table 2.1 Position of the Car at Various Times

x  37 m  30 m  67 m

v  x  67 m  1.7 m/s
t40 s

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Instantaneous Velocity (1 of 3)

The velocity at a particular instant is the instantaneous velocity.

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 2.4 Acceleration 2.13

A subway train in Sao Paulo, Brazil, decelerates as it comes into a station. It is accelerating in a direction opposite to its direction of motion. (credit: Yusuke Kawasaki, Flickr)

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Average Acceleration (1 of 3)

v  vf  vi
v v v
t  tf  ti a  f i SI unit: m/s2
t tf  ti

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Average Acceleration (2 of 3)

a  v  20 m/s  10 m/s  +5 m/s2

t 2s

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 Demo 01-10 Rolling Ball Incline

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Average Acceleration (3 of 3)

• velocity and acceleration in same direction → speed increases with time

• velocity and acceleration are in opposite directions → speed decreases
with time.

54 EXAMPLE 2.2

Calculate the acceleration of a car that changes

its velocity from zero to 90.0 km/h due west in 15
s.

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 Motion Diagrams (1 of 3)

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Motion Diagrams (2 of 3)

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Motion Diagrams (3 of 3)

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 Demo 01-11 Constant Acceleration

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65 EXAMPLES
Suppose the train accelerates from rest to 30.0 km/h in the first
20.0 s of its motion. What is its average acceleration during that
time interval?

Now suppose that at the end of its trip, the train slows to a stop from a
speed of 30.0 km/h in 8.00 s. What is its average acceleration while
stopping?

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 Think – Pair – Share 10

This figure is a diagram of a multiflash image of an air puck moving to the right on a horizontal surface. The images sketched are separated by equal time intervals, and the first and last images show the puck at re

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2.5 Motion Equations for Constant Acceleration in One Dimension (1 of 7)

For constant acceleration, the instantaneous acceleration at any point in a time interval is equal to the value of the average acceleration over the entire time interval.

a  vf  vi  a  v  v0
tf  ti t

v  v0  at for constant a

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One-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration (2 of 7)

v0  2.0 m/s
a  6.0 m/s2
t  2.0 s

 2
v  v0  at  2.0 m/s  6.0 m/s 
 2.0 s  14 m/s

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 One-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration (3 of 7)

v  v0  v
 for constant a
2

v  xf  xi  x  x  vt   v0  v  t
tfi  tt 
 2

 x  1 v0  v t for constant a

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One-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration (4 of 7)

x  1 0v  v t
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1substitute v  v0  at 1
x v  v0  at
0
t x  v t 0 at 2

2 2

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One-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration (5 of 7)

x  x  v t  1 at 2 v  v0  at
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2

x  v t  1 at 2
0
2
The area under the graph of v versus t for any object is equal to the displacement
∆x of the object.

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 One-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration (6 of 7)

v  v  at  t  v  v0
0
a

1 1  v  v0  v22  v0
2 v0  v t 2 v0  v 
x  
 a 2a

v 2  0v 2  2axfor constant a

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One-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration (7 of 7)

Table 2.4 Equations for Motion in a Straight Line Under Constant Acceleration

Note: Motion is along the x-axis. At t = 0, the velocity of the particle is v0.

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2.6 Problem-Solving Basics for One-Dimensional Kinematics

Read the problem Table 2.4 Equations for Motion in a Straight Line Under Constant Acceleration
Draw a diagram
Label all quantities
Choose your equations:
Solve
Check

Note: Motion is along the x-axis. At t = 0, the velocity of the particle is v0.

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 Example 2.3

How long will it take a runner to run 1500 m if the

runner can maintain an average speed of 5.40
m/s?

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83 Example 2.4

A sprinter is able to produce an acceleration of 8.0

m/s2 for the first 0.75 s of a race. Calculate the
velocity of the sprinter at the end of the first 0.75 s.

84 Example 2.5

Now suppose that the sprinter continues to run at

6.0 m/s until the end of the race. After crossing
the finish line the sprinter decelerates at 2.0
m/s2. How long will it take her to stop?

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 Example 2.6

How far does the sprinter in Example 2.5

travel while stopping?

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86 Example 2.7

Starting from rest a powerful dragster can achieve an

acceleration of 16.0 m/s2 over a distance of 400 m.
Calculate the speed of the dragster in kilometers per
hour at the end of the 400 m.

2.7 Falling Objects (1 of 2)

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 Demo 01-14 Guinea and Feather

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Freely Falling Objects (2 of 2)

free-fall acceleration:
g  9.80 m/s2
kinematics equations:
vy  v0y  gt

y  v t  1 gt 2
0y
2
v y022y  v  2gy

A freely falling object is any object moving freely under the influence of gravity alone.

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 World's Biggest Vacuum Chamber

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Assessing to Learn (1 of 17)
Michael is going to the store 6 miles away. He rides his bike at 12 mph for
the first half of the trip, then walks at 4 mph for the remainder.
Michael's average speed for the trip to the store is closest to:
1. 2 mph
2. 4 mph
3. 6 mph
4. 8 mph
5. 10 mph
Assessing
6. 12 mph to Learn (2 of 17)
7. 14 mph
8. exactly
Wendy walkshalfway
10 m inbetween two of
one direction at the values
2 m/s, then above
runs 6 m in the same direction at 6 m/s. Next, she stops for 4 seconds, and finally walks in the opposite direction at 4 m/s for 6 seconds.
9. impossible
Wendy's averagetospeed
determine
is closest to:

½ m/s 6. 3 m/s
1 m/s 7. 3½ m/s
3. 1½ m/s 4 m/s
4. 2 m/s the negative of one of the choices above 10.impossible to determine
5. 2½ m/s

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 Topic 2: Motion in One Dimension

TOPIC SUMMARY

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Topic Summary (1 of 2)

Displacement
x  xf  xi
Velocity

average speed  path length

elapsed time
v  x  xf  xi
ttf  ti
Acceleration
v v  v
a  fi
ttf  ti

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Topic Summary (2 of 2)

One-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration

v  v  at x  v t  1 at 2 v2v 2  2ax
0 0 0
2
Freely Falling Objects

g  9.8 m/s2
a  g