ARTS AND CULTURE
is an introduction to humanities, from
the earliest times to the present day.
9 Reasons Why Do We Need To Study
Humanities
- The humanities help us understand
others through their languages,
histories and cultures.
- They foster social justice and
equality.
- And they reveal how people have
tried to make moral, spiritual and
intellectual sense of the world.
-The humanities teach empathy.
- They teach us to deal critically and
logically with subjective, complex,
imperfect information.
- And they teach us to weigh evidence
skeptically and consider more than
one side of every question.
- Humanities students build skills in
writing and critical reading.
- The humanities encourage us to
think creatively. They teach us to
reason about being human and to ask
questions about our world.
- The humanities develop informed
and critical citizens. Without the
humanities, democracy could not
flourish.
Why is art important in humanities?
The arts and humanities are essential
to a liberal arts education because of
their direct connection to human
experience.  Art provides a means to express the
Arts and humanities help us to
develop critical thinking, witness
others experience, understand how
people from different culture lives
and their own value
HUMANITIES AND ARTS
Humanities are those area of
thoughts and creation whose subject
is human experience. They include
history, philosophy, religion and arts.
Arts convey information – give form
to what is imagined, express human
beliefs and emotions, create beauty,
move, persuade and entertain
audiences.
Records of Culture
DURABLE-Survive the passage of time
EPHEMERAL-Lasting for a very short
time, short-lived art
THE ROLE OF THE ARTIST
Artist expressed the dominant beliefs
of a culture rather than rebelling
against them.
Artist were trained to conform to the
conventions of art form.
Form and Content
FORM- Includes the shape, line, value,
color texture and space
CONTENT-What it is all about the
meaning of the work
CRITICAL THINKING -Developing the
capacity to analyze, synthesize,
compare and contrast, understand
causes and effects, understand,
appreciate and evaluate the cultural
productions.
PURPOSE OF ART-Art has had a great
number of different functions
throughout its history, making its
purpose difficult to quantity to any
single concept.
8 PURPOSES OF ART
1. Expression of the Imagination
imagination (things, places, ideas that
are unreal or unknowable) in non-
grammatical ways.
Arts provides a range of forms,
symbols and ideals with meanings
that can be determined by the artist.
2. Ritualistic and symbolic functions
Art is used in religion, spiritual or
magical rituals, performances and
dances as a decoration or symbol of a
God or other divine quality.
3. Communication
Art, at is simplest, is a form of
communication.
Most form of communication have an
intent or goal directed toward other
people.
4. Entertainment
Art may such to bring about a
particular emotion or mood, for the
purpose of relaxing or entertaining
the viewer.
More traditional art, such as some
paintings and sculptures are simply
meant to be enjoyable.
5. Political change
One of the defining functions of early
twentieth- century art has been to use
visual images to bring about political
change.
This purposes of art continues today
in many objects aimed at exposing
corruption of the ruling class,
including government, the wealthy,
and corporations.
6. Social causes
Art can be used to raise awareness for
a large variety of causes.
7. Psychological and healing
purposes
Art is also used by art therapists,
psychotherapists and clinical
psychologists as art therapy.
8. Propaganda or Commercialism
Art is often utilized as form of
propaganda, and this can be used to
subtly influence popular conception or
mood (especially regarding political
issues.)

I. HUMANITIES
The humanities are academic
disciplines that study human culture.
Scholars in the humanities are
"humanities scholars" or humanists
The word "humanities" is derived
from the Renaissance Latin expression
studia humanitatis, or "study of
humans"
(a classical Latin word meaning - in
addition to "humanity“ - "culture,
refinement, education“ and,
specifically, an "education befitting
cultivated man")
The HUMANITIES include -Ancient
and modern languages, Literature,
Philosophy, Religion, Visual and
Performing arts, History,
Anthropology, Communication
studies, Cultural studies, Law,
Linguistics
ARTS
It can be a painting in a museum or a
sculpture in a park. Or maybe a movie
that knocks your socks off. It can be a
painted Chinese screen, an African
mask, a Persian rug, or ancient
Egyptian jewelry. Or a photo that
captures a moment in history. It
might be a construction made out of
automobile parts. It’s all art.
PROCESSES - Creative thoughts and
Materials and Techniques
PRODUCTS - The outputs = the
artworks and Can be called a
Composition
EXPERIENCES - Human interaction
and responses and Encounters the
vision
4 CHARACTERISTICS OF ART
Non-restrictiveness - If the originator
intends it to be art, then it is one!
Human Enterprise - We come in
contact w/ other human being and
Engage = desire to respond
Medium of Expressions - Does not
have to be scripted to express and At
most non-verbal
Communication - Sharing / interested
in the interaction and SYMBOLS, not
SIGNS
Functions of ART
Entertainment- Provides escape, Treat
us to a pleasant time, Entertain us
Political & Social Weapon - Seeks to
bring change, Modify behaviors of
people/group, Attack / convey truth
Therapy - Treat physical & mental
illness, Art therapy in counselling,
Laughter strengthens the immune
system
Artefact - Represents the ideas and
technology of time and place,
Connects us to our past
Day-to-Day Life - Mirrors daily living,
Shows the community and the
livelihood, Skill = norm
Cultural Expression - Uniqueness in a
culture, The people as a whole
Self-expression - Personal
preferences, Style and Talent
Religious & Spiritual Purposes -
Represents the ideas and beliefs of a
particular culture, Connects us to our
past
VISUAL ARTS
The HUMANITIES include
Ancient and modern languages,
Literature, Philosophy, Religion
Visual and Performing Arts
History, Anthropology,
Communication studies, Cultural
studies, Law, Linguistics
VISUAL ARTS - We use the term visual
arts to describe the arts we can see.
Drawing, Painting, sculpture,
architecture, photography, furniture,
pottery, collage, junk, icon, print,
poster, glass and jewelry
Broader category includes literature,
music, and dance
SUBJECTS of ART
Still life, portrait, animals, mythology,
figure, history, landscape, seascape,
cityscape
WAY OF PRESENTING ART
REALISM- shows reality, unforgiving
(imperfection and perfection are
copied)
ABSTRACTION- not to be understood,
to be sympathized
DISTORTION- to hide/emphasize,
people like anything funny
SURRELISM- super reality with
distortion, reveals the beauty of
illogical (high-level)
SCULPTURE
WHAT IS SCUPLTURE?
A sculpture is a three dimensional
form made by carving, modeling,
assembling.
Unlike painting, drawing and prints
which have two dimensions (height
and width)
sculptures have three dimensions
(height, width, depth)
SUBTRACTIVE SCULPTURE
Using materials that have natural
solid mass, such as stone, wood or
ivory, the sculptor shapes the work of
art by removing material, cutting it
away, usually with hammer and
chisel.
Physical strength may be required to
carve in stone, as the “SEATED
BUDDHA”
Marble is the traditional medium for
sculpture.
Marble, limestone, and sandstone are
all essentially calcium
carbonate, the difference
being sized and density of
the crystalline structure of
 Limestone and sandstone are
grainier, softer, and more
easily worked than marble.
They have a mat surface, whereas
marble can be polished to
shine.
ADDITIVE SCUPLTURE
Using materials that have no natural
mass, shape, such as plaster, clay or
wax, the sculptor gradually builds up
the desired form by modeling it
The scale of the sculpture is not
limited, as it would be by the size of a
block of a stone or piece of wood.
Because of material is soft, the artist
can revise the form while working,
and can easily changes.
Alternatively, a work modeled in clay
and wax, which are rather
impermanent materials, may be cast
in metal traditionally, bronzed is used.
A small statue can be cast solid.
But a large piece, as the huge statue
of “ MARCUS AURELIUS” must be
hollow.
This is not only because the expenses
and weight, but because, were it
solid, the bronze, which must be
heated to make it molten for the
casting process, would crack as it
gradually cooled.
ASSEMBLE SCULPTURE
A modern sculpture is the mobile,
invented by Alexander Calder.
As the name suggests, the sculpture
which is usually suspended from the
ceiling, actually moves with every
breeze, the colored shapes are linked
together, and a delicate balance
carefully achieved.
 Calder also created stabiles, which
used the same brightly colored metal
shapes, but rest on the ground and do
not move.
Skeleton and skin – modern sky
scrappers with steel skeleton and
glass skin.
ARCHITECTURE
COLUMN
A branch of visual arts that combines
A supporting pillar consisting of a
practical function and artistic
base, a cylindrical shaft, a decorative
expression.
capital at the top.
It is art to inhabit.
The function served by a building 3 classical order, established in
usually determine its form ancient greece
Purely useful purpose of providing
shelter
Answers prevailing social needs
Architect
One who designs and supervises the
construction of buildings. Post and lintel
Is a part of the builder with sound A basic structural system dating from
knowledge of engineering principles, ancient times that uses paired vertical
materials, structural systems such as elements (post) to support a
practical necessities. horizontal element ( lintel)
Part artist who works on form, space, ARCH
scale, light and other aesthetic
properties Consists of a
series of well-
SCALE shaped stones
called voussoirs,
The relative size of one thing
locked in a place
compared to another.
by a keystone at
The relationship of a building to the top center.
another element, often the height of
the human being. Dome
SITE An arch rotated 180 degrees creates a
dome.
The location or an object of the
building. LITERATURE
Care must be taken to choose a solid, Literature differs from visual arts
attractive, appropriate building site. since it is not built from physical
elements, such as paint and stones.
Structural system
It is not composed of sounds as in
Engineering principles used to create music but from words, the basic
structures. elements of language.
2 types: Paint and sound has no intrinsic
meaning ; words do.
Shell system – one or more building
materials such as stone or brick Literature is widely apparent in
provide both support and covering. everyday life.
Popular songs, magazine essays,
greeting card verse, hymns and
prayers are all forms of literature.
Literature is reserved for those works
that “exhibit” the best that has been
thought and said.
Literature represent a culture’s
highest literacy achievement.
Literature presupposes language
with its multitudes of meaning
(content), its grammar (rules for
construction) and syntax
(arrangement of words)
Uses of Language
To make emotional contact with
others
To understand the meaning of words
To convey information to each other
Literacy and Literature
The Development of Literature
Literature predates literacy.
Ancient literature was oral (spoke
rather than written).
To make it easier to remember and
recite, much of this is in a form of
song or poetry.
The invention of writing enabled
people to communicate across space
and time.
It was this invention that recorded
history was born.
The earliest writings of the ancient
world are business like record of laws,
prayers, and commerce- in formative
but not expressive.
Function of Literature
Literature serves a variety of social
functions:
1. Religious literature = prayers and
mythology of a given culture.
2. Epic literature = invented by the
ancient Greeks, and broadly
speaking included history, philosophy,
drama, and poetry. Novels and short 10. Musical Theater - a combination
stories as we know then today were a of drama and music
much later development.
11. Opera - a narrative in which
dialogue and exposition is sung,
combines music with literature
Forms of Literature
and drama.
Literature can be divided into fiction
and non-fiction,
Instruments
Prose and poetry.
1. Percussion - instruments which
MUSIC
make noise as they are struck.
The art that derives from our sense Drums, blocks, cymbals and
of hearing tambourine are percussion
instruments.
Social and Ritual Roles
2. Stringed - deriving from a hunting
1. Liturgical - music designed for bow, have strings strecthed between
churches, used sacred texts and took two points. Sounds are produced
advantage of church acoustics. when they are plucked, stummed,
bowed or struck.
2. Chant or plainsong - simply human
voice singing a religious text without 3. Woodwinds - hollow instruments
instrument accompaniment. that were originally made of woods,
such as flute, recorder and panpipes.
3. Cappella - the voice is
unaccompanied 4. Reed - instruments such as oboe,
are woodwinds that use a
4. Instrumental - when the sound is
mouthpiece created from a
made by special devices called
compressed reed.
instruments.
5. Brass - are metal horns like the
5. Secular - nonreligious, music
tuba, trumpet, and cornet. Brasses
brought about other forms.
were long used by the military to
6. Chamber Music - instrumental communicate over distances in battle
music that was originally played in or in camp.
palaces for royalty and nobility, calls
RHYTHM
for more intimate spaces a small
ensemble of players and a small Rhythm is the element of "TIME" in
audience music. When you tap your foot to the
music, you
7. Orchestral Music - the most public
and complex form, involving a full are "keeping the beat" or following
orchestra and a concert hall, where the structural rhythmic pulse of the
the acoustics and quality of sound is music. There
very important.
are several important aspects of
8. Popular Music or Pop - appeals to rhythm:
wide audience, it includes folk, rock,
country, rock and other types of • DURATION: how long a sound (or
music. silence) lasts.
9. Jazz - an improvisational form that • TEMPO: the speed of the BEAT.
arouse in the United States from
Classical Greece
blues and ragtime.
ORIGINS AND BEGINNINGS
Started before the Persian empire, example Classical Style – Ancient
Greek city-states developed an Greek, (480 - 323 B.C.)
economy based on trade
Kritios Boy Marble Polykleitos
They were organized by largely
populated city-states, surrounded by
farming land

They would become a rival power

against the Persians, other
Mediterranean power Erechtheion

TWO MAJOR CITY-STATES The Caryatids or Korai as they were

Sparta
Based more on an aristocratic model,
with two kings and an oligarchy
underneath them
Militaristic state, where women were
expected to bear sons who would
grow to be brave and loyal soldiers
Loyalty and bravery were dominating
values, opposed to public speaking
and knowledge in Athens
Athens
At first was ruled by a rich aristocratic
class, but there are problems and
social unrest
Next, they established a democratic
government ruled by the people
around 5th century BCE
While all citizens can attend the
meetings in this first organized direct
democracy, there are a few who are
the best speakers and their ideas
dominate
known to the ancient Greeks
Clinging Doric clothes (peplos and
himation) and intricately plaited hair
are rendered in fine detail
Their bold stance and the firm set of
the straight standing leg gave the
impression that the task of bearing
the weigh of the porch entablature
and roof is efforless
It was believed that the tomb of the
mythical King Kekrops lay under the
building, and the libations poured by
the Caryatids replicate the practice of
pouring libations into the ground as
an offering to he dead
SCULPTURE
Classical art:
emphasizes rational simplicity, order,
and restrained emotion.
Lysippos
Aeschylus - widely considered the
father of Greek drama
Euripides - Known for questioning
societal norms
Wrote about subjects that weren't
always deemed good enough for
tragedy – women, slaves
Aristophanes - Famous Greek comedy
play writer
Known as The father of Comedy AND
The prince of Ancient Comedy
He tries recreate life in Athens
Socrates - was the first Athenian-born
philosopher and he changed the focus
of philosophy from speculation about
the physical world to ethical issues.
Plato - Socrates favorite (and most
brilliant) student was Plato, arguably
the greatest philosopher ever
Aristotle – Greek philosopher, a
student of Plato and teacher of
alexander the great.

Greater interest in anatomy and more

relaxed poses

More naturalistic and began to show

the body as alive and capable of
movement

Polycleitus, wrote a book on the

perfect proportions of the human
form and created this statue as an

The Temple of the Olympian Zeus
It is a colossal ruined temple in the
centre of Athens that was dedicated
to Zeus, king of the Olympian gods.
Pergamon’s Altar of Zeus
SCULPTURE
The Battle of the Gods And the
Giants
The Nike of Samothrace
Laocoon and his Son
PHILOSOPHY
Stoicism - Stoic philosophy was the
conviction that the individual human
could apply reason to the
information provided by his or her
senses and develop a true
understanding of reality
Epicureanism - Epicureanism is a
system of philosophy based upon the
teachings of the ancient Greek
philosopher Epicurus.
Skepticism - Skepticism – “skeptic”
derives from the Greek skeptikos
means “inquirer”
It refers more specifically to any one
of several propositions. These
include propositions about
A method of obtaining knowledge
through systematic doubt and
continual testing
The arbitrariness, relativity or
subjectivity of moral values
Cynicism - Cynicism started as
philosophical movement in the 4th
Century B.C that lasted until the fall
of Rome
Rather than a school of philosophy,
Cynicism refers to an informal group
of philosophers with certain
attitudes and unconventional
behaviors.
 SCULPTURE
 er being pillaged in a barbarian
invasion in the 3