Plant reproduction

Comparison of the reproductive methods

Type of offspring produced Advantages
Vegetative propagation Genetically identical 1) Fast
( no fusion of gametes from meiotic cell division involved 2) Maintains the
favourable features of the parents

Sexual reproduction Genetically different ( involves fusion of gametes from meiotic cell
division) 1) Increases genetic variation to raise the chance of survival of the species
when environment changes
2) Reduce competition for resources + prevent spread of diseases by
reducing overcrowding
3) Allows colonisation of new areas

Methods of seed dispersal Adaptive features of the plants

Wind 1) Lightweight and dry pollen
2) Anthers hang outside the flower
3) Feathery stigma
Pollinators 1) Sticky pollen with rough surface
2) Anthers inside the flower
3) Have nectar+ nectar guides

Description of fertilisation :
1. The pollen lands on the stigma + stimulated to germinate due to the sugary liquid
secreted by the stigma .
2. Pollen forms a pollen tube which secretes enzymes to digest the tissues of the
style to carry the male gamete to the ovary .
3. The pollen tube grows through the micropyle and bursts to release the male
gamete to fuse with the ovum

After fertilisation , the petals , anther, stamen, sepal will fall off

Types of seed dispersal

1. By animals : seeds are enclosed in brightly coloured fruit with fleshy walls
2. By wind : seeds are lightweight and have other features to help them glide in air