SELF-LEARNING

UNIT 3
(Section 5.3–5.4)
Let’s start by checking the
previous assignment first…

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 ASSIGNMENT

• Ch. 5
– Class practice 5.2 (p.10)
– Fill in the blanks Q.1 – 7
– M.C. Q.18 – 20
– Structural Q.27 (Q.26 in old txtbk)

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 (p.10)

In S4 chemistry, you will

know why hydrogen
H)
hydrogen ( 2
atoms pair up to form a
molecule of H2 instead

It is a solid,
solid with atoms
closely packed to each other.

Na)
Sodium ((N

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Class practice 5.2 Q.3

2 x 10-10 m

1mm
?

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P. 5 / 86
 B

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Mercury is a liquid metal at room condition.

Graphite is a non-metal conductor.

conductor

Diamond / graphite is a non-metal with high m.p. & b.p.

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 5.3 – 5.4
STRUCTURE
OF AN ATOM
Now let’s move on…

Approximate learning duration: 40 mins

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 ATOM

means “indivisible”
indivisible

of
Turns out that our Father
Chemistry is not exactly
s
correct in saying that atom Father of Chemistry
are indivisible…

John Dalton
(1766-1844)
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5.3 Structure of an atom

Figure 5.12 About 100 years ago, scientists still believed that atoms were
‘solid’ indivisible spheres.

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 Let’s watch the first 6 minutes
in this video and note down the
name of all particles found
inside an atom …

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ooWfzpUIoNM
 with fundamental
This is an important slide
What are atoms made up of? concepts. Make sure you
copy this into your
notes folder…

Atoms are made up of three fundamental

subatomic particles: “sub-” usually means underneath, inside
which (e.g. subway, submarine…) So
Be careful that the spelling of protons is subatomic refers to particles inside an atom
NOT exactly the same as the other two!

Protons
r Neutrons
r Electrons
r
質子 中子 電子
charge +ve charge neutral -ve charge

Guess which one of these particles is

being discovered first in history…

Hint: to be able to detect, it must carry

charge & can easily move around…

5.3 Structure of an atom

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• electron is discovered by J.J. Thomson in 1897

using something very similar to the

internal component of a traditional TV!

J.J. Thomson
(1856-1940)

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 p.15
Atom Symbol
3 important pieces of information here…
+
protons
Number of
neutrons electrons -
Hydrogen ( 氫 ) H 1 0 1
Helium ( 氦 ) He 2 2 2
Lithium ( 鋰 ) Li 3 4 3
Beryllium ( 鈹 ) Be 4 5 4
 For any atom, the number of protons is
Boron ( 硼 ) B 5 6 5
always EQUAL to the number of electrons
 atoms are always electrically NEUTRAL
Carbon ( 碳 ) C 6 6 6
Nitrogen ( 氮 ) N 7 7 7
 Different elements consist of UNIQUE  Number of neutrons may NOT be
Oxygen ( 氧 )
number of protons O 8 8 8
equal to the number of protons!
 This number can uniquely identify the
Fluorine ( 氟 )
element  ATOMIC NUMBER F 9 10 9
Neon ( 氖 ) Ne 10 10 10
Table 5.4 Number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the atoms of the
first 20 elements. In fact, can you spot out an
element
…
5.3 Structure of an atom without any neutrons at all
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5.3 Structure of an atom
can
Refer to the Periodic Table,
t is
you identify which elemen
made up of such atom ?
 Mouse-click anywhere
inside the atom to play
an animation…
… those particles that keep moving around are electrons
… altogether 4 electrons
… number of protons is the same as number of electrons
… also 4 protons
 beryllium (Be)
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PRACTICE

p.15

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 PRACTICE
ANSWER

p.15

Hydrogen atom

91 electrons. (No. of neutrons cannot be predicted from the given data)

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= ATOMIC
NUMBER

NOT MASS NUMBER !

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 PRACTICE
ANSWER

p.15

Hydrogen atom

91 electrons. (No. of neutrons cannot be predicted from the given data)

Not an atom. No. of protons and electrons are NOT equal.

equal

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 , can
Refer to the Periodic Table
t is
you identify which elemen
made up of such atom ?

… it consists of 11 protons & 11 electrons

 sodium (Na) atom

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What now ?

正離子
cation
… it consists of 11 protons & 10 electrons
 NOT a neutral atom any more!
 sodium (Na) ion ( 離子 )
… it carries one positive charge

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What now ?

sounds familiar ?!

負離子
anion
… it consists of 11 protons & 12 electrons
 NOT a neutral atom too!
 sodium (Na) ion ( 離子 )
… it carries one negative charge

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 Underline both sentences
in your textbook…

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 p.18

Highlight these as
well…

her
Besides this, there is anot
number also important to
each element…

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Still recall this?

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5.3 Structure of an atom
Turns out that only protons &
neutrons have similar mass as each
other, whereas electrons are almost
2000 times lighter! We can simply
neglect the mass of electrons at all!
 That’s why electrons keep moving
around…
These mass are relative to
each other only – NOT
their actual masses!

p.14

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5.4 Atomic number and mass number

Z X chemical
symbol
atomic number
= number of protons

5.4 Atomic number and mass number

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What are atoms made up of? Append new entries into
your notes…

Atoms are made up of three fundamental

subatomic particles:

Protons Neutrons Electrons

質子 中子 電子
charge +ve charge neutral -ve charge
mass 1 unit  1 unit 0

5.3 Structure of an atom

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 Atom Symbol +
protons
Number of
-
neutrons electrons
Hydrogen ( 氫 ) H 1 0 1
Helium ( 氦 ) He 2 2 2
Lithium ( 鋰 ) Li 3 4 3
Beryllium ( 鈹 ) Be 4 5 4
MASS NUMBER for each atom is the sum
Boron ( 硼 ) particles that carry
of subatomic B mass 5 6 5
 number of protons + number of neutrons
Carbon ( 碳 ) C 6 6 6
Nitrogen ( 氮 ) N 7 7 7
Oxygen ( 氧 ) O 8 8 8
Fluorine ( 氟 ) F 9 10 9
Neon ( 氖 ) Ne 10 10 10
Table 5.4 Number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the atoms of the
first 20 elements.
5.3 Structure of an atom

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5.4 Atomic number and mass number

full atomic symbol: p.18

mass number
= number of protons + neutrons

X
A
chemical
Z symbol
atomic number
= number of protons

5.4 Atomic number and mass number

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 Number of
Atom Symbol
protons neutrons electrons
Hydrogen ( 氫 ) H 1 0 1
Helium ( 氦 ) He 2 2 2
Lithium ( 鋰 ) Li 3 4 3
Beryllium ( 鈹 ) Be 4 5 4
Boron ( 硼 ) B 5 6 5
Carbon ( 碳 ) C 6 6 6
Nitrogen ( 氮 ) N 7 7 7
Oxygen ( 氧 ) O 8 8 8
Fluorine ( 氟 ) F 9 10 9
Neon ( 氖 ) Ne 10 10 10
Table 5.4 Number of protons, neutrons and electronsominic the atoms of the
on yo ur own to write FULL at
first 20 elements. Now pr ac tic e
st 20 elements in this table…
e fir
5.3 Structure of an atomsymbols for th

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 Number of
Atom Symbol
protons neutrons electrons
Sodium ( 鈉 ) Na 11 12 11
Magnesium
Mg 12 12 12
(鎂)
Aluminium ( 鋁 ) Al 13 14 13
Silicon ( 硅 ) Si 14 14
 Note that while all elements have UNIQUE
14
atomic numbers,
numbers their mass numbers
Phosphorus
P 15
may NOT be unique!
16 15
(磷) ∵ number of neutrons is unpredictable

Sulphur ( 硫 ) S 16 16 16
Chlorine ( 氯 ) Cl 17 18 17
Argon ( 氬 ) Ar 18 22 18
Potassium
Table ( 鉀 of
5.4 Number ) protons,
K neutrons 19
and electrons 20
in the atoms of19
the
first 20 elements.
Calcium (鈣) Ca 20 20 20
5.3 Structure of an atom

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5.4 Atomic number and mass number
① atomic no. = 18
Example
② for neutral atoms:

Ar
40 no. of protons = no. of electrons
18
③ mass no. = 40
= no. of protons + no. of neutrons

no. of protons no. of electrons no. of neutrons

18 18 40 – 18 = 22

Class practice 5.5

5.4 Atomic number and mass number

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PRACTICE

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PRACTICE

…
Don’t forget the next page

is
Choose which one of them
correct…

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 odel
Turns out that the atomic m
ONG!!
he proposed is totally WR

Subatomic particles
inside atoms are NOT
evenly distributed!

?
Still remember this diagram
n
And the person who draw
this in attempt to show a
model of an atom…

J.J. Thomson
(1856-1940) scovered
… the same person who di
own to
electrons and cause breakd
Dalton’s atomic theory!
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 Rutherford Model
Tue correct model of an atom is
proposed by Rutherford…
 protons and neutrons are found
in a very tiny region at the centre of
the atom called nucleus

 electrons move
around the nucleus

Rutherford
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What are atoms made up of? Continue to append new
entries into your notes…

Atoms are made up of three fundamental

subatomic particles:

Protons Neutrons Electrons

質子 中子 電子
charge +ve charge neutral -ve charge
mass 1 unit  1 unit 0
stay at the centre of atom move around
location called nucleus the nucleus

That’s all for the

learning unit this week!
5.3 Structure of an atom

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 p.16-17

are for
By the way, these 2 pages
will NOT
your reference only. They
am.
be examined in the Final ex

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 ASSIGNMENT

• Ch. 5
– Class practice 5.5 (p.19-20)
– Fill in the blanks Q.8 – 11 (p.35)
– M.C. Q.21, 23, 24 (p.36)
– Structural Q.17 (p.35)

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 PREVIEW

• You may pre-study section 5.7 (p.26-29) if you

don’t know how to work out the last column in Q.17.
This section will be our main focus next time.

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