Lect.

2
Physical
Properties I
 Physical Properties

primarily controlled by atomic

arrangement and bonding

Quartz (Photo by Chip Clark) Calcite

 Physical Properties:
Crystal Form(shape) sample?
Crystal Habit(external) mineral
Color
Cleavage
Twinning
Hardness
Tenacity
Density
Magnetism
Striations
etc.
 1. Shapes of crystals

The shape of a crystal reflects its crystal

system and point symmetry, along with
how well the crystal faces are developed
The important relationships for
crystal shapes are the angles
between crystal faces –

not how big the faces are:

TEM and HAADF-STEM images of the studied ceria nanoparticles: (a)
Example: cubic crystal with the The size of the particles averages approximately 30 nm. The crystal
structure is the same cubic fluorite structure as bulk CeO2, as evidenced
faces (100), (010), and (001) has by the ED ring pattern. (Turner, Stuart, et al. Nanoscale 3.8 (2011): 3385-3390)

all its faces 90 apart. If the crystal

grew in a confined space so that it
is long in one direction (right), the
angles between the faces will still
be 90.

At right is a fluorite형석 crystal that is

elongated in one direction, but all
the faces are still 90 apart.
This fact has been known since the 18th century
and is referred to as

Steno’s law, or
the “constancy of interfacial angles”:
(first law of crystallography)

for any particular mineral, the angle between two

crystal faces is always the same. This reflects
the underlying arrangement of the atoms.

Example: In sanidine, the angle between the

(100) and (110) faces is always the same.
 1. Crystal form {h k l} =
Miller index in curly brackets:

is the set of crystal faces (or planes)

related by symmetry
Example 1: in the cubic system, the
(100), (010), (001), ( 1 00) (0 1 0) (0 0 1 ) and
faces are all related by symmetry and
can be referred to as the form {1 0 0}.

Example 2: in a tetragonal crystal the

from {1 1 0} would correspond to( 1 10),
(1 1 0) , and ( 1 1 0) - all of these faces are
related by the 4-fold symmetry
 Common cubic forms:

cube is the form {100} octahedron is {111} dodecahedron is {110}

Note that all these shapes can be obtained by stacking cubic unit
cells!
1. Crystal Forms: Geometric Shape

• Cube • Pyritohedron
• Tetrahedron • Rhombohedron
• Octahedron • Prism
• Dodecahedron • Pinacoid
1. Crystal Forms: Geometric Shape

• Cube: halite
• Tetrahedron:
• Octahedron: spinel Halite

• Dodecahedron:
garnet, almandine

spinel Garnet
Modification of halite crystal habit by presence of glycine

“Round” salt
doesn’t clump!

Ballabh et al., 2006; Cryst. Growth Design 6:1591

synthetic calcite
seeded/constant rate of addition

calcite/citrate (Ca/Cit = 200)

- little effect on growth rate
- ca. 1 wt. % cit occluded
Crystal Forms: Geometric Shape

• Pyritohedron: pyrite
• Rhombohedron:
Pyrite Dolomite
Dolomite
• Prism & Pinacoid
• Dipyramids
 II. Crystal morphology:
general shape of the crystal

• Euhedral: well-shaped
crystals
• Subhedral: some
crystal faces
• Anhedral: no crystal
faces
II. Crystal morphology (cont’d)

crystal morphology depends on many factors,

including:

• crystal growth rate (usually, slow growth =>

well developed faces)
• order of crystallization (first formed crystals
tend to be euhedral),
• impurities and trace elements (often control
which crystal faces (forms) dominate)
• amount of space available
II. Habit
 Habit:

The combination of forms present in

the crystal (the faces that make up the
crystal boundary)

List of crystal habits (더 찾아보기)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_habit
https://geology.com/minerals/crystal-habit/
 II. Habit: Terms
• Acicular, Capillary, Filiform, Bladed, Dendritic, Radiating, Drusy,
Fibrous
• Globular, Colloform, Foliated, Micaceous, Tabular, Lamellar, Plumose
• Granular, Columnar, Prismatic
à Aggregates
Acicular 침상
• slender, needle-like
crystals:
• natrolite(소다비석)
• tourmaline(전기석),
hornblende,
arsenopyrite(황비철석),
rutile(금홍석), apatite,
sillimanite(규선석)
 Dendritic
• arborescent, in slender divergent
branches, somewhat plantlike--native
metals, pyrolusite연망간석, Mn-oxides
 Radiating 방사상
• divergent: zeolite, tremolite투섬석, talc
• pyrolusite연망간석, tourmaline전기석
Drusy (=Geode) 정동상
• surface covered
with a layer of
small crystals--
sugar like: calcite,
quartz,
sphalerite섬아연석,
pyrite
Fibrous 섬유상

• aspect ratio 10:1

asbestos석면,
chrysotile온석면
Tabular판상 or lamellar엽판상

• Flat and plate like:

barite중정석,
dolomite백운석
Bladed 엽편상

• elongated crystals
flattened like a
knife blade:
kyanite남정석,
tremolite투섬석
Foliated 엽상

• easily separable
into plates or
leaves:
tremolite투섬석;
hematite
Botryoidal 포도상

• bunch of grapes,
example
pyrolusite연망간석
 Reniform 신장상

• kidney like; hematite, malachite공작석

Mammillary 유두상

• -very large, example

is malachite공작석
Micaceous 운모(질)상

• similar to foliated but

splits into very thin
sheets: muscovite백운모,
biotite흑운모, chlorite녹니석
Globular구상 and colloform콜로(이드)폼
Oolitic

• radiating individuals
forming small
spherical groups
• examples include
zeolites, quartz,
malachite공작석,
goethite침철석,
pyrolusite연망간석,
hematite
Granular 입상
composed of many
individual grains of
similar size:
olivine, garnet
Prismatic 각주상 or columnar 주상

• elongated crystals
with identical faces
parallel to a
common direction:
tourmaline전기석,
hornblende, apatite
List of crystal habits (더 찾아보기)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_habit
https://geology.com/minerals/crystal-habit/
 Under the Microscope
acicular

anhedral/irregular

bladed

blocky

elongate

euhedral

fibrous

prismatic

rounded

tabular
 Under the Microscope
acicular

anhedral/irregular

bladed

blocky

elongate

euhedral

fibrous

prismatic

rounded

tabular