Circular Motion Explained

01 Circular Motion
1. T
 3.
Y
N N
R
N  m 2r
P(x, y) 
R
mg

mv 2 
X
mg R
T
mv 2
N=  mgsin  TT is the tangent to the curve at point P.
R
mg sin  = (m 2x) cos  ….[along TT]
For equilibrium, x
2
 tan  =
 mv 2  g
mg cos  =  N =    mgsin   ….(i)
 R  dy 2 x
=
From energy conservation, dx g
But,
1
mv2 = mg R (sin ) dy d 3 4
2 
dx
=
dx
 a x  = 4 a3x3
mv 2 2 x
 = 2 mg sin  ….(ii)  4 a3x3 =   = 2x a 3g
R g
 mg cos  =  (2 mg sin  + mg sin )   
4. v AB  v A  v B
….[From (i) and (ii)]
Now,
cos 
 = 
3sin  v AB = v 2  v 2  2v 2 cos(180  )
1
 tan  =  
3  [smaller angle between v A and  v B = 180  ]

 1 vB
  = 45 ….     = 2v (1  cos )
2
 3
B
= 2v  2sin ( / 2) 
2 2
b
2. r= Y  
sin  = 2 v sin (/2) vA
v = v sin  P  A
(0, b) v = 2 R sin (/2)
90  
Now,  = v/r r
vsin  5. Since this is not a case of a normal string, the
= 
velocity at the topmost point can be zero.
 b  X  (T.E.)initial = (T.E.)final
 
 sin   1
 mgh + mv2 = mg (2R)
v 2
= sin 2   v = 2g (2R  h)
b
1
Std. XII Sci.: Triumph Physics
Note: In case of a string, v at the topmost point v 2t v2 v2
 ar = =
should be equal to Rg to complete the R   vt  2   2vt v 2 t 2 
R 1  1    R  2 
vertical circle as T = 0 and ball will fall   R   R R 
vertically down if v = 0.  
Rv
6. P.E. = mg R (1 – cos ) and =
1  2Rt  vt 2 
K.E. = mv2
2
1 2
(Work done)pseudo force = mgR sin  9. mgh = mv 
1 2 h
 mg R (1 – cos ) + mg R sin  = mv2 T l
2  v= 2gh
1 h  mv 2
 mg R (1 – cos  + sin ) = mv2 cos  = mg
2 l r
 v = 2gR (1  cos   sin ) mv 2
 T=  mg cos 
7. r
at
60 2mgh h  3mg 
 T=  mg   h
l l  l 
 which implies a straight line graph.
ar
ar 10.
tan 60 = FBD of the ball FBD of tube
at
N cos 
 ar = a t 3 mv 2
at 
R
v2
 = at 3 ….(i)
r 
v = area under graph. 
60 mg
at
 v= t ….(ii) t N
2 
a 2t t 2
 = at 3 ….[From (i) and (ii)] favg =  (N cos )
4(1)  0
a t .t 2 Here, integration is not possible.

  3 ….(iii) So, we use the fact that we need to calculate
4
at favg
Also, tan (60) = p
t  favg =
a t
 3 = t or a t  t 3 ….(iv)
t (2mv) 2mv 2
 Favg = =
3
t 3  r  r
 = 3 ….[From (iii) and (iv)]  
4 v
 
 t3 = 4  t = 22/3 s
mv02
2 11. N cos  = and N sin  = mg
 v  r N
  v2
sin   mv02
ar =  g r
8.  …[ vt = v/sin ]  tan  =
R R sin 2   v02  r
R(1  cos ) v   mg
Also, t v  r 
v  sin 
v0 2 
 vt    r= tan 
 cos  =  1   g
 R
2
Chapter 01 : Circular Motion
12. Angle moved =  in time t 16. Velocity is a vector which changes but speed
l remains same for uniform circular motion.
t= ….(v = velocity of bullet)
v In case A, radius of curvature remains same
Also,  = t  v2
throughout hence a = remains constant.
l l r
  =    v = A B
v
   l However, in case of B, the radius of curvature
v2
keeps increasing hence a = keeps
d d r
13.    k    kt  c1 
dt dt decreasing. Hence option (C) is the only
  =  (kt  c1 )dt correct option.
kt 2 17. The direction of rotation is determined by the

=  c1t  c 2 sign of angular velocity. In turn, the sign of
2
angular velocity is determined by the sign of
= quadratic equation which has a graph of
slope on angular displacement vs time plot.
parabola
The sign of slope is negative for line OA,
14. mv 2 positive for line AC and zero for line CD.
N R
f
The positive angular velocity indicates anti-
clockwise rotation and negative angular
mg velocity indicates clockwise rotation. The
disk is stationary when angular velocity is
zero.

18. m2r cos  = mg sin 
Friction will act in upward direction. g tan  N
Since velocity is a constant,  2 =
r
 mv 2   m2r
N =  mgsin    v2 h
R   tan  =
 rg 
l
 mv 2  2
f =   mgsin     mg cos  [at = 0]   1000 m  
 R   72    mg
As  increases, cos  decreases  friction
h   3600 s  
 
decreases. l (400m)(10m/s)
mv 2
h 1
f R N 
1m 10
mg sin  mg cos  h = 10 cm
mg
19. At the highest point,

Again, at = 0 g
= = 2n
 mv 2  R
 Friction =   mgsin    = mg cos 
 R  1 g g
 n= 
 As  decreases, cos  increases  friction 2 R 4 2 R
increases. g 900g
 r.p.m. = 60n = 60 
15. The area under the t graph gives change in 42 n 2 R
angular velocity.
(2) 2 4  d 
Area =  = 2 20.  =     So  is negative, if
2 2  d 
 2  1 = 2 d d
 > 0,  0 or  < 0, 0
 2 = 2 + 2 = 4 rad/s d d
3
21. For option (A), 24.
Net force = Mv2/r = Mass  acceleration 
l l
For option (B), v2
  l
a t and  are perpendicular hence cross m  m 
v
product is not 0. g g
g sin 
For option (C),
Angular velocity and angular accleration have 1
Energy conservation, mgl(1  cos) = mv2
the same direction or opposite direction 2
according to the type of motion.  v= 2gl (1  cos )
For option (D), v2
The correct statement is:  = g sin
l
The resultant force acts always towards the
 2g (1  cos ) = g sin 
centre.
 2(1  cos) = sin
22. Weight = Number of balls  centripetal force  
2sin   cos  
(400) (10) = 8  m 2r sin  2
  2
 2= 
= 8  (5) 2 (1) 1  cos  
m2r 2sin 2  
2 4000 r 2
  =
40 
 cot   = 2
= 100 2
  = 10 rad/s 400 kg i.e.  = 53
23. 2
(dm) v 25.  = a(t2) î + b(et) ĵ
R
d
Tcos  d  Tcos  d  = = 2a(t) î + (b)(et) ĵ
M  2   2  dt
R T bjˆ
T at t = 1 s and  = aiˆ 
C e
Tsin  d  Tsin  d 
 2   2  bjˆ
d  = 2aiˆ 
e
C b2 b2 b2
    = 2a2  = a2  4a 2  cos
Take a small mass element dm e2 e2 e2
This element experiences a centripetal force  
b2
along radial direction,  2a 2  2 
  = cos1  e 
v2  
Fd = (dm) b 2
b2
R  a 2  2 4a 2  2 
 e e 
 d 
The components T cos   cancel each other    30 ….[ a = b = 1]
 2 
 d  v2
 2T sin   = (dm)
 2  R
 M  v 2  sin    
 T d =    Rd 
 2R  R  as   0 
Mv 2
 T=
2R
4
02 Gravitation
1. d dF G
 = 2 [m1(1) + (M  m1)(1)]
 b dm1 r
ag
dF
For F to be maximum, =0
a dm
 m1 + (M  m1) = 0
c  M = 2m1
Ri M
As the star collapses,  m1 =
2
its mass remains the same and radius
decreases. M
 m2 = M  m1 =
2
GM 1
ag = 2
 2  m1 = m2
R Ri
ag increases as radius decreases. Hence, option GMm1 m1v 2
(B). 5. Fg = 
r n 1 r
R r
Fg Fg M1
Fg GM
2. a1 = m1 m2  v= M
m1 r n 1
Fg
a2 = 2r 2r 2 r
m2 T=   r n 1  r (n 1)/ 2
v GM GM
Since there is no external force, centre of mass r n 1
remains at rest and energy remains same.

6. We know that gravitational field inside a shell
3. At point P, is zero.
G(81M) G M  ag at P = 0
=
 60R  x  M
2 2
x
2
x 60 R
 a g due to I
1
 ag 
due to I2
0
x
 (60R  x)2 = 81M
 I1  I2 = 0
81
x  I1 = I2
 60R  x =
9
7. Here, they are talking about the escape
 x = 54R and (60R  x) = 6 R velocity of parcel. But, now the launching is
Gm1m 2 done from beneath the surface
4. Fg =
r2 GM(m) 1
  mve2 = 0 P R
and M = m1 + m2 R 2
  2
( m1 and m2 are made from M) 2 C
R
M
G(m1 )(M  m1 ) 4GM
 Fg =  ve = = 2 (11.2 km/s)
r2 R
….[Using product rule of derivation] = 15.84 km/s.
1
8. Let P be on the line joining the centres of the 11. If G starts to decrease, the force between sun
two stars and r be distance of P from the and earth will also start to decrease. Earth will
centre of smaller star. try to follow a path of larger radius. Hence, its
GM G(16M) period of revolution round the sun will
 0
r2 (10a  r) 2 increase. But rotation of earth around its own
 (10a  r)2 = 16r2 axis will remain unchanged. The radius of the
 10a  r = 4r circular path of the earth will increase or the
 r = 2a earth will follow a path of increasing radius.
Thus, P.E. will increase so K.E. decreases.
P 16M
M GMm
a V R C 12. E= 
2a 2r
dE GMm 1 dr
  =
10a dt 2 r 2 dt
t R
Now, if the particle projected from the larger GMm dr  dE 
planet has enough velocity (energy) to cross  dt 
0 2C r r 2
…. 
 dt
 C J/s 

this point, it will reach the smaller planet. For
this, the K.E. imparted to the body must be GMm  1 1 
 t=   
just enough to raise its total mechanichal 2C  R r 
energy to a value which is equal to P.E. at P,
i.e.,  2h 
1 G(16M)m G(M)m 13. g = g 1  
mv2    R 
2 2a 8a
w2  w1 = error in weighing
G(M)m G(16M)m
= 
2a 8a h h 
= 2mg  1  2 
v 2 65GM 5 GM R R
  
2 8a 2 a GM h
= 2m
3 5GM R2 R
 vmin =
2 a 2mG 4 3 h
 w2  w1 = 2
 R  
(2) 2 3 R 3 R
9. T2 = R
GM 8
= Gmh
3  42  3
 log10T = log10R + log10  
2  GM  14. N
2 1  42  r  R
 log10 R = log10T  log10  
3 3  GM  2
 GM  
4 2 Fg  m  3  r
 = 1018  M = 6  1029 kg  R 
GM
 d  2 R  Pressing force = N
10. g = g 1   g = g  1  ,
 R  g   GMm 
= 3  r cos
(gravity at a depth d) (gravity at the equator)  R 
gd g2 R GMm R /2
  = r  
R g R 3
 r 
2 R 2 GMm
 d= = = constant.
g 2R 2
2
Chapter 02: Gravitation
k k 18. Suppose the velocity of vA
15. F=  E= 
r 2
r projection at A is vA
Energy conservation implies, and at B is vB. h
K1 + U1 = K2 + U2 mv 2A GM e m R
 = and
1 k 1 k k A (R  h) 2 Earth
mv12  = mv22  where v1 = vB
2 a 2 b 2ma mv 2B GM e m
=
and, mv1a = mv2b B R2
a a k A = B =  are the radii of curvatures at A, B.
 v2 = v1 =
b b 2ma Energy conservation gives,
2
1  k  k 1 a  k  k GM e m 1 GM e m 1
 m   = m     mv 2A =   mv 2B
2  2ma  a 2  b   2ma  b Rh 2 R 2
a a 1 1  1 2 1 2
 = 3 or = 1 GMem  
b b  = mv B  mv A
 R (R  h)  2 2
16. During total eclipse, total attraction due to sun 1  1 1 
and Moon, = GM e m  2  2 
2 R (R  h) 
GM s M e GM m M e
F1 =  2Rr
r12 r2 2  = ….[ r = R + h]
Rr
When moon goes on opposite side, effective
GM e R
force of attraction is  v 2A =  2GM e
(R  h) 2
r(R  r)
G Ms M e G M m M e
F2 = 
r12 r22 19. Let vapp = velocity of approach
2GM m M e vsep = velocity of separation O
 F = F1  F2 =
r2 2 vsep R
2
e= 
2GM m vapp 3
 a =
r2 2 R
GMm 1 2
Average force on earth,  mvapp
2R 2
F  F GM s M e
Fav = 1 2  GM 2GM
2 r12  vapp =  vsep =
R 3R
GM s
aav = GMm 1 2 GMm
r12 Also,  mvsep 
Rh 2 R
 Percentage change in acceleration is
1 2 1 1 
a 2GM m r2  vsep = GM   
 100  2
 1  100 2 R Rh
a avg r2 GM s
GM GM  R 
2  = 1  
 r  Mm 3R R  Rh
= 2 1   100
 r2  M s 1 R
 =1
GMm 1 3 Rh
17. Change in energy = = mv2 R 2
2R 2  =
 Escape velocity is independent of the angle of Rh 3
projection as gravitational field is a R
 h=
conservative one. 2
3
20. r 24.
M
r
R M
R R
For point P: For point Q:

 
 M  (4G)
E(4r2) = M(4G) E r
 4 R 3   2G  mv 2
3 
3
m
 r 
  R 2
 
r
GM  GM  where,  = mass per unit length of the planet
E =  3 r
r2  R 
 v= 2(G)(R 2 ) = R 2G
g GM 1  GM   GM 
 2   2    3 r
4 r 4 R   R  (Note: The orbital velocity is independent of the
1 1 R radial distance)
  r=
4R 2 r 2 4 1
 r = 2R  42 r 3  2
25. Ts =   = 6831 s and Te = 86400 s
R R  GM earth 
 Separation = 2R  and 2R +
4 4 Relative angular velocity = satellite  earth
7R 9R
= and 2 2
4 4 T= =
s  e  2 2 
 Maximum separation =
9R   
4  Ts Te 
1 GMm 1 GMm Ts Te
22. mv12  mv 22  T= = 7417 s
2 (R  h1 ) 2 R  h2 Te  Ts
1 5 GM GMm 1 3 GM GMm
m. R m. R
2 7 R 2
R  h1 2 5 R 2
R  h2
2 2
 h1 = R h2 = R
5 3
 h1 : h2 = 3 : 5
2
GMm Gm  2 
23. 2
 2
 m  R
R 4R  T 
2
Gm  m  2  V
M    m  R
R 2  4 T
 
m 42 R 3 m M
M
 M+ = 2
4 T G
v
m 4  10 8  1033
 M+ = 
4 30  1014 20  1011
3
m 200
 10  1030 + =  1030
4 15
m 10
 =  1030
4 3
40
 m=  1030 kg
3
4
03 Rotational Motion
1.  I1 I2 4. d = (dM) gr
 M 
2 
=  2rdr   gr
 R 
2Mg 2
 d = r dr
R2
R
2Mg 2
 =  r dr = Mg R
2
I3 I4
R2 0
3
45 45 2 1 
 Mg R =  MR 2  
3 2 
4g
 =
3R
MR 2
I1 = , I2 = MR2 5. v = r and a = r
2
4
 MR 2   = rad/s and  = 2 rad/s2
  3
2
2  = MR = I
I3 =  4
 =
t 2
+ t
2 4 2
 I = I1 + I2 + I3 + I4
2   3
2
4
= 2MR 2  = + (3)
2 3
2. The concept is that I will be minimum when =9+4
the rotation happens about the centre of mass. = 13 rad
 13 
dI =   revolutions
I is minimum  =0  2 
dx
 2 revolutions
 6x – 24 = 0
 x=4 6. IO = ICM + Md2
2
 X-coordinate of CM = 4.  2R 
= IC + M  
  
 xdm =  x   dx  =   x dx = 2 l IP = ICM + Md2
2
0
3. XCM = 2
 dm  dx   xdx 3 0 
= IC + M  R 
2R 

  
0 l 4
Ipivot =  x 2 dm =  x 2  dx  =  0 x 3dx =  2R  
2
2R 
2
4  IO – M   = IP –  R  
     
Now,  = I
  2R  4R 
2 2
 2R 
2
 0 l 2   2   0 l 4   IP = MR2 + M  R 2      – M  
    l g =           
 2  3   4  
 2
4g = 2MR2  1  
 =  
3l
1
7. net = I  1 v v
Now, (K.E.) = I 2 ,  = 2 n = 1 = 2
 MR 2
 2 r1 r2
(Mg) R =   3mR 2  
 2 1
 =
2
 Mr22  mr12  2
1  MR 2 
Also, (Mg)R =   3mR 2  2
2 2  1  m2d2 M2d 2 
= M  m  (2)2
4mgR 2   M  m 2  M  m  
2
 2 =
 M  6m  R 2 22  2 mMd 2
=
4mg M  m
 =
R  M  6m 
10. N
M M
8. = =
4 3 4 R
3
74 3 N
R      R 
3 3 2 83 
Mentire sphere = V
M 4  =I
=   R 3 
 7  4 3   3   Mr 2 
 8  3 R    (N)r =  
    2 
8  2N 
= M = M1   = 
7  Mr 
M  = 0 + t
Mrem sphere = = M2
7  =t
2  2N 
R 
2
2  =  t
 Isystem = M1 R2 –  M 2 R  M 2   
2
 Mr 
5 5 2 
Mr
2 13  N=
= M1 R2 – M2 R2 2t
5 20
11. N
2 8  13  M  2
=  M  R2 –  R N
5 7  20  7 
16 13MR 2
= MR2 – 
35 140
=
 64  13 MR2
140 mg sin mg cos
mg
51 
= MR2
140
mg sin –  mg cos = Ma
9. r2 r1 2M 2
(mg cos ) R = R 
M CM M 5
5
mr1 = Mr2, r1 + r2 = d a = g sin ….[Given]
7
Md md
 r1 = , r2 = 2
Mm Mm  mg cos = mg sin
7
v1 v 2 2
ICM = Mr22 + m.r12 ,  = = 2  = tan = sec 2   1
r1 r2 7 7
2
Chapter 03: Rotational Motion
12. While pedalling: 5l
 Force must be applied at a height from
8
base.
15. I. N
f̂1 f̂ 2 kx
a = f̂1  f̂ 2 = –1
f
Pedalling stopped:
Mg
kx – f = Ma
2 
f R =  MR 2  
5 
f̂1 f̂ 2
2
 f= Ma
b = f̂1  f̂ 2 = +1 5
a  b = –1. 7
kx = Ma
13. I0 = ICM + Md2 5
 I0 = IA + Md2 2
IP = IA + M(x2 + y2)  f = Ma in the direction considered.
5
 x2 + y2 = d2 [ I0 = IP]
II. N
It is an equation of a circle.
kx
14. The object will not rotate if the force F is
applied on the centre of mass of the system as
the net torque will be zero.
So the question just boils down to find the f
centre of Mass of the system. Mg
l /2 l /2 kx + f = Ma
(2M)
l /2 M M 2 
l /2
l /2 60 (kx – f)R =  MR 2  
M M 5 
(2M)
2
 kx – f = Ma
5
7
The calculations are shown in the diagram.  kx = Ma
10
Final system is,
2M 3
 f= Ma in the direction as considered.
10
l l 2

Ma ˆi
4 2M 8 fI 5
 =

3
f II Ma ˆi
10
l 4
2 =
Base 3
3
16. 21. P
 v
 
M1L O v = R
ML2 2
MI = sin  vR = v 2  v 2  2v 2 cos 
3
 For the given system, = 2v 2 1  cos  
2 2
 M  L   2M  2L  
      = 2 v sin  
I =    sin2 + 
3 3 3  3  2
cos2
3 3
22. Y
ML2
= (sin2 + 8cos2)
27
 MI
ML2
= (1 + 7 cos2)
27
17. 3 kg 5 m/s
18.6
M.I. of a square plate about an axis

perpendicular to the plane and passing through
Ma 2
the centre would be
12
L = mvr
Ma 2
39 Now, IX + IY =
= (3 kg) (5m/s) 12
122  52
and IX = IY by symmetry.
= 45 kg m2/s
Ma 2
18. As the force applied is below the centre, the  IX = IY =
24
torque of friction exceeds that of force hence
the thread winds and yo-yo rotates clockwise. a
 
tan() =  
2
19. Friction will act upwards in both the cases. a
  x
2
20. Since there will be no external torque about
the point P, the angular momentum P will be a  a
   x  = cot 
conserved. 2  2
 mvr = I a
 (a + x) = (1 + cot )
2 2
 mvR = mR2
5 d = (a + x) sin 
5v a
 = = (sin  + cos )
2R 2
4
Chapter 03: Rotational Motion
Ma 2  Ii i = If f
 I = + Ma2
24 2 8
 ML2  = ML2 f
Ma 2 Ma 2 3 3
= + (sin  + cos )2
24 4 
 f =
Ma 2  6Ma 2 1  sin 2  4
=
24 25. The catch here is that the incline is smooth/
2 3
2   0.2   6  2  0.2   1  
2
frictionless. Hence, the rotational KE. of the
 I =  5 sphere will not be affected.
24  Conserving Energy,
8
0.08  0.48    1
5 mv2 = mgh
= 2
24
0.848 v= 2gh
= = 0.035 kg-m2
24
23. Pi = Pf
mv
mv = Mv  v =
M
About the centre of the rod,
Li = Lf
 1   ML 
2
1
 mv   + 2mv   =  
2  2   12 
3mvL ML2
 = 
2 12
mv
  = 18
ML
 mv 
v   L
= 
M
 L=
  mv  18
18  
M
24. Initially Finally
L L
L
ML2 ML2 2
Ii = + = ML2
6 2 3
 ML 2 2
 L  ML
2
 3L  
2
 If =   M    M  
 12 2 12  2  
8
= ML2
3
5
04 Oscillations
1.  aCM 3. Since the amplitudes of the SHM is small,
1 = 0 sin(1t), (taking first one as reference)
F 2 = 0 sin(2t  )
For the two to be in same phase,
f 1t = 2t  
2 2 
Substituting,  = = we get,
x = 4 cos (2t) T 3
2 2 21
 a = –162 cos(2t)  t= t+t= s
3 7 8
F – f = MaCM ….(1)
 2
16 M cos(2t) – f = MaCM 4. The concept is that projection of a circle on its
(F  pseudo force due to acceleration diameter where the circular motion is uniform,
is an SHM.
of platform)
 Amplitude of motion = 0.5 m
1 
f  R =  MR 2   ….(2)  = 60 rev/min = 2 rad/s
2 
2
Ma CM  T= =1s
 f= 
2
5.
3 Fb
 MaCM = 162 M cos(2t)
2
32 2 x
 aCM =  cos(2t)
3
This is the acceleration w.r.t. the platform. mg L
Acceleration w.r.t. ground,
 32  Fb – Fg = –ma
a =   16  2 cos(2t)
 3  d2x
 m = –(g A(L + x) – mg)
16 2 dt 2
=  cos(2t) At equilibrium, mg = g AL
3
16  1  d2x
=  2   m = –(g A)x
3 2 dt 2
8  D 2 
=  2 g  
3    gA  4 
 n = =
m m
 t  1000  9.81    8  8
2. x = cos(t), y = cos   =
2 4  350
1  cos  t  9.81  
y= i.e. 2y2 – 1 = cos(t) = 40
2 35
 2y2 = x + 1 represents a parabola. = 37.52 rad/s
1
6. 9. K
L M 
 R

x

Initial momentum P is in negative direction.
Towards the end of one cycle, it will not come
x = L cos  + R cos  back to its original position as there are some
L sin  = R sin  frictional losses.
R
2 This is a case of damped oscillation.
cos  = 1  sin  = 1    sin 2 
2
L 10.
2 
R
 x = R cos  + L 1    sin 2 
L
Since the angular velocity is a constant, ( = t)
first term shows S.H.M. and second term does  v2
not.
a

7. IF the sphere is displaced by a small ,
K(2R) g
2R
2
v2  v2 
cos  = g sin     g
2
K(R)
a a
 
R v2
2
 v
 tan  = a
ag

v2 g
Net Restoring Torque = 2KR (2R) – K(R) R Now, g = sin  + g cos 
a
7 
= 3KR2 =  MR 2    v2 
5  = cos   tan   g 
 a 
15K 15K
 2 = = 2
7M 7M  v2 
  g
2
=
a
 
8. a 2
  v2 

  g
2
ma
g2 a
n14 = n4 =  
mg
 4 l   4 l 
2 2 2 2
In equilibrium,  v2 
2
ma cos  = mg sin   
 n4 – n14 =  a 
a
 tan  =  4 l 2 2
g
2
Now, in case of oscillation, the body goes x  v2   g2 
   =  n  n1 
4 4
more than that at equilibrium because of gain  4
in velocity.  a   n1 
1/ 2
a  n4 
 Maximum displacement = 2 tan–1    2
v = ag  4  1
g  n1 
2
Chapter 04: Oscillations
11. g  L
M  = 1  
L  R 
z
R
 1 1
= –g   
L R
1
Mg  Time period = 2
1 1
  g
L R
Net torque = I
 MR 2  13. k n1 = 2k(x2) = 3k(x3)
 (Mg) z sin  =   Mz 2   as tension in the spring remains the same.
 2 
Also, x1 + x2 + x3 = A
 
  x1 x1
Mgz  x1 + + =A
 =  2   = –2 2 3
 MR  Mz 2 
   6  3  2  x1 = A
 2  
6
2 R 2  2z 2
 Time period = = 2 6A
 2gz  x1 =
11
R2 z x1 3A
= 2   x2 = =
2gz g 2 11
R2 z x1
Time period is minimum when, =  Ratio of amplitudes =
2gz g x1  x 2
R  A
i.e. z = 6  2
11 
2 = = .
 A 3
12. 9 
 11 
 14.
L
x
kx/ 2
 Mg
R
x x/ 2
Frest = –mg sin( + ) kx/ 2
x/ 2 (3K)x
 
 ma = –mg   1  
 
g   Net restoring force = –2Kx
 = 1   
L  
M
x x  Time period = 2
= ,= 2K
R L
1 2K
….[ For small  and , sin    and sin   ]  Frequency =
2 M
3
15. When the two blocks collide, velocity transfer 19.
takes place. ma
v
K/2 v=0
M M mg
then L
v
K/2 The block will lose contact when N = 0
i.e. mg = ma
M M g = A2
g g
 A= 2 =
  4 2 
L  2 
 T 
2M 10
2  A=
 Time period = K + 2L =  2M + 2L 2
2 V K V
F
16. At the mean position,  
A
M1v = (M1 + M2)v 20. B=  
 Ax 
3v = 9v  
 v = 3v  V0 
1 1  BA 2 
Also, Kx2 = Mv2  F = – x
2 2  V0 
K 10 1
 v= x= (0.1) = m/s BA 2
M 3 3  Time period = 2
MV0
1
 v = m/s
3 3 21. For an SHM, Total Energy of a system is
1 1 constant
 Kx2 = (M1 + M2) v2
2 2 1 7
 m(r2 2)   + Mg(R – r) (1 – cos) = constant
1 1  1  2 5
 (100) x2 = (9)  
2 2  27  7 2 2 Q2
  mr   + Mg (R – r) = constant
1 1 10  10  2
 x= = m= cm
300 10 3 3 7 2
  mr  d + Mg (R – r) d = 0
 5.8 cm 5 
17. U = 5x(x – 4) d 5Mg  R  r 
  = 
= 5(x2 – 4x) d 7Mr 2
= 5[(x – 2)2 – 4] 5  R  r  g
 = 
 The particle executes SHM about x = 2. 7 r2
dU
F= = 5[x + (x – 4)] 2 7r 2
dx  Time Period = = 2
 5 R  r  g
ma = 5(2x – 4)
 a = 100x – 200 = 100(x – 2) 1
7
 2 = 100   = 10 rad/s 4 
= 2 = 7s
2  5  4.5  10 15
 Time period = = s
 5 = 0.55 s
4
Chapter 04: Oscillations
l 25.
22. If the cart does not move, T1 = 2
g 

If the cart is moving,
the centre of mass of the system does not
move.
Ml M
ml1 = M (l – l1) or l1 =
Mm
 The effective length of the oscillation of Since the collision is elastic,
pendulum would be l1. this system can be considered as a partial
Ml
T2 = 2 SHM system.
 M  m g
 =  sin(t + )
T2 M
  at t = 0,  = 
T1 Mm

23. Time of ascent = Time of descent  =
2
1
S = at + at2   = – cos(t)
2
1 – = – cos (t)
 80 cm =  (10 sin 30) t2
2 1  l
 t= cos–1   and  =
0.80 1.6 4  
  g
 t= m/s = =
2.5 5 5 2
2  g 
 2 4   Time Period = cos–1   = 2 cos–1  
 Time period of oscillation = 2      l 
5 2 
8 2
= s 26. At mean position,
5 1
P.E. = kx2 = 0
24. 2
T sin  T cos 
 i.e., P.E. is minimum.
A Also, velocity is maximum at mean position.
 K.E. is maximum.

mg mg sin 
mg cos 

T sin  + FP = mg sin 
T sin  + ma = mg sin 
But a = g sin 
 sin  = 0   = 0
l
 TP= 2
g eff
l
= 2
g cos 
5
05 Elasticity
1. Shear area = dt (of the plate) While dI is the moment of inertia of the
 Maximum shear force = sdt elementary ring,  is the angular acceleration
d 2 and minus sign is needed because the couple
Area of cross-section of punch = (Nr) decreases, with distance, vanishing at the
4
outer radius, N (r2) = 0, Now,
d 2
 Maximum normal force of punch =  c m
4 dI = 2r drr2
  r2  r1 
2 2
d 2
 sdt = c 2m 3
4 Thus, dN = r dr
d 4  108  10  102 r22  r12
t= c =
1 m
4 s 4  2  108 On integration, N =
2  r22  r12 
r 4
2  r14 
= 0.5  101  102 cm = 5 cm
2. In the first case, the net force is zero. So, the m  r22  r12 
FL =
extension is but in the other, the body 2
AY
has an acceleration because of which T is a 5. If area of cross-section is different, the
function of distance and hence l. breaking loads are different for same material.
1 6. Maximum restoring force develops at the end
3. K.E = m2R2 = R3a2 where force is applied. This force decreases
2
T linearly such that it becomes zero at the other
Stressing in ring =  R 2 2 end so stress also decreases linearly.
a
1  Stress 
2 F
P.E. =  volume 7. Equal Strains  Equal Dl 
2 Y AY
F1 A1 Y1
2 R 5 a4    1
P.E. = F2 A 2 Y2
Y
K.E R 3a2 Y  F1 = F2  x = 1 m
 = Y=
P.E.  R a2 5 4
R 2 2 8. l/2 l/2
 O 
4. dN
N+ dr T T
dr
dr
mg
Let the point O descend by distance x
From the condition of equilibrium of point O,
Consider an elementary ring of width dr at a 2 T sin  = mg
distance r from the axis. The part outside mg mg  l 
2
  x
2
dN or T = = ….(i)
exerts couples N + dr on this ring while 2sin  2x  2 
dr
the part inside exerts a couple N on the T d2
Now, 2
=  = E or T = E ….(ii)
opposite direction. We have for equilibrium, d 4
 
dN 2
dr  dI
dr (Here,  is stress and  is strain)
1
In addition to this,
2
l l x
  x 
2
2
2
  2  2x  100 cm 100 cm
=  1     1 ….(iii)
l  l 
2 100  x
From equation (i), (ii) and (iii),  
2 2
x mgl = (500  5x + 2.5 x) = [500  2.5x]
x  2Y 2Y
 2x 
2  Ed 2
1   Strain energy of uniform bar,
 l 
2
1 =  10  100
 mg  3 2Y
or x = l  2 
= 2.5 cm
 2Ed  As per given condition,
2 40 2
Fl l l [500  2.5x] =   10  100
9. l = ,  = Slope of curve 2Y 100 2Y
AY  F / A  Y
 500  2.5x = 400
l  4  2   10
3
  100
Y 4000  103  2.5x = 100  x = = 40 cm
2.5
4000  103
Given, l = 1m  Y =  2  109 N / m 2 13. Atmospheric pressure is same in every
2  103
direction
10. The change in length of the rod due to Hence, F = PA = 2P
increase in temperature in absence of walls is,
l = l   T = 1000  104  20 mm 14. Consider an element of length dx at distance
dx from the fixed end, then the change in
= 2 mm
length of element will be.
But rod can expand upto 100 mm only.
At that temperature, its natural length is
x 
= 1002 mm
l 1 L
 Mechanical stress = Y = 1011  dx
l 1000
8 2
= 10 N/m
11. The force F1 causes extension in rod. b
F2 causes compression in left half of rod and (a + L tan  = b)
an equal extension in right half of rod. Fdx
Hence, F2 does not effectively change length dy =
YA
of the rod. But, A = r2 =  (a + x tan )2
12. Maximum stress lies in stepped bar in the L
F
L
dx
L =  dy =
y 0  a  x tan  2
portion of lesser area (5 cm2) 
0
For the stress  in lesser area,
FL FL
A / 2   L = =
the stress in larger cross-section =  a  a  L tan   Y abY
A 2
Strain energy of stepped bar 6.28  9.8  10
 L =
2 3.14  19.6  10 4   10  10 4    2 1011 
2  1
=  5  (100  x) +     10  x
2Y  2  2Y  L = 5  104 m = 0.5 mm
2
Chapter 05: Elasticity
15. In case of punching, shear elasticity is  Stress on element dx is,
involved, the hole will be punched, if r2 (l  x)g / r2 = pg (l x)
F Extension of the element is
 A  > ultimate shear stress.
  dx = ddx = g (l  x) dx/E
 F > (shear stress)  (area) Integrating, we get the extension of the whole
 Fmin = (3.45  108) (2 rl) rod as,
= (3.45  108) (2  3.14  0.73  102
1 gl 2
 1.27  102) l =
2 E x
= 200 kN
Elasitc energy of the element is
YA 1 g  l  x  2 dx
16. For a wire, k = g (l  x) r dx
l 2 E
and for the series of combination, lx
Integrating,
k k
ke = 1 2 
 Y1Y2  A 2
1 r 22 g 2l 3 2  l 
k1  k 2 Y1L 2  Y2 L1 U = = r 2lE  
6 E 3  l 
17. We have,
Fl d  d d 
= 20. 2T sin = (Rd)a2R …. sin  
Al 2  2 2
Fl 9  104  0.5  T = aR22
 l = =
 0.5   2  109
2
A
= 9  105 m
18.
T 
d
2
 Vg 
21.   = stress = 
  2A 
2 Lg 2
 = L
Consider an element of area dS = (r / r)2 2 g
about z-axis chosen arbitrarily. There are
tangential tensile forces all around the ring of 22. T  W = mv2/r
the cap. Their resultant is mv 2
or T = W +
  r    r
S  2   r  sin
1kg   2m 1 
2
  2   2
Hence, in the limit, = 10 N + = 30 N
0.2m
2
 r   r  T/A
Pm   = S   r  We have Y =
 2   2  l/L
2Sr TL
or Pm = = 39.5 atm. or l =
r AY
19. When a rod is deformed by its own weight, the 30N   20cm 
=
stress increases as one moves up, the stressing
force being the weight of the portion below
 3 10 5
m 2    2  1011 Nm 2 
the element considered. = 5  105  20 cm = 103 cm = 10 m
3
23. R

2
2
1 x 
 U =  u dV =  
E   1 2  d b
2 R 
R
2
x dx
2 Eb3
= ….(on integrating)
l
25. By Energy Conservation,
Let is consider an element of rod at a distance
n from its rotation axis. (From Netwon’s  1
Fl = MV2
second law in projection from directed 2 2
towards the rotation axis, Fl 100  4cm
 V=  = 2 m/s
m 2 M 1kg
dT = (dm)2x =  xdx
l
m2 x 2
On integrating.  T =  c (constant)
l 2
1
But at, x = ± or free end, T = 0
2
m2 R m2 l
Thus at, 0 =  c or c =
2 4 8
m2  1 x 2 
Hence, T =   
2 4 l 
m2 l
Thus, Tmax = (at mid-point)
8
Condition required for problem is,
Tmax = 5m
m2 l 2 2 m
So, = 5m or  =
8 l 
Hence the number of r.p.s.,
 1 2 m
n= =
2 l 
24. Suppose that the steel band was made into a

loop of radius R, then length the loop l = 2R
Consider, an infinitesimally thin section of
radius  and thickness d in the loop. The
length of this section of loop is 2. Hence,
the longitudinal strain corresponding to this
section is,
2  2R P
=  1
2R R
So, elastic energy density is,
2
1 2 1 P 
u= E  E   1
2 2 R 
4
06 Surface Tension
4 3 1 4 2
1. r g = 2rT +  r3g 7. h=
3 2 3 dgr
where, h = rise of liquid in capillary tube
4 3 4  1
 2rT = r g   r 3g   Work done by surface tension
3 3  2
 2  4 2
4   = Fh  (2)   = .
2T = r 2 g      dgr  dg
3  2
Hence option (A) is correct.
2T
 r2 = h    2 2
4   P.E. = mg   = (dr2hg)  =
g     2 dg
3  2  dgr 
Hence option (C) is correct.
3T 3T
 r2 = r= 2 2
g(2  ) g(2  ) Remaining energy is liberated as heat.
dg
2. The pressures are Hence option (D) is correct.
2T 2T
Patm  , Patm + , Patm respectively. 8. The surface area is given by (S.T.)  Area
r R
Work Done = Final surface energy  Initial
3. Air flows from high pressure to low pressure surface energy.
2 2 2
region. Thus the smaller bubble will be = 4 (2r)  4r = 12r
engulfed.
9. The correct reason would be that the soap
4. Balancing forces on the edge, bubble has an extra force due to the force of
surface tension. Which has magnitude
(Tcos) 2r = mg
2T(2r).
0.157  10  103
 r= m = 3.3 mm
2  3.14  0.075  1 10. The two statements are not related. The first
statement is false and the length of tube and
5. F1 and F2 are balanced. vertical direction are one and the same.
a F3 11. As there is no weight to bring equilibrium, the

liquid level will keep rising due to the force of
F2 F1 surface tension.
12. The atmospheric pressure from sides of two

plates presses them towards each other.
b
F4
1
Resultant force = F3  F4 13. rh = constant  r 
h
= 1l  2l Hence, if h is halved, then r is doubled.
= (1  2)l
14. This is same as saying the there is no gravity
6. If an bubble is formed, its radius is equal to in space as the weight will cancel the pseudo
that capillary force of the lift. Thus the force of surface
2s tension will take it to the maximum possible
 Required pressure = P0 + gh +
r height.
1
15. P1V1 + P2V2 = PV 20. The air pressure is greater inside the smaller
4T 4 3 4T 4 4T 4 3 bubble (4 S/r). Hence, air flows from the
or + r1 +  r23 =  R
r1 3 r2 3 R 3 smaller to larger bubble.
or R = r12  r2 2 21. F F
h1r1
16. h1r1 = h2r2 or h2 = ….(i)
r2 d
A1 r12 A
Here  2 where A1 = A and A2 =
A 2 r2 16 F F
2
r1 16 r
 2
=  1 =4 .…(ii) The weight will be balanced by the force of
r2 1 r2 surface tension.
 From (i) and (ii), h2 = 5  4 = 20 cm  (2T l cos) = g(h(dl))
4 3 4 4 2T
17. R = 64   r3 = (4r)3  h=
3 3 3 gd
 R = 4r
S1 = 64  4r2  T and S2 = 4R2T 22. Force of surface tension balances the weight
2 of liquid raised
S1 64  4r 2  T  r  64
   64    =4 (d 2 2  d12 )
S2 4R  T
2
 R  16   (d2 + d1)S =  hg
4
1 1 1 4s 4  0.075
18.    h=  3
R r1 r2 (d 2  d1 )g 10  (2  1.5)  103  10
r1r2 = 0.06 m = 6 cm
R= = 4 mm
r1  r1
23. A
4S
19. Then P = P0 +
r h
4 3
Now P  r = nRgT
3 H
 4S  4
  P0   r 3  2RgT B
 r 3
To check all the options, we just need to apply
For 2 bubbles, Bernoulli’s principle at two points A and B.
 4S  3 B is just inside the tube.
 P0   A
 rA  n
 A PA + gh = PB + gH
 4S  3 n B
 P0   B  Patm + gh = PB + gH
 rB 
 PB = Patm + g (h  H)
 4  0.004 
8  2 
(2  102 )3 For option (A),
 2  10  n
  A
 4  0.004  nB Since H > h, PB < Patm
8  2 
(4  102 )3
 4  10  Hence water flows out.
nB For option (B),
 8
nA 0 < H ≤ h, PB > Patm
2
Chapter 06: Surface Tension
 We can see that the weight of 25. Tension in the thread is uniform. We can find
a part of water above is the tension in any portion of thread as follows:
balanced down. Now since Force = Surface Tension  length
H < h, the force due to surface FT
i.e. Tension in the wire = (S)  r
tension has to balance some
part of the weight; hence  1 
=S  
convex meniscus.  8  2 
For option (C),
 S 
the weight will be just balanced by the = 
 8  2 
pressure force at H = 0
For option (D),
Same explanation as in (B).
24.
r r
r r
l
r r
r r
Corresponding to the given figure, area of

pricked region would be,
A = r2 + 4(l  2r)r + (l  2r)2
= r2 + (l  2r) (4r + l  2r)
= r2 + l2  (2r)2  (  4)r2 + l2
Now, given that l = 4 units and L = 15 units
But L = 4(l  2r) + 2r
= 4l + (2  8)r
 15 = 16 + (2  8)r
 1 
 r=   = 0.58 units
 8  2 
Total surface area of soap film
= l2  (Area of pricked region)
= (4  )r2
= 0.289 sq. units
[Note: If loop would have taken the shape of a
circle, then
L = d
L 15
 d= = = 4.775 > Length of the side of the
 
square loop
Thus, it would not form a circle but will take
shape as shown in the figure.]
3
07 Wave Motion
1. 6. From the figure,
Minimum deformation
v1 T
 1 ; T2 = 2 T1
Maximum deformation v2 T2
where, T1 = tension in string AB

For a travelling wave, and T2 = tension in string CD
y = A sin (cot  kx + )
v1 T1 1
at a given position (x) : y = A sin (t + )   =
v2 2T1 2
Thus, the particle performs SHM
At a given position, Coefficient of t l 30 45  102
deformation w.r.t. mean position is minimum, 7.   
Coefficient of x t 0.01 t
therefore its deformation potential energy is
minimum. 45  104
t= = 150 s
30
2. Total energy radiated per unit time i.e. power
will be equal to the energy reaching the 8. Given equation is,
surface of radius x per second
 x
power P 1 y = y0 sin 2  f t  
 Intensity =  I 2  
area x 2
x

A= Ak=1
3. Direction reverses after reflection and phase k
difference introduced after each reflection 2
depending upon nature of support.  y0 = 1   = 2 y0

4. For the given situation,
9. In general, to find the equation of a travelling
2v 2 wave of a given curve, replace x by x  vt in
Ay = Al
v1  v 2 the equation of curve. If the wave is travelling
in +x direction, use x – vt and otherwise.
T T T
But v =  v1 = , v2 = 10. For the given situation, the relation between
 l y
pulse speed and height is governed by,
T 2 v2 = gh  The graph is as shown in (D).
2
y y
 Ay = A1 = Al 11. reflected transmitted
 T T   1 1 
     
 l  y   l   4/
  y  
l incident rigid boundary
2
y
= ….[ Al = 1] Reflected wave will have a phase inversion of
 l   while the transmitted wave will not.
1  
  y 
 Hence, yt = (4 mm) sin (5 t + 40 x)
1
12. If x is taken from the end of about which rope 17. As B is moving away from A,
is rotated then, the frequency heard by B has to decrease.
M2 2
T (x) =
2L
L  x2   v  vA 
f = f0  
 v  vB 
T (x) 
 v(x) =  L2  x 2 Thus the graph will shift by some amount but
 2
the bandwidth would remain constant.
dx 
  L2  x 2 Note: We cannot comment about the
dt 2
L T
magnitude of intensity heard.
dx 
 v(x) =    dt 18. Let f = 250 Hz, then f – 2 = 248 Hz,
0 L2  x 2 2 0
f + 2 = 252 Hz
T   x 
L
 At x = 0,
= sin 1    
2   L 0 2 y = y1 + y2 + y3 = A sin 2 (f + 2) t
 + A sin 2 (f  2) t + A sin 2ft
 =T=
2  y = 2A sin 2 ft cos 4 t + A sin 2 ft
10  y = A (2 cos 4 t + 1) sin 2ft
13. y=
10x  t Intensity, I  R2, I = KA2 (2 cos 4t + 1)2
 For maximum and minimum intensity,
A = 10 cm,  = cm
5 dI
1  0  2KA 2 (1 + 2 cos 4t) (  sin 4t)
 f = Hz dt
2 1 1 3 1
 Assertion is false but Reason is true.  t = 0, , , ,1  t 
4 2 4 4
14. In the given case, the wave must be bounded.
1
 2  Beat frequency = = 4 Hz
15.  = sin t  (x cos   y cos )  t
  
represents a wave travelling along a line in x- 19. Quality (Wave form) of sound distinguish the
y plane through origin making an angle  with different sources of sound from each other.
x-axis and  with y-axis. 20. Frequency will be maximum when the
2
 = (x 2  x1 )cos   (y2  y1 )cos  approach velocity is maximum.

Comparing with the given equation, we get Approach velocity is maximum, when  is
 = 30,  = 60,  = 1 m,  = 30/s
maximum and  is maximum when body is
Let (x1, y1)  (2 3 m, 2m) and
(x2, y2)  (3 3 m,3m) R 
just above point  ,0 
On substituting the values and simplifying 2 
we get, c
 v  v=
  = 4 = n  n = 4 y = y0   3
16. The apparent wavelength after reflection is,  v  vs  
60
    
 =  + vw  ,  
(0, 0) R 
 vS  v W  c  ,0 
= fo   2 
vw = Velocity of reflecting surface  c  c cos  
 vs   3 
= 
 vs  v w  which on simplification gives,
 v  vw   334  2  6f o 6f
  =  s    334 = 332 Hz Imax = , Imin = o …[  = 60]
 vs   334  5 7
2
Chapter 07: Wave Motion
T v 25. Frequency observed by man is same as

21. v= , v1 = v, vr = “observed” by the wall and it reflects the same
 2
and as man and wall are relatively at rest,
A1 = A
hence man hears same frequency of reflected
v sound. Hence, beat frequency is zero.
2 
 2 v2  2 A 2 A
Ar =   A1 =
 v1  v 2   v 3
3 
2
 
1
 E=  2 A 2 ( )
2
Frequency remains same for both cases,
1 v
=  2 A 2  
2 f 
 E   v A2
E1 ( ) (v) (A) 2 9
  1 
E 2 (4 1 )  v   2 2 8
   A
2 3 
8
 Fraction transmitted = E1
9
22.  f1  f 2 
|f1f2|  2 
 
For beats,
 f f    f f  
y = 2A cos  2  1 2  t  sin  2  1 2  t 
  2     2  
Beat frequency remains constant and
f f
frequency of vibration of particles is 1 2 .
2
23. Higher pressure  higher density

24. The loudness of sound is measured on decibel
scale which is logarithmic.
 I
Loudness or sound level = 10 log   . Each
 I0 
increase in intensity by a power of 10
increases decibel reading of 10 units.
Hence, to increase the decibel reading by 20,
there needs to be an increase in intensity by
10  10 = 100.
3
08 Stationary Waves
1. For the number of beats to increase from 5/s to 5. For minimum natural frequency,
6/s, the frequency of the fork with smaller 5 cm part should have antinode at end.
frequency must decrease. This is achieved by
putting wax to its prongs. Hence (D) is the
correct option.
5 cm 80 cm 15 cm
2. A node will be formed in the middle with two

antinodes at the ends of the pipe. Pressure Hence, 5 cm = 1
antinodes are displacement nodes. 4
(for minimum natural frequency)
3 1
3. k= and  = 300  1 = 20 cm = m
2 5
4  
  = m and f = 150 Hz 5 cm = 2  2 (for next natural frequency)
3 4 2
2 2 20 1
…[  = and f = ]  2 = cm = m
K  3 15
x = 0 is pressure maximum, hence a node. Y
Also, v = , Y = 1.6  1011 N/m,
 It is closed at x = 0 
  = 2500 kg/m3
For a pipe closed at one end, L = (2n + 1)
4  v = 8000 m/s
n v v
For a pipe closed at both ends, L = f1 = and f2 =
2 1 2
Let us check for x = 2m,  f1 = 40 kHz, f2 = 120 kHz
n
=2 6. The total mechanical energy between adjacent
2 antinodes,
 n = 3 which is valid.
1  2 2 s 
 The pipe is closed at x = 2m E=   A  of the two waves
2  2 
RT 1 1 2 2  2  1 2  2  
=  2 (s)  a  k   2 (s)  (2a)  k  
2
4. v=
M 2     
RT 1 RT 1 RT 5 2 a 2s
F = F= = =
M  M 2l M 2 k
(  = 2l for fundamental frequency) A max A  A2 A X 1
7. = 1 = X, 2 =
FC 1 RT MD l  MD A min A2  A2 A1 X  1
 =  2lD =  D 
FD 2lc MC rRT  lC  MC  X 1 
2
As Energy  A2   
2l l  X 1
Now, lC = lD =
3 3 v
MC = 14 MD = 44 8. n0 =
2l
FC  lD  MD 11 v v
Thus, =  = n1 = n2 =
FD  lC  MC 14 2(l / 2  l ) 2(l / 2  l )
1
Beat frequency = n1  n2 v 330
11. = =  0.685
 1 1  n 482
= v  
 l  2l l  2l  3
Here, second resonance occurs at l2 =
 (l  2l )  (l  2l )  4
= v  3
 l 2  4l 2   < 0.75 m
4
4l 4 l v
=v 2  2 Hence it is possible to perform experiment.
l  l 2 l
12. Options (C) and (D) will not form a standing
8lv 8l n 0 wave.
 
l (2l ) l (A) At x = 0, it has amplitude = 0
9.  Sum of the two amplitudes will be ‘a’ which is
not the condition of the problem.
(B) At x = 0, it has amplitude =  a
which will cancel out to give zero.
Hence, option (B) is correct.
13. l/2
l/4

Fundamental frequency (2n + 1) = L l
4
(2n  1) String vibrates with two loops. (Second
 f= v Harmonic)
4L
The point where we touch the string becomes
3 a node and where we pluck it becomes an
For 1st case, l = m
8 antinode.
f 680 3
 (2n + 1) =  4l = 4 =3 5
v 340 8 14. v = f, l =
2
 n=1
 2l  2  82.5 
 Next overtone is for n = 2  v =   f =    1000
Thus, 5 5  100 
5  330 m/s
L =
4 15. By comparing the given equation with
5 1 5 standard form, we get
=  = m A = 0.05 m,  = 40  rad/s
4 2 8
5 3 1  v max x  0.375 = A = 0.05  40
 X =  = m
8 8 4 = 2 m/s
= 25 cm
16. In this case, n(2) = (n + 1) (1.6)
10. For minima, n 1 2 5
 = =
 v n 1.6 4
X = (2n + 1) and  =
2 f  5n = 4n + 4
(2n  1) v  n=4
 X =  L = 8.0 cm
2 f
(2n  1) 300 17. If x is at an angle .
 0.5 =
2 f The  between x and 1 = 2,
 f = (2n + 1)300 the  between x and 2 = 2 and
All odd multiples of 300 are silenced. the  between x and 3 = 2
Hence correct option is (A).  points x and 3 are in phase.
2
Chapter 08: Stationary Waves
   v 
18. L = (n + 1)
2
and = d
4 v n 
 0.45 =  1
 L = 2(n + 1)d v  v 
 n 
19. The frequency of the wire remains the same.
0.45 n 1
 =
p T 1 n 1
n=
2L 
 On solving the above equation, we get n = 7
p1 p2
 = 24. Wave frequency is given as average of
l  4l 4 frequencies of interfereing waves.
p1 1 The waveform on the left has low average
 = than right one
p2 8
But looking at beats (i.e. difference in
2l 2(4l ) frequencies), graph on the left has the higher
 = = =l
p 8 difference than the right one.
20. String crosses mean position simultaneously.
p T
21. = , p = mode of vibration
2L 
YAL
T=
L
Y
 p

 Frequency of second mode is 2.
22. Inet = I1 + I2 + 2 I1I 2 cos 
where,  = phase difference

I I
 I 2
 I0 for d then 0 for 2d
d 4
I0 I
 Inet = I0 + + 2 I0 . 0 cos (2)
4 4
9I0
=
4
23. Ar
A1 (v)
where, n = number of strands

A1 and Ar are amplitudes of incident and
reflected waves respectively.
 v  v1 
Ar =  2  A1
 v1  v 2 
3
09 Kinetic Theory of Gases and Radiation
1. Before heating, let the pressure of gas be P. Option (B) is correct.

PA = kx1 In equation (i) if (T2  T1) = 0, then U = 0
PA  nRT  A 1  8.3  100  102  Option (C) is also correct.
 x1 =    1m
k  V k 0.83  10  (D) is correct.
During heating process, T1  T2
the spring is compressed further by 0.1 m 8. Here,  =
T1
 x2 = 1.1 m
1 1 T1  T2
 Work done by gas = 10(1.12  12 ) = 5  0.21  =
2 3 T1
= 1.05  1.0 J  3T1  3T2 = T1
2. Since coefficient of linear expansion of bolt is 3
 T1 = T2
more than that of pipe, the bolt will expand 2
more. It implies that the bolt will become 3 T1  (T2  335)
and =
loose and hence will be free from stress. 3 T1
3. Since molar specific heat is proportional to 3 / 2T2  T2  335
cube of temperature, the correct plot is B. At a  1=
3 / 2T2
particular temperature, the molar specific heat
becomes almost constant. i.e.T2 = 335 K i.e. 62 C
3
4. Thermal expansion of isotropic object does and T1 =  335  502 K
2
not depend upon shape, size and presence of
hole or cavity.  T1 = 502 – 273 = 229 C
5. Black is a good absorber and also a good 9. Since power radiated is same for body A and
emitter as per Kirchhoff’s radiation law. body B,
TA 4 0.49  1 
6. Rate of flow of water = 2 litre min1     T4 
TB 4 0.01  emissivity 
= 2  103 m3 min1
1
Mass of water flowing per min, TA  0.49  4
m = 2  103  103 = 2 kg min1 or   = 2.6
TB  0.01 
T = 77 – 27 = 50C
c = 4.2  103 J kg C1 T 5200
or TB = A = = 2000 K
Using Q = mcT, we get, 2.6 2.6
Q = 2  4.2  103  50 = 4.2  105 J min1 Using Wien’s displacement law
Rate of consumption of fuel i.e., m T = constant
Q 4.2  105 J min 1 we get, ATA = BTB
= 
heat of combination 4  107 J / kg T  
or A = B  B  = B
= 10.5  103 kg min1 = 10.5 g min1  TA  2.6
7. Change in internal energy, But B  A = 1 m (given)
U = nCvT = nCv (T2 – T1) …(i) 
 B  B = 1 m
 Option (A) is correct 2.6
Using dQ = dU + dW 1.6
or  B = 1 m
(1st law of thermodynamics) 2.6
 dU = dW 2.6
...[ dQ = 0 in adiabatic process] or B =  B = 1.6 m
1.6
1
10. For the given line AB, V and T both increase. 13. For A, dQA = nCPdTA ( A is free to move)
 Using PV = nRT, we get
For B, dQB = nCvdTB ( B is fixed)
P (kT) = nRT ( V = kT here) Since, dQA = dQB
nR  nCpdTA = nCvdTB
or P = = constant
k  Cp 
or dTB =   dTA = dTA
Therefore, in P-V diagram the corresponding  Cv 
line will be a straight line parallel to X-axis = 1.4  40 = 56 K
(V-axis) such that V is increasing.
 m  RT 10  R  293
For the given line BC, volume is constant but 15. P0 =  0   ….(i)
temperature is decreasing. M V MV
Gas is heated to 50 C and x gram of gas
nRT
 P= escapes, pressure is still P0
constant (10  x)g (273  50)
or P  T (decreasing)  P0 = R ….(ii)
M V
In P-V diagram, the corresponding line will be  10(293) = (10  x) (323)  x  0.92 g
a straight line parallel to Y axis (P axis) with ….[From (i) and (ii)]
decreasing P. 16. P
For the given line CA, temperature is constant P A T
with volume decreasing
nRT
 P= i.e., PV = constant
V P T
 In P-V diagram, corresponding line is a n B C
hyperbola with P increasing.
V
11. As a and d are two points on the same AB is an isochoric process
adiabatic path, PA PB P P 1 T
  or    TB =  
 T1 (Va)1 = T2 (Vd)1 TA TB T  n  TB n
T1 (Vd )  1 For 1 mole of the gas,
i.e. =
T2 (Va )  1 T  1 
QAB = CVT = CV   T  = CVT   1
Similarly, T1 (Vb)1 = T2 (Vc)1 n  n 
T1 (Vc )  1 1 n 
i.e., = = CVT  
T2 (Vb )  1  n 
QBC = CPT for 1 mole of the gas
(Vd )  1 (Vc )  1
 =  T
(Va )  1 (Vb )  1 = CP  T  
 n
Vd Vc V V  n 1
i.e.  or a  b QBC = CPT   Qnet = QAB + QBC
Va Vb Vd Vc  n 
12. Here, PV = constant 1 n   n 1
= CVT   + CPT  
 PdV = VdP  n   n 
dP P T
= (CV  nCV + nCP  CP)
i.e. =  n
dV V
T
dP dP = {(n(CP  CV)  (CP  CV)}
Bulk Modulus, K =  V n
dV / V dV
T T
 P  = (nR – R) = (n – 1)R
=  V = P n n
 V  = RT (1  n1)
2
Chapter 09: Kinetic Theory of Gases and
Radiation
17. Assertion is false, Reason is true.
P1V1  P1V2

 P2   V1 
  =  
 P1   V2 
1
 P 
 V2 = V1  1  = V1C1/ …(C > 1)
 P2 
1
 P   1/
 V2 = V1  1  = V1C
 P2 
  > 
   Monotonic 
    Polyatomic   V2  V2
 
18. Isothermal compression  T = constant

3RT
vrms =
M
8RT
 Mean momentum = mv = m
M
3
Mean kinetic energy = RT
2
All the above equations are functions of
temperature, which is a constant.
19. According to Kirchhoff’s law, good absorbers
are good emitters and bad reflectors. While at
lower temperature, a black-body absorbs all the
incident radiations. It does not reflect any
radiation incident upon it when it is thrown into
the furnace. Initially, it is the darkest body.
At later times, the black body attains the
temperature of the hot furnace and so it
radiates maximum energy. It becomes the
brightest of all.
Option (A) represents the answer.
20. 3PV = nHRT ….(i)
P(2V) = n0R(3T) ….(ii)
Dividing equation (i) by (ii),
3 nH 1 n 9
=  H 
2 nO 3 nO 2
Using Avogadro’s principle,
H

 2n H N A  / V  n H 1  9
O  32n O N A  / 2V n O 8 16
3
10 Wave Theory of Light
v a  a  a Now, I3 = 2 Wm2 and I0 = 32 Wm2
1. am =  
v m  m  m 32
 2= sin2 2
Also, am = tan ip 8
 1 1
 tan ip = a  sin2 2 = or sin 2 =
m 2 2
 2 = 45 or  = 22.5
 1 
 m = a 
 tan i  4. As  = c,
 p 
 ln  + ln  = lnc
or a = m tan ip
d d
2. Let I0 be the intensity of unpolarised light. The   0
 
I
intensity transmitted by the first sheet is 0 .  
2   (for small changes in  and )
 
 I  I
Therefore transmitted intensity =  I0  0   0   v radial
 2 2   
This will be the intensity of incident light on   c
 0.4  3  10  0.4
8
the second polaroid. The intensity transmitted
or vradial = c   
I   674  674
by the second polaroid will be  0  cos 2 
2 …..[  = 0.4 nm]
where  is the angle between their axes.
4 3 = 1.78  105 m/s
sin  =  cos  =
5 5 = 640 kms1
2
 I0  2  I0   3  9
   cos        I0 5. I = I0 cos2 
2  2   5  25
IA = (I0 A) cos2 , where A is the area of the
Ratio of intensity of emergent light to that of
9 polariser.
unpolarised light = P = P0 cos2 , where P represents power.
25
P0
3. Let  be the angle between the first two  PAverage = P0 (cos2 )Average =
2
polarisers and  be the angle between the next
two. Here, 1
….[ average of cos2  over a cycle is ]
 +  = 90 2
If I0 is the intensity of the incident unpolarised 2 2  
T= = =2s
light, then the intensity after passing the first  
polariser,
 Energy passing through per revolution
I
2
I1 = I0 (cos )Av = 0 = Paverage  2 s
2
1 1
2
I2 = I1 cos  and = P0    2 = (102 W)     2 = 102 J
I3 = I2 cos2  = I2 cos2 (90  ) = I2 sin2  2 2
 I3 = (I1 cos2 ) sin2  6. Assertion is false, Reason is true.
I I If light is polarised by reflection, then the angle
 I3 = 1 sin 2 2  0 sin2 2
4 8 between reflected and refracted rays is 180.
1
7.  =    = 6820  6800 = 20 Å 11. Angle made with surface = 60
v  i = 90  60 = 30
Also,  = 
c sin i
1.5 =
 20 sin r
i.e., v = c  (3  108 )
 6820 sin i sin 30
 sin r =   0.3333
=  8.79  105 ms1 1.5 1.5
(The negative sign indicates receding speed).  r = 19 28
energy Ratio of the width
8. Intensity = cos r cos19 28 0.9428
time  area =   = 1.088  1 : 1
E cosi cos30 0.8661
=
t  2 dl
2 3
12. vd = c vw = c
1 5 4
 Intensity 
d c 5 c 4
  = d   w
But intensity  Amplitude2 vd 2 vw 3
1
 Amplitude2  d 5 / 2 15
d  wd =  
w 4 / 3 8
1 1
or Amplitude =  1/ 2 sin i sin i
d d  wd = 
sin r sin 30
9. Here for minima, 15 sin i
a sin  = n  
8 sin 30
For first dark band, n = 1
15 1 15
   sin i =  
 sin  = or  = 8 2 16
a a
 15 
….( sin    for small angles)  i = sin1  
 16 
Let distance of first dark band from axis be y
x 13. In polar regions, magnetic compass becomes
then angle of diffraction  is given by inoperative hence sunlight which is easily
f
x   available and scattered by earth’s atmosphere
 = or x = f gives plane polarised light when scattered
f a a
through 90. This is used for navigation
sin i purpose.
10. =
sin r
14. The plane wavefront with the ray at the
sin i periphery has to travel least distance through
sin r =
 the lens whereas the ray along the principal
sin 35 axis has to travel thickness of the lens hence
=
1.5 this is delayed than the peripheral ray. This
0.5736 results in a spherical converging wavefront.
=
1.5 15. For spherical wavefront, radius = r
 sin r = 0.3824 1
Also, I  a2 but I  2
 r = 22.48 = 22 29 r
W cos 22.48 1
 Required ratio = 2   1.13  a
W1 cos35 r
2
Chapter 10: Wave Theory of Light
16. Speed of light in glass depends upon the
colour of the light. Violet colour travels faster
than the red light in a glass prism.
This is because refractive index of glass for
violet colour is less than that for red.
18. In the propagation of e.m. waves, plane of
polarisation contains the direction of
propagation.
19. Here p + 90 + r = 180
i.e., p = 90 – r
p
As p – r = 34
 90 – r – r = 34
i.e., 2 r = 56  r = 28
20. If the intensity of the unpolarised light in the
incident beam = I0, then the intensity of the
unpolarised component transmitted is same for
all orientation of the polarising sheet
I 
 I0   0 
2
The transmitted intensity of the polarised light
component
Ip  I p cos 2 
 (Ip ) max = Ip for  = 0 and

(Ip ) min = 0 for  =
2
Now the maximum transmitted intensity =
I
Ip + 0 and the minimum transmitted intensity
2
I
= 0
2
It is given that,
I0 I 
Ip +  5 0 
2 2
I
Ip = I0  p = 1 : 1
Io
3
11 Interference and Diffraction
1. The nth bright fringe of the  pattern and the The requirement is, mimina must appear on
n’th bright fringe of the  pattern are situated the axis.
D D D  p  D
at yn = n and yn = n   = y1 or  1  t =
d d d  m  2 m d
As these coincide, yn = yn

nD n D  t=
 = 2( p  m )
d d
n   900
 = = 4. Applying IR = I1 + I2 + 2 I1I 2 cos , at central
n   750
Hence the first position where overlapping fringe (where  = 0) we get,
occurs is, IR = I1 + I1 + 2I1 = 4I1
nD 6(1.5m) (750 109 m) Phase difference at a distance x when path
y = y6 = =  3.4 mm xd
d (2 103 m) difference becomes , is given by
D
2. For nth maxima in Young’s double slit 2 xd
experiment,  =
 D
nD yd (103 m)(2 103 m)  2xd 
y= or  = =  I R = I1 + I1 + 2I1 cos 
d nD n(2 m) 
 d 
10000 1010 m 10000 I I I  2xd 
 = = Å =   2 cos 
n n 
4 4 4  D 
But 3500 Å <  < 7000 Å
I 2xd 
For n = 1, 2, 3 or I R = 1  cos 
 = 10000 Å, 5000 Å, (3333.3) Å 2 D 
For n = 2,  = 5000 Å lies between 3500 Å to  xd 
= I cos2  
7000 Å. The other wavelengths cannot fulfill  D 
this condition.
3. For Young’s double slit experiment, the 5. Using, I = A12 + A 2 2 + 2A1A2 cos 
position of minima is; At central point i.e., for maximum
 1  D Imax = (A1 + A2)2 = I0
y = n   = (A + 2A)2 = I0
 2 d
Adjacent minima is the Ist minima or n = 0 or I0 = 9A2 or A2 = I0/9
For other points,
 1  D D
 y1 =  0   = path difference = d sin 
 2 d 2d
 2 
 Again, I0 = A2 + (2A)2 + 4A cos  d sin  
When immersed in liquid,  =   
m
 2 
 D  = A2 5  4cos d sin  
 y1 =     
 2 m d 
I0
Now fringe shift due to introduction of sheet = [5 + 8 cos2 /  d sin   1]
on the path of one of the beams is . 9
D I0  2  
 = (  1)t or I =
9 1 8cos  d sin  
d  
1
6. For minima, d sin  = n 9. For no appreciable diffraction effects, the
distance must be less than Fresnel distance.
y
Here n = 1, d   = 1(5400 Å) 60 km
D The distance of the hill is = 30 km.
2
D The aperture can be taken as a = 100 m.
y1 = (5400 Å)
d 30 km < Zf
Now, first maximum is approximately a 2 (100 m) 2 (100 m) 2
Zf = =  30 km <
between the first minima and second minima.   
 y  y   1  2  D (100 m) 2
(100 m) 2
yI =  1 2  =   or  <  max = = 0.333 m
 2   2  d 30 km 30000 m
D 3D = 33.3 cm
As y1 = yI  (5400 Å) =   
d 2 d 10. The gap between successive wavefronts is .
2  5400 Å (3 )
  = = 3600 Å Hence the required time, t =
3 c
7. For diffraction at circular aperture, 11. The interference patterns due to different
7 component colors of white light overlap. The
1.22  1.22  (6 10 m)
= = 3
= 3.66  104 rad central bright fringes for different colors are at
d (2 10 m) the same position. Hence, the central fringe is
If r is the radius of the image formed by the white. For a point P for which S2P  S1P = b/2
r where b(= 4000 Å) represents wavelength of
lens at its focus, then  =   blue light, the blue component will be absent
f  and the fringe will appear red in color. Slightly
 r = f = (6  102 m) (3.66  104 rad) 
farther away where S2Q  S1Q = b = r
= 21.96  106 m 2
A = r2 = (3.14) (21.96  106 m)2 where r (= 8000 Å) is the wavelength for the
= 15.14  1010 m2 red colour, the fringe will be predominantly
blue. Thus, the fringe closest on either side of
P
I = the central white fringe is red and the farthest
S will appear blue.
8103 W kW
= 10
 5.2 2 12. In the given situation,
15.14 10 m 2
m D
y = (2n  1)
 2d
8. As R = 1.22 D
d = (2n  1)
The angle subtended by the object at the 2 b
y ….( ‘missing wavelength’  minima
human eye is  = and here, d = b)
D
where, y is the separation between the marks S1
and D is the distance of the marks from the y
b
eye.
Now for clarity of vision,  > R S2
y 1.22 yd
 > D<
D d 1.22  D
3 3
yd (110 m)(1.810 m) But y = b/2
 Dgreatest = =
1.22  1.22  5550 1010 m b D
 = (2n  1)
= 2.66  2.7 m 2 2 b
2
Chapter 11 : Interference and Diffraction
b2 16. Visible light has wavelength () 6000 Å. The

 = least marking on metre scale is 1 mm. If D is
(2n  1)D
the required distance then angle subtended by
b2 b2 1 mm at distance D,
 For n = 1,2,…;  = , ...
D 3D 1mm 1
= = rad
13. Distance of mth bright fringe of  pattern and Dm D  1000
m’th bright fringe of ’ pattern are at In order to see the marking clearly, this angle
mD mD 
y= and y = must be equal to or greater than of the
d d a
Since y = y instrument.
m  750 5 1  a
 = = =  or D 
m  600 4 1000D a 1000
3
 m = 5 and m = 4 2  10 m
 D
Now the position where 5th bright fringe of  1000  6  107
pattern will coincide with 4th bright fringe of  D = 3.3 m
 pattern,
h 1
51 600 109 17. = 
y= mv v
1103 x-rays are fast moving high-energy electrons.
= 0.3  103 m As speed of electron increases, its de-Broglie
= 0.3 mm wavelength decreases.
Angular width for central maximum is given as,
D 2
14. Fringe width, x = =
d d
Half-angular width of central bright portion,
1
  
= v
a  If speed of electron increases, angular width of
Overlapping length, central maximum will decrease.
2 D
y = (2) D  d = d diameter of the telescope
a 18. d =
Number of bright fringes distance of the moon
 2 D  5 5
  d  d = m= m
y 4  10  10
5 3
4  108
= 
a 
x D / d 1.22
 d =
(2D  da)d d
=
aD 1.22 1.22  6  107
 d= =
15. Distance covered between two consecutive d  5 
 8 
maxima = /2  4  10 
  d = 58.5 m  59 m
Total distance covered = (n  1)  S
2 19. For the first minimum on either side of the
2S maximum,
 =
n 1 
a sin  =  or sin  =
c a
Using c =  we get,  =
 3
 sin  = = 0.6
Assuming velocity of TV waves in air to be c 5
we get,   = 36 52
c (n  1)c Since central maximum spreads on both sides
= =
2S / n  1 2S Angular spread =  36 52
3
20. Position of first minima in diffraction pattern
of 1 is given by, a sin  = n
 a sin 1 = 11

 sin 1 = 1
a
For the first maxima of wavelength 2,
3
a sin 2 = 2
2
3 2
 sin 2 =
2a
But 1 = 2 or sin 1 = sin 2
1 3 2 2 2
 =  2 = 1 =  600
a 2a 3 3
 2 = 400 nm
(2n  1)D
21. yn = where n = 1, 2, 3, ….
2d
5 D 19 D
y3 =  =
and y10
2 d 2 d
Since the bands are on opposite sides of the
central bright band, the distance between these
bands is y3 + y10

5 D 19 D
 y3 + y10
 = +
2 d 2 d
12  5896  1010  0.60
=
0.4  103
 1.1  10–2 m  1.1 cm
22. Interference effects are commonly observed in
thin flims when their thickness is comparable
to wavelength of incident light.
For excessively thin film, as compared to
wavelength of light, it appears dark and for a
film which is too thick, it results into uniform
illumination of the film. In thin film,
interference takes place between the waves
reflected from its two surfaces and waves
refracted through it.
4
12 Electrostatics
q in 4. Assertion is true, Reason is true and Reason is
1. E = = 0  qin = 0
0 a correct explanation for Assertion.
Now, 1  Q1  Q 2 
VA =   R2
qIN for S1 = 3q  q + q =  3q 40  R 2 
qIN for S2 = + q  q = 0 Q1 R1
qIN for S3 = 3q + q =  2q 1  Q1 Q 2  B
VB =    Q2
qIN for S4 = 3q 4 0  R1 R 2 
A

1 1 1 
rp
   VB  VA = Q1   
40  R1 R 2 
2. VP  VQ =

 E.d l
rq
5. Let us enclose the charge at the

If E is constant, then mouth of the conical flask with

rp
another identical flask. Flux
 
2Q Q
VP  VQ =  E   dl through the closed surface = .
  0 C3
rQ
   By symmetry, flux through either
VP  VQ =  E  ( r p  r Q )
1  2Q  Q
 
=  (2iˆ  ˆj). (1  2)iˆ  (2 1) ˆj  (0  1)kˆ
flask is  =
2  0  0
=  (2iˆ  ˆj). 1iˆ 1jˆ  1kˆ  = (2 + 1) = 1 V 6. q +q q +q
C 2C
3. The initial potential of the outer shell, 5V
KQ K(2Q) K(Q  2Q)
V2 = + =
R2 R2 R2
After connecting the shells, by a wire, the As both the earthed points are at 0 V, we can
potentials of the shells, redraw the circuit as,
Kq K(3Q  q) 2CC 2
V1 = + and C and 2C in series = = C
R1 R2 2C  C 3
Kq K(3Q  q) 2 
V2 = + q = CeqV =  C  (5 V)
R2 R2 3 
where ‘q’ is the remnant charge on inner shell. 2 
=   6 F  (5 V) = 20 C
As inner and outer shell are connected,  3 
V1 = V2
7. The electric field at the center of the
Kq Kq
 = semicircle can be found by calculating the
R1 R2 field due to an infinitesimal element and
 q = 0 or R1 = R2 integrating it.
The later is not possible  q = 0 Wire with charge
K(3Q) density q
Thus, V2 =  V2 = V2 Infinitesimal
R2 element

So the potential of the outer shell does not 
X
change after connecting with wire. dE
 (A) is correct.
1
r
 x2 
 Qnet =  0 1   (4x 2 )dx
0  9 
dE cos 

X  r3 r5 
= 40   
dE sin   3 5 9 
dE Applying Gauss’s law E(4r2) = Qnet/0
Charge on the infinitesimal element  r r3 
E= 0   
(q) = dx = (Rd) = Rd ….(i) k 0  3 5  9 
Electric field at O due to this charge Hence electric field (E) at a distance r from
(dE) = k(dq)/R2 ….(ii)   r r3 
the centre = 0   
1 2 0  3 5  9 
Where k =
40 0 15r  r 2  0
=   = (15r  r3)
Substituting (i) in (ii), 2 0  45  90 0
Electric field dE = kd/R ….(iii) 9. The capacitance is to be found between the
X component of electric field inner and outer cylinders.
(k cos )d r
= dEx = dEcos = (from iii)
R b a
Y component of the electric field
k1 (q)
(k sin )d
= dEy = dEsin  = (from iii)
R (q)

(k cos )
Ex =  d = 0 k2
0
R
Net electric field due to the wire at point O
along Y axis

(k sin ) k Consider a Gaussian cylinder of radius r.
Ey =   d = (2) = –2k/R Applying Gauss’s law,
0
R R
E(2r) L = q(L/)
Resultant electric field (E) Hence, E = q/2r
 Potential difference, V = Edr
= E 2x  E 2y = 2k/R =
2 0 R = (q/2) ln(b/a)
Hence, q = [2/ln(b/a)]V
The resultant electric field at the center of the
 qnet = qL = [2L/ln(b/a)] V

circle = C = q /V
2 0 R  C = 2L/ln(b/a)
Now we can consider the top and bottom parts
8. Consider the Gaussian surface of the cylinder as two capacitors in parallel.
to be a spherical shell of  Net capacitance,
r
negligible thickness at a Cnet = C1 + C2
distance of r from the centre. 2(L / 2)
Cnet = (1   2 )
The net flux through the surface is E(4r2) l n (b / a)
The net charge (Q) enclosed where 1 = k10 and 2 = k20
=  dV   0 [1  x / 9] 4x  dx
2 2 Capacitance of the arrangement
L 3 L0 k
v
= (k1 0  k 2 0 ) 
where, the limits of x varies from 0 to r. ln(b / a) 2 ln(2)
2
Chapter 12: Electrostatics
10. Consider a unit charge as shown at P and the  Charge flow along the 6C capacitor = 3CE
co-ordinate frame is chosen as shown in the  Energy stored in the capacitor
figure. The force on P acts along the positive
y-axis. 1 1
= QE = q1(E/2) = 3/4 CE2
Let us imagine that the P 2 2
cylinder can be broken into a In the second case, when the switch 2 is ‘ON’,
number of thin disks. Now the L
y the circuit diagram would be as given in figure
field at P due to one such disk (ii)
R x B
at a distance x from P is
4C 4C
  x  L
dE = 1  2 
2 0  x R 2
3C
where, x varies from L to 2L.
Hence, the total field is given by 6C 6C
A q
2L
Q  x 
E =  dE   1  2  dx
L 2 0 ( R L) 
2
x  R2 
 
Q E
= L  4L2  R 2  L2  R 2 Figure (ii)
20 R 2 L
Therefore, electric field at a point at a distance The circuit is symmetric about AB. Therefore,
L from one end of the cylinder we can say that charge entering the 4C
=
Q
20 R 2 L
L  4L2  R 2  L2  R 2  capacitor to B would be the same as charge
leaving B through the other 4C capacitor.
=
Q
20 (2)2 4

4  4(4) 2  22  42  22  Therefore, there would be no charge flow
along 3C capacitor. Hence, Energy in the 3C
=
Q
16 0
 2  17  5  capacitor = 0.
12. The given circuit can be redrawn and reduced
11. The circuit with the switch 1 in ‘ON’ position to the following:
is shown in figure (i). We apply the Kirchoff’s E
2nd law. Consider the closed loop through the
6C capacitors. C
C
4C 4C
C C 2C
C
6C 6C q
C C C
E Now, the potential across E

Figure (i) the two capacitors in
Potential drop across the capacitors parallel in E. Hence the C
q q  charge stored in each is
=  1  1  (19/11)C
C
 6C 6C  q1, q2 = CE .…(i)
We are traversing the loop from negative to The other two capacitors are
positive. Therefore, potential drop due to in series. Hence the charge
C
battery can be taken as positive. in each of them is
Writing the equation for net potential drop q3 = (19/30) CE .…(ii)
along the loop, Therefore the potential across the (19/11) C
q q  capacitor is
E  1  1  0  q1 = 3CE
 6C 6C  V1 = q3 /[(19/11) C] = (11/30)E
3
Now working backwards we get the circuit, Hence the circuit gets reduced as shown in the
E figure below.
C/2 C/2
(11/30)E
(8/3)C
2C A B
C
C
C
C C
Since the potential is (11/30)E, the charge on The equivalent capacitance of the above
the parallel capacitor, arrangement (Cnet) = 3/7 C.
q4 = (11/30)CE ….(iii) C/2 C/2
For the two series capacitors, net C = (8/11)C

Hence, charge in the capacitors
A B
q5 = (8/30)CE
C
The potential across the (8/3)C capacitor,
V2 = (3/30)E C C
We now consider the following circuit: 2/7 V 3/7 V 2/7 V
E If the potential applied across AB is V, the

charge on the capacitors (q)
(3/30) E
(2/3)C q = CV
2C Hence the charges on plate X = q = (1/7) CV
2C
14. The current flow in different segments can be
C C C found considering different open loops and
applying Kirchoff’s junction law.
The charge on the X = 2 C capacitor is 2 i1 V i2 3
9V 7V
Q6 = (3/15)CE = (1/5)CE
i3
13. Let the plates be numbered as shown below. R 1
Plates 2, 3, 4 and 5 may be treated as a
collection of two plates as shown in the
diagram. 5V
We get five capacitors with top and bottom There are no direct series and parallel
capacitors having a capacitance C/2 and the connections which can be directly identified.
rest with capacitance C. This circuit consists of only resistors. So
1 elements need not be removed from the
2L circuit.
2 A
L Let us mark different nodes and loops in the
L 3
circuit and consider the node B.
L 4
B Current entering the node = current leaving
2L 5 the node.
6 Current enters through AB, CB and DB.
4
Chapter 12: Electrostatics
Let us assume the potential at the nodal point 20
10V 2 
20
B to be V. 19. 5  (10V  4) dV = 5   4V 
0  2 0
Current entering the node = i1 + i2 + i3
= 5[5  400 + 80]
V9 V7 V5 = 5[2000 + 80]
=  
2 3 1 = 5  2080
11V  71 = 10400 J
= ….(i)
6 Q k
Current leaving the node = 0 ….(ii) 20. C= ,C= 0
V d
11V  71 1 1
Equating equations (i) and (ii), =0 C C
6 V d
71  As ‘d’ increases, C decreases
 Voltage at node B = V =
11 Hence ‘V’ increases.
V 9
 Current flowing through wire AB (i1) =
2
14
= 
11
= 1.27 A
15. Net charge inside the sphere
=   dV
Due to spherical symmetry, we get,
R
Q = 0
4r 2 rdr
R
= 4A  r 2 (R  r) dr
0
 R4 R4 
= 4A   
 3 4 
3Q
 A=
R 4
16. Electric flux through:
i. X-Y plane 3  100 = 300
ii. Y-Z plane 8  100 = 800
iii. X-Z plane 4  100 = 400
Hence, the required ratio = 3 : 8 : 4
17. Potential of the bigger drop
= n 2/3  potential on each droplet
= 642/3  10
= 42  10
= 16  10
= 160 V
18. Redistribution of charges takes place and
during flow of charges some energy is lost as
heat.
5
13 Current Electricity
1. The given circuit is a balanced Wheatstone’s 3. E r1 E r2

network as shown in figure (ii). Hence, points
Q and S are at the same potential I I
 VQ – VS = 0 V X
Q
4 12  From the figure,
P, T R
G EE 2E
I=  ….(i)
24  r1  r2  X r1  r2  X
8
S P.D. across first cell, V1 = E  Ir1
+ 
2E
6V =E  r1
r1  r2  X
Figure (ii)
Given that, V1 = 0
2. Applying Kirchoff’s junction rule to point A,
(see figure) 2 E r1
 E=
 I1 – I2 – I3 = 0 r1  r2  X
 I1 + I2 + I3 = 0 .…(i)
 X + r1 + r2 = 2r1 or X = r1  r2
If VA is the potential at A, by applying Ohm’s
law to R1, R2 and R3 then we get,
4. The circuit for the dashed lines can be drawn
VA – V1 = I1 R1 ,
VA – V2 = I2 R2 and X as,
1 1 1 1 1
VA – V3 = I3 R3 I1 A B
VA  V1 R1
 I1 = ,  Req = 5  1 = 5 
R1
A
R2 R3 The circuit obtained by adding dashed lines
V  V2 I2 I3
I2 = A , can be drawn as,
R2 Z
Y 1
V  V3
I3 = A
R3 1 1 1 1 1
A B
Substituting for I1, I2 and I3 in equation (i) we
get,
1
1 1 1   V1 V2 V3  R eq for this combination after simplifying the
VA         0
 R1 R 2 R 3   R1 R 2 R 3  circuit,
1 R eq = 3 
V V V  1 1 1 
 VA =  1  2  3       Difference in the final and initial values of Req
 R1 R 2 R 3   R1 R 2 R 3  is 2 .
1
5. R Applying Kirchoff’s voltage law in loop
x y ABCDEA and loop ABFA we get,
x y E  aR  2Rb = 0 ….(i)
 aR  (a – b)R + 2Rb = 0 ….(ii)
V 2aR = 3Rb  2a = 3b
Figure (i) V 3b
E=R  2Rb = (a + b) Req
Figure (ii) 2
Equaivalent resistance decreases. Hence 7Rb  3b 
current will increase    b  R eq
2  2 
 Vx + Vy = V
Due to the change, Vx increases 7Rb 5b
  R eq
 voltmeter reading will decrease. 2 2
7R
6. P = 60 W, h = 12 m, V = 100 litre,  = 80% Req =
5
P P
 = out  3b 5b
Pin  w  Entering current, (a + b) = b I
  2 2
 t 
b I
mgh Current in common side, (a – b) =  .
   P 2 5
t
m 60 9. 4.3 V 10 
  = 0.625  0.63 kg/s
t 10  12  0.8
m 50 2
 t = A
0.63
100  103  103 s
=  159 s V
0.63 200 
7. i = 40 mA 52  200
= 40  103 A Req = 10 +
252
E
Using, I = 2520  10400
R net  r A = = 51.269 
252
3 V
40  103 = 4.3
100R V  I= = 0.08 A
22 51.269
100  R V
10.
100R V 3 i2 4
4+   75 A A
100  R V 0.04 i1
A A
 RV  245 
4 6
8. Let the currents through various branches be
as shown i i1
R D (a+b)
C b 4V 2V
R R Potential difference across upper 4 

(a  b) a
resistance is zero
B F  current is zero  i2 = 0
R
R R Other two resistors are in series combination.
a Hence current is same.
A
(a+b) b R 42
= = 0.2 A
46
E  i = i1 = 0.2 A, i2 = 0
2
Chapter 13: Current Electricity
11. From symmetry of network, it follows that the Dividing (ii) by (i), we get,
circuit can be replaced by an equivalent one as 9.5 l 64.8 cm 9.5  r 76.3
shown below.  2  
9.5  r l1 76.3 cm 9.5 64.8
R/2 r  76.3 
R/2    1
9.5  64.8 
 76.3 
R/2  r=   1 (9.5)  = 1.7 
R/2 R/2  64.8 
R 15. We relabel the circuit in terms of potential
A B points as follows:
C
We replace the inner triangle consisting of an
infinite number of elements by a resistor of
resistance RAB/2, where the resistance
A B
RAB = Rx and RAB = A. After simplification,
the circuit becomes a system of conductors
connected in series and parallel. In order to A B
find Rx, we write the equation, R5
 RR x / 2   RR x / 2 
Rx = R  R  R  R  
 R  Rx / 2   R  Rx / 2  R2 R4
Solving the equation, we obtain
R( 7  1) A( 7  1) R1 R3
RAB = Rx = 
3 3 A C B
13. Using symmetry and junction rule, we can R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 = R5 = 2 

arrange the currents as shown. Applying loop
rule along ABCD and battery to A, we get  Req = 1 
i D
i/2 i/2
16. iAD = iDB + iDC
i i Let potential at D be V
i/2 i/2 (7  V) (V  0) (V  1)
i C  
i
i/2 10 20 30
3i i
B On solving the above equation, we get VD  4V
A
Hence option (A) is correct.
6V Currents through the sections DB and DC are,
i 74
iR  R  iR  6  0 = 0.3 A,
2 10
5iR 5i 6 4
6= =  2 or I = = 1.2 A = 0.2 A,
2 2 5 20
....[ R = 2 ] 4 1
= 0.1 A
Current through the battery, 3i = 3.6 A 30
Hence option (B) is correct
14. 1.5 V = k.l1 = k(76.3) ….(i) Total power drawn = (0.3)2  10 + (0.2)2  20
E – ir = i(9.5 ) = kl2 + (0.1)2  30
E 1.5 = 0.9 + 0.8 + 0.3
 i= 
9.5  r 9.5  r = 2.00 W
(1.5) Hence option (D) is correct.
(9.5)  kl2 ….(ii)
9.5  r So, only incorrect option is (C)
3
17. When the diameter of wire AB is increased, its 20. In the given network, points x and P will be
resistance will decrease. Therefore, the equipotential, when effective resistance across
potential difference between A and B due to YP is equal to resistance across WP
battery B1 will decrease. So, the null point will
(1  r)(1)
be obtained at a smaller value of x.  =1–r
(1  r)  1
18. Here for the minor arc AB, (where r is resistance of ZP and (1 – r) is
R R resistance or YP)
RAB =  (r) =
2r 2
 r= 2 1
 l
    Then (1 – X) = 1  ( 2  1)
 r
and for the major arc, = 2  ( 2  1)
R YP 2
RAB =  r (2  )  =
2r PZ 1
R
= (2  )
2
R AB(minor) R AB(major)
 Req =
 R AB(minor)  R AB(major) 
R R
 (2  )
= 2 2
R R (2  )

2 2
R
= (2  )
42
19. Let R be the resistance of each resistor.
Since these three resistors are in parallel so
their equivalent resistance is R/3.
Current in circuit,
E 2
I= =
R 1  r R / 3  0.2
Heat produced,
R
H = I2
3
 
 
R 4 
= ….(i)
3  R 
2
  0.2   
 3 
dH
For maximum heat, =0
dR
4 1 2R 1
    = 0
3  (0.2  R / 3) (0.2  R / 3) 3 
2 3
 R
 3  0.2   = 2R
 3
or R = 0.6 
4
14 Magnetic Effect of Electric Current
1. Here, net field, mv 2 mv
Again, Bqv = i.e., r =
B = Field due to circular portion r Bq
 Field due to straight portion O
  I  I   I  1   I(  1) r
=  0  0   0 1    0 
 2r 2r  2r    2r
N B
(perpendicular to the plane of page and
directed into it) 
Field due to circular portion is directed into t

the plane of the paper and that due to straight
portion is directed outward and perpendicular From Figure, t = r sin 
to the plane of paper. Thus net field is directed t t Bq t Bq
or sin  =   1
into the plane of the paper. r mv
 2Vq  2
m 
2. Magnetic field inside a solenoid, B  I  m 
Energy density, Bt q q
=  Bt
1 m 2V 2Vm
E= B2  E  B2  E  I2
2 0 6. Change in momentum = Impulse
Hence curve should be a parabola symmetric t t
about E axis passing through (0, 0). i.e., mv =  Fdt   BIl dt

0 0
3. The coil is made up of tiny current elements. t
Force acting on each current element is = Bl  I dt = Blq

0
directed outwards. As a result of this the coil
Blq
expands. Or v= But v = 2gh
m
4. Magnetic field due to AB is zero because C Blq m 2gh
lies on the extended wire itself.  2gh = or q =
m Bl
Magnetic field due to infinite wire CD is
7.
 i
B1 = 0 (sin 0 + sin 90) = 0
4r 4 r
x 30 O
Magnetic field due to circular portion,
3 
i  2r  i
  i 3
B2 = 0  2   0
4
4 r 4 r 2 0 i
Here, B = 6  (sin 1 + sin 2)
4 r
 0i  3 
 B = B1 + B2 =    1  0 i (2sin 30) 3 0i
4 r  2  = 6 
4  3  x
 x
5. Using qV =
1
mv2, we get  2 
2  3 
 Here, r  x
v= 2Vq / m
 2 
1
8. Here, magnetic field due to straight portion, 11. Considering a ring of radius r and width dr,
0I charge on ring, dq = (2RdR)
BPQ = (sin  + sin )
4R cos  dq dq dq
Current, dI = = = = RdR
dt T 2
( OM = R cos )
( T = 2)
 0 I 2sin   0 I
=  tan   0dIR 2
4 R cos  2R Using, dB =
2(R 2  y 2 )3/ 2
and magnetic field due to circular portion,
 I  2  2   0  R R 3 dr
B =  dB 
2 0 (R 2  y 2 )3/ 2
BPQ = 0  

2R  2 
=
0I
(  )  0  R 2  y 2 
=   2y 
2R 2  R 2  y 2 
I
 B = BPQ + BPQ = 0 (   + tan )
2R 12. Here magnetic force = BIa
Weight of a side is mag, where m is mass per
p 2 (mv) 2 (qBR) 2 unit length, and that of two sides i.e., 2 mag is
9. Energy, E =  
2m 2m 2m effective at the centre.
 mv 2 
  qvB  a/2
 R  
(2e BR) 2
Then, E = a/2
2  4m p
where mp is mass of proton. magnetic force (BIa)
(2m  a)g
(2e BR) 2 E 2 (m  a)g
and Ed =  d 
2  2 mp E 1 Then taking moments,
or Ed = 2E = 2  2 = 4 MeV a
2 mag  sin  + mag  a sin  = BIa a cos 
2
10. Magnetic induction at ‘a’,
i.e. 2ma2g sin  = BIa2 cos 
0 nIr 2 BI
B= and at centre or tan  = But m = A
2(r 2  a 2 )3/2 2 mg
0 nI BI
 BC = , we get  tan  =
2r 2Ag
  2 Ag
   B= tan 
0 nI  1 r2  I
BC  B = 
2  r 3  a 2 3/2  13. Since R1 < r < R2,
 r 1  2  
  r   I
B = 0 where r is distance
2 r
1 1  3 a 2 
0 nI
=   1  2 
( a < < r)
Now, electric field, E =
q
2  r r  2 r  20 rl
 Fractional decrease R2 R2
q dr
=
BC  B 0 nI  3 a 

2
 0 nI  V=  E dr 
2 0l  r
BC 2  2 r 3  2r R1 R1
q R 
3 a2 = log  2 
=
2 r2 20l  R1 
2
Chapter 14: Magnetic Effect of Electric Current
q V  Option (B) is correct.
i.e., 
20l log (R 2 /R1 ) Option (C) is not possible as for a voltmeter,
resistance should be connected in series.
V
 E= For ammeter,
r log (R 2 / R1 )
 Ig 
For no deflection, S= 
 I  Ig 
G
FE = FM i.e., eE = evB  
eV ev 0 I  50  106 
  =   100 = 0.5 .
r log (R 2 / R1 ) 2 r 3 6 
 (10  10 )  (50  10 ) 
2V
i.e., v =  Option (D) is not correct.
 0 I log (R 2 / R1 )
0 I
14. The structure can be compared to solenoid 18. By using, B  (sin 1  sin 2 )
having a single turn. 4 r
Using Ampere’s circuital law, 0 I
 B (2sin ) L
  4 (L / 4) L/2 5
 B  dx = 0I  Bx = 0I
L/2 2 
4
0 I O Also, sin    P
or B= 5L / 4 5 
L/4
x L/2
4 0 I
0 I  B
15. Magnetic induction, B = 5L
2r
For the coil,  0 2I
19. Magnetic field at centre, B =
2r = 4(2r)  r = r/4 4 r
4 0 I Magnetic field at a point on the axis,
 New magnetic induction, B =
2r   2 I r 2
B = 0 
4 0 I 4 3
 B =  4 = 16B (r 2  x 2 ) 2
2r
16. Magnetic moment, M = IA B B
Given, B =  = 27
and magnetic field at the centre of a loop 27 B'
 I X(2r)  0 2 I
carrying current = 0 = X or I =
2r 0  4 r = 27
X.2r 0 2 I r 2
So, M =  r2 
0 4 3
(r 2  x 2 ) 2
2 Xr 3 3
 M= (r  x )
2 2 2
0  = 27
r3
17. For voltmeter, 1
V (r 2  x 2 ) 2
R= G  =3
Ig r
50 r2  x2
=  100  =9
50  106 r2
= 106  10  103 k  r2 + x2 = 9r2
 Option (A) is not correct.  8r2 = x2
V  x= 2 2r
R= G
Ig
20. Here, the wire does not produce any magnetic
10 field at O because the conductor lies on the
=  100
50  106 line through O. Also, the loop does not
= 199.9 k  200 k. produce magnetic field at O.
3
15 Magnetism
1. Magnetic field lines avoid passing through The percent increase in the magnetic field
diamagnetic materials. Due to this reason, the B  B0
=  100
bar of diamagnetic material aligns B0
perpendicular to the magnetic field  H  100
= 0
Magnetic field lines prefer passing though the 0 H
paramagnetic materials. So, the bar of =   100
paramagnetic material aligns parallel to the = 4.6  10–5  100
magnetic field. = 4.6  103
Hence, the closest option is (B).
1
2.  (susceptibility) = 6. The relative permeability of the rod is given
H
by,
For paramagnetic substances,
R = 1 + m = 1 + 599 = 600
0 <  < E, where E is a small positive number.  The permeability of iron =  = 0R
Hence I vs H graph is a straight line with a   = 4  107  600
small positive slope i.e., graph III. B = H = 4  107  600  800
 B = 192  103
3. Magnetic intensity H = nI = (500)(1)
 The magnetic flux produced in the coil,
= 5  102 Am1  = BA = 192  103  1  105
Magnetization MZ = (B  0H)/0   = 192  3.14  108  6  105 Wb
= (r0H  0H)/0
7. The bar magnet has coercivity 4  103 Am–1
= (r  1)H = (350  1) (5  102) Am1 i.e., it requires a magnetic intensity
= 1.75  105 H = 4  103 Am–1 to get demagnetised. Let i be
 1.8  105 Am1 the current carried by solenoid having n
number of turns per metre length, then by
Distance travelled definition H = ni.
4. Time (t) =
Velocity Here, H = 4  103 Ampere turn metre–1
N 50
2r  r r    2 n= = = 500 turn metre–1
= = l 0.10
v 2X
H 4  103
q 2Q  2X   i= = = 8.0 A
 I= = n 500
t r    2
r r 8. Net dipole moment is, Mnet = MZ  V.
4QX r 2
Volume of the cylinder V = r2l, where r is the
 M=IA= 
r    2 2 radius and l is the length of the cylinder, then
dipole moment,
2Q  rX Mnet = MZr2l
 M=
2 22
= (4.2  103)   (0.6  10–2)2  (4  10–2)
5. The magnetic field inside the toroid in the 7
 Mnet = 1.9  10–2 J/T
absence of tungsten, B0 = 0H
When filled with tungsten, B = 0(1 + )H 9. In paramagnetic substances, intrinsic magnetic
moment is not zero. Further, in the absence of
The increase in field = B – B0
external magnetic field, spin exchange
= 0H interaction is present.
1
68 14. Iron is ferromagnetic in nature. Lines of force
10. Mean radius = r = = 7 cm due to external magnetic field prefer to pass
2
= 7  102 m through iron.
 Number of turns/length,
N 1500
n=   3412.19
2r 2 7 102
As B = ni, where B = 2 T and i = 0.5 A
B 2
 = 
ni 3412.19  0.5
  = 11.7  104 Tm A1
 11.7 104
r =  = 931.5
0 4107
11. B = 0 (H + I) where, I be intensity of

magnetization.
B H
 I= H= H
0 0
= r H  H = (r  1) H
For a solenoid of n turns per unit length
carrying current i; H = ni.
 I = (r  1) ni
Here, n = 6 turns/cm = 600 turns/m
I = (900  1)  600  0.4
 I  2.16  105 Am1
As magnetic moment, M = I  V
 M = 2.16  105  104 = 21.6 Am2
12. On passing current through the coil, it acts as a
magnetic dipole. Torque acting on magnetic
dipole is counter balanced by the moment of
additional weight about position O. Torque
acting on a magnetic dipole,
 = MB sin  = (NiA)B sin 90 = NiAB
Again,  = Force  Lever arm = mg  l
 NiAB = mgl
mgl
 B=
NiA
40  106  9.8  20  102
=
100  18  103  1  104
 B = 0.44 T
13. From the relation susceptibility of the material
is
I
=
H
 I
Thus, greater the value of susceptibility of a
material greater will be the value of intensity
of magnetisation i.e., more easily it can be
magnetised.
2
16 Electromagnetic Induction
1. Magnetic field at the centre e = BA (0 cos t) (0 sin t)
 I  3 3 1  BA sin (2 t)  02 
= 0     e=
L  3 2 2
4
d dB 1  4  10  5  sin (2 5t) 104
Emf, |e| = = A  e= 
dt dt 2 4
 d   I  3  3 1   5
= sin (2 5 t)  108
= (r2)   0      2
 2   
 dt  L  3 = 5 5 sin (2 5 t)  109 volt
  3 3 1  d
 e = r2 0    (I0 et ) 5. The emf induced in the rod of length 0.5 m is
L 3 2  dt
e = Bnvl = 0.50  4  0.5 = 1 volt
  r2  3  3 1  The free electrons of rod experience force
= 0    I0  et 
L  2 2 along BA therefore end A becomes negative
and end B becomes positive. That is the
 I r 2  3  3 1  t direction of the induced emf is from B towards
= 00    e
L  3 2 A.
The current in the circuit ABCD,
2. Here, B is constant and radius r is linearly e 1
changing only during time interval 5 to 10 units. i= = =5A
R 0.2
d  dr 
Using, e = (B r2) = (B)  2r  The force required to maintain the motion
dt  dt  = ilB = 5  0.5  0.5 = 1.25 N
Hence during this period, the emf is as shown Mechanical work done by the force per second
in (D). or mechanical power
3. Assertion and Reason both are correct and = Fv = 1.25  4  1 = 5 watts
reason is correct explanation of assertion
6. The two loops are connected in such a way
 di 
because e = L   that the currents induced in the loops are
 dt  always equal in magnitude but opposite in
4. restoring = mgl sin   mgl direction. That is, if the current in the left loop
is clockwise, it is anticlockwise in right loop
  mgl g
=  2
 =    and vice-versa. Thus, the emfs induced in the
I ml l two loops will oppose each other.
l g 10 The emf induced in first loop,
T = 2 ,= = = 5 rad/s
g l 2 d 2 dB
e1 = (a B) = a2
 = 0 sin t ….(i) dt dt
d  d d
Now, e =  = (BA) cos t = BA  sin t = a2 (B0 sin t) = a2 B0 cos t
dt dt dt
 e = BA  sin (t) The emf induced in second loop,
 d  d 2 dB
 e = BA   sin t e2 = (d B) = b2
 dt  dt dt
 e = BA (0 cos t) sin t ….(ii) d
= b2 (B0 sin t) = b2 B0  cos t
Since sin t = sin  and taking sin   . dt
Substituting value of  from equation (i), we Net emf induced,
get e = e1  e2 = (a2  b2) B0 cos t
1
Total resistance of the loops, R = 4 (a + b) r 4e 2Ba 2
where, r = resistance per unit length x= 
5 5
 Instantaneous current at time t,
x 2Ba 2
e (a 2  b 2 ) B0 cos t  I= 
i= = r 5r
R 4(a  b) r
Also, direction of current in ‘r’ will be
For maximum value of current induced, towards negative terminal of cell. i.e. from rim
cos t = 1 towards centre.
(a 2  b 2 ) B0 (a  b) B0 Alternatively, we can obtain the same result
 i0 = =
4(a  b) r 4r by considering the equivalence of cells (fig. ii)
Here, a = 0.20 m, b = 0.10 m, B0 = 103 T,   d
Resistance per unit length r = 50  103 /m, 9.  E  dx =  dt
and taking the sign of flux
 = 100 rad/s
according to right hand rule we get,
 i0 =
(0.20)  (0.10)  103  100 = 0.05 A  
4  50  103  E  dx =  [ ( 2A) + ( A)] =  A

1
 = 0.05  n = 20 10. The emf induced,
n
di
7. Rate of work done by external agent is: e = M
dt
dW BIL(dx) e = 40,000 V
 = BIL v and thermal power
dt dt di i 2  i1 04
dissipated in resistor = eI = (BvL) I  = = 6
= 4  105 A/s
dt t 2  t1 10  10
Clearly both are equal. Hence (A) is correct.
If applied external force is doubled, the rod  Mutual inductance,
will experience a net force and hence e 40000
acceleration. As a result, velocity increases, M=  = 0.1 Henry
(di / dt) ( 4  105 )
hence (B) is correct.
e n
Since, I =  = 0.1  n = 10
R 10
On doubling ‘R’, current and hence required 11.  = 2R2B
power becomes half. Hence (D) is correct.
Initially current was zero. So self-linked flux
1 was zero.
Since P = BIl v and I 
R 2R 2 B
Hence option (C) is incorrect.  Finally, Li = 2R2  B  i =
L
Br 2  Ba 2 
8. Induced emf, e = =  B2
2  2  12. E = . Hence a graph between E and B
2 0
( radius = a) will be a parabola symmetric about E axis and
 x e  x 0 passing through origin.
By nodal equation, 4   =0
 r   r    1
5x = 4e 13. d = B A = BA cos 60 =
2500
d 1
 E=  = 2  103 V
dt 2500  0.2
r/2 e O e r/2 O e r/4
x  x
 dB 
r r 14. E (2l) = R2  
 dt 
x x R 2  dB 
 E=  
(i) (ii) 2l  dt 
2
Chapter 16: Electromagnetic Induction
Now, qE + mg = kx Further,
a b
2
qR  dB  mg  0 2Ia dr
 x=    =  d =  Badr = 
k2l  dt  k 2 a b
r
1  qR 2 dB  0 ab
 x= mg    = 2Ia log e  
  4 ba 
k  2l dt 
aI
= constant   m = 1, n = 1, p = 1
 dB  R
15. eAB =    area of  AOB  m+n+p=1
 dt 
1  3     a2 
=4   4   2   2 19.  = B A  B   cos (t)
2  2   2 
 1 3   d  a 2 
 Total emf of loop = 3   4   4   2   2 Since, e = B   sin (t)
2 2 dt  2 
 
e B a 2
= 2  24 3 = 48 3 volt Induced current, I =   sin (t)
R 2R
 Bl 2 Bl 2  At any moment t, the thermal power generated
  
 2 2  B l 2 in circuit,
16. i=  2
R R  B a 2   1
Pt = e  I =   sin 2 (t)
 2  R
Mean power,
Bl 2 Bl 2 2
 Ba 2   1 T 2
2 2 
 2  R 0
  sin t 1  Ba 2 
2
P = T
  
2R  2 
  d  dt
17.  E dl  dt
0
p=2
l l 2 dB
 E(2) =   Ba 2
2 4 dt 20. Eavg (2r) =
l t
 E= 
4 B a 2
Eavg (2r) r =    r = I avg
ql  t
Now, F = qE =
4  B0a2 r = mr2 avg t
 The forces cancel out to give Fnet = 0 4
1    (102 ) 2 
B a 2

18. Total charge flowing through the wire is  = 0 
mr 0.5  (2  102 )
I  d  = 4  102 rad/s
q =  Idt 
R   dt 
  dt
21. q = CBvl
1  dq
 q =     l=  CBla
R  dt
Since the current in the coil before and after Now, ma = mg  Bl (CBla)
the rotation remains the same so, mg
I = 0  a=
m  B 2l 2 C
1 Substituting the values given,
q= 
R a = 5 m/s2
3
d d d dI
22. e= = (B  A) = (KIA) = K
dt dt dt dt
dI dI
 e = 0 if  0 and e = K if K.
dt dt
Now, for the first portion of the given i vs t
dI
graph, = 0 and for the remaining two
dt
sections,
dI
= constant
dt
Hence the correct option is (C).
23. Induced electric field
d
E (2  r) =
dt
a  2B0 t 
2
E=
2r
Torque due to field about centre of ring,
 2a 2 B0 t 
1 = (qE) r = (2r)  r
 2 r 
Ring starts rotating when,
 due to electric field =  due to friction
1 = (mg) r
mg
On Solving, we get, t =
2a 2 B0

  4  10
= 4 =4s
2   5  102   125  4
2
di 2  0.5
24. emf = L = = = 50
dt 0.03
1 1
Estored = Li2 =  50  0.52
2 2
= 25  0.25 = 6.25 J
4
17 Electrons and Photons
2. We know that, W0 hc
=  Vs1 eV
1 hc e e1
mv2 =  W0
2  1240
34 =  0.2 eV
(6.6310 )(310 ) 8
450
=  3.0  1.6  1019
120 109 = 2.56 eV
= 16.57  1019  4.8  1019 W 2.56  1.6  1019
0 = 0 =
= 11.77  1019 J h 6.6  1034
 mv2 = 2  (11.77  1019) = 0.62  1015
or mv2 = 23.54  1019 J = 6.2  1014 Hz
23.54 1019 5. Stopping potential does not depend upon the

v= = 1.61  106 distance of source from photocell but
9.11031 saturation current
mv 2 mv  1 
Now, Bev = r=   
r Be  square of distance of source 
9.11031 1 1
r=  1.61  106  I1  and I2 
(4 105 ) (1.6 1019 ) (0.2) 2
(0.4) 2
or r = 0.228 m  0.23 m I 2 (0.2) 2
 =
3. For the first wavelength: 12 (0.4) 2
2
eVs1 = h1  W0 ….(i)  0.2 
or I2 = 12   = 3 mA
For the second surface:  0.4 
eVs2 = h2  W0 ….(ii) hc hc 12400eV Å
6. W0 =  max = =  3100 Å
Subtracting equation (i) from equation (ii),  max W0 4eV
h
Vs2  Vs1 = (2  1) 7. Energy of green photon,
e hc
 1 1 E=
hc 
or Vs2 = Vs1 +   
e   2 1  (6.6 1034 )(3108 )
=
hc  1   2  (4000 1010 )
= Vs1 +  
e   2 1  = (4.95  1019)J
Energy received per second
 450  120  = (4.95  1019) (5  104)
= 0.2 + 1240  
 120  450  = 2.48  1014 W/m2
Sensitivity of eye in comparison to ear
 hc 
....   1240eV  nm  Power per square metre detected by ear
 e  =
Energy received per second
= 7.78 V
From equation (i), 1013
=
hc (2.48 1014 )
W0 =  eVs1 J
1 =4
1
 2 ( 0  1 ) 2 h h
8. Here, = Now, P =   =
1 ( 0   2 ) 1 2m p q p V 2m  q  V
or
5.4  0  3.4 107 
=
2  m p q p V = m  q  V
3.4  0  5.4 107  1
 V =
mPqP V
=
(1)(1)V
=
V
volt
m q  (4)(2) 8
or 0 = 12.7  107 m
hc hc 1240eV  nm
Now, W0 = 12. Ephoton = =  3.88 eV
0  320 nm
=
 6.6 10  310 
34 8 This is greater than the work functions of
Na(2.75 eV) and K(2.30 eV) but lesser than
12.7 10 1.610 
7 19
the work functions of Mo (4.17 eV) and
= 0.98 eV Ni(5.15 eV).
Hence Na and K will give photocurrent and
hc 1 Mo and Ni wouldn’t.
9. Here = mv12  W0
1 2 In photoelectric effect, as intensity increases,
hc 1 photocurrent increases.
and = mv 2 2  W0
2 2 15. Gain in K.E. = Loss in P.E.
hc p2
2  W0  = qV  p = 2mqV
 v1  1 2m
Then   =
 v2  hc
 W0 pp 2m p (e)V mP  e  1 1
2  = =  = .
p 2m  (2e)V m   2e  4 2
hc
 W0
1 1
2
or n = =
hc 2 2
 W0
2
nhc
 hc   hc  16. Using E = , we get
or n2   W0  = 
  W0 
 2   1  n(6.6 1034 ) (3108 )
107 =
   (3000 1010 )
hc  n 2  2 
 1   n = 1.5  1011
 W0 =
 2 (n 1)
2
hc (6.6 1034 ) (3108 )

17. 0 = = = 300 nm
10. Saturation current depends on intensity. Hence W 4.1251.6 1019
B and C will have same intensity different
from that of A. Stopping potential depends on 18. The maximum KE of ejected electron is given
frequency. So A and B will have the same by
frequency different from that of C. (KE)max = h  W0
hc
Hence option (A) is correct. =  W0

h h h For minimum B,  = 2000 Å
11. = = =
p 2mK 2mqV (6.631034 ) (3108 )
 (KE)max =  2.22 eV
2000 1010  (1.6 1019 )
h h
 P = ;  = = 6.19 eV  2.22 eV
2m p (q p )V 2m  (q  )V = 3.97 eV
2
Chapter 17: Electrons and Photons
1
Further, (KE)max = mv2
2
= 3.97 eV
= 3.97  1.6  1019 J
1/ 2
 2  3.97 1.6 1019 
 v=  
 9.11031 
= 11.8  105 m/s
For zero current,
mv 2
= evB
R
mv
or, B =
eR
(9.11031 )(11.8 105 )
=
(1.6 1019 )  0.1
= 6.7  105 T
1
19. Using E = mv2 = h0  W0 we get,
2
E1 = (1  0.6) = 0.4 eV
and E2 = (2.5  0.6) = 1.9 eV
E1 v 2 0.4
 = 12 =  0.21
E2 v2 1.9
v
or 1 = 0.458  0.5
v2
20. Using Einstein’s photoelectric equation,
h = W0 + Kmax
hc
 = W0 + e(3V0) ….(i)

( Kmax = eVs)
hc
Also, = W + eV0 ….(ii)
2
Subtracting equation (i) from 3  equation (ii)
we get,
 3  hc hc
  1 = 3W0  W0 or W0 =
2   4
hc
But W0 = , where 0 is the threshold
0
wavelength, hence 0 = 4.
Hence, option (C) is correct.
3
18 Atoms, Molecules and Nuclei
1. We know In first case,
N = N0et h
200  10–12 = ….(i)
For X1,  = 5 2mE1
 N1 = N0 e–5t ….(i) In second case,
For X2, h
 N2 = N0 et ….(ii) 100  10–12 = ….(ii)
2mE 2
N1 e 5t
  = e–4t Dividing equation (i) by equation (ii), we get
N 2 e t
 E2 
N1 1 2=  
Given that, 
N2 e  E1 
Or E2 = 4E1
1 –4t 1
 =e or 4t = 1  t = So, energy to be added = 4E1 – E1 = 3E1
e 4 h –12
Now, = 200  10
2. According to Bohr’s postulate 2mE1
nh h
mvr =  ….( n = 1) 6.63  1034
2 2 or 2mE1 =
2  1010
h
or v = ….(i) or 2mE1 = 3.315  10–24
2mr
We know that the rate of flow of charge is (3.315  1024 ) 2
or E1 = 31
= 0.6038  1017
current. 2(9.1  10 )
e  v  e  Energy added = 3E1
Hence, i = = e   v
t  2r  2r 3  0.6038  1017
= eV
e h eh (1.6  1019 )
=   2 2 ….(ii)
2r 2mr 4 mr = 113 eV
Magnetic dipole moment, M = i  A 4. Power to be obtained from power house
eh = 200 megawatt
 M=  r2
42 mr 2  Energy obtained per hour
eh = 200 megawatt  1 hour
M= ….(iii) = (200  106 watt)  (3600 s)
4m
   = 72  1010 J
Torque,  = M  B Here only 10% of output is utilized. In order
or  = MB sin 60 to obtain 72  1010 J of useful energy, the
eh 3 output energy from the power house
 =  B (72  1010 )  100
4m 2 =
ehB 10
 = 3 = 72  1011 J
8m
Let this energy be obtained from a mass-loss
3. We know that, de-Broglie wavelength of m kg. Then
h 1 (m)c2 = 72  1011
= and E = mv2
mv 2 72  1011
Or m = = 8  10–5 kg
h (3  10 )
8 2
 =
2mE m = 0.08 g
1
Since 0.90 milligram (= 0.90  103 g) mass is 8. Orbital frequency,
lost in 1 g uranium, hence for a mass loss of v
0.08 g the uranium required f= n
2rn
1  0.08 2.2  106 Z 2.2  106 (1)
= vn = m/s =
0.90  103 n 2
= 88.88  89 g = 1.1  106 ms–1
Thus, to run the power house, 89 g uranium is Now radius,
required per hour. n2
rn = 0.53  10–10 = 4  0.53  10–10 m
5. Lyman series belongs to the ultraviolet region. Z
….[ n = 2]
13.6 2(13.6)
6. K.E. = 2
eV, P.E. = eV = 2.12  10–10 m
n n2 f = number of revolution in one second
For Hydrogen, Z = 1 N v
=  n
 K.E = K.Ef  K.Ei t 2rn
 1 1   Number of revolutions,
K.E. = 13.6  2  2 
 (2) (1)  1.1  106
N=ft= 10
 10–8
= – 10.2 eV (decrease) 2  2.12  10
= 8.2  106 revolutions
 1 1 
P.E. = –2(13.6)  2  2  1
 (2) (1)   Period = = 1.2  107
8.2  106
= 20.4 eV (increase) 2
9. 1H + 1H2  2He4 + Energy
nh
Angular momentum, L = Binding energy (B.E.) of 1H2 = 2  1.1
2 = 2.2 MeV
h h  B.E. of two 1H2 = 2  2.2 = 4.4 MeV
 L = (2 – 1) =
2 2 B.E. of 2He4 nucleus = 4  7.1 = 28.4 MeV
–34
= 1.05  10 J-s (increase)  Energy released when two 1H2 fuse to form
4
2He = 28.4 – 4.4 = 24 MeV
7. For Lyman series, nf = 1 and ni = 2
10. Total energy of C12 atom
and Z = 2(He)
= Number of Nucleons  7.68
 1 1  = 12  7.68 = 92.16 MeV
E = 13.6 Z2   
Similarly, energy for C13 atom
n2 n 2 
 i f  = 13  7.47 = 97.11 MeV
 3  Energy required to remove 1 neutron from
= –13.6 (2)2    = 13.6  3
 4  C13 = (97.11 – 92.16) = 4.95 MeV
 Total available energy = 3  13.6 Joule N 1
t /T
11. Using,  
Ionization energy of Hydrogen = 13.6 eV N0  2 
Now energy available to an electron after the N 67
ionisation of hydrogen,  For 33% decay, 
N 0 100
1
E = 3  13.6 – 13.6 = 2  13.6 eV = mev2  67   1 
t /10
1
2     ….(i)
1  100   2 
 mev2 = 2  13.6 Ev N 33
2 For 67% decay, 
N 0 100
2  2  13.6  1.6  1019
 v2 = 33  1  2
t /10
9.1  1031    ….(ii)
 v = 3.1  106 m/s 100  2 
2
Chapter 18: Atoms, Molecules and Nuclei
Dividing equation (ii) by equation (i) we get, By conservation of momentum,
t 2  t1
1 t  t  /10 1 1 1
33  1  1 1
10
2 1
mv2 = mv12 + mv22 + 10.2
       2 2 2
67  2  2 2
or v12  vv1 + 10.2 = 0 ….[eliminating v2]
t t
 2 1 = 1 or t2 – t1 = 10 min  v1 is real  v2  4  10.2
10
4  10.2
12. From law of conservation of momentum, or vmin =
m
u
mu = 2 mv or v = 1
= m  v min 
2
2  K.Emin
Excitation energy, 2
2 1 4  10.2
1 1 u 1 = m
E = mu2 – 2  m   = mu2 2 m
2 2 2 4
= 20.4 eV
Minimum excitation energy
15. Sum of masses of deutron and lithium nuclei
1 1 
= 13.6  2  2  eV before disintegration
1 2  = 2.0147 + 6.0169
3 = 8.0316 amu
=  13.6
4 Mass of  particles
= 10.2 eV = 2  4.0039
1 = 8.0078 amu
 (10.2)(1.6  10–19 J) = (1.0078)(1.66  10–27)u2
4 Difference of mass
 u = 6.25  104 ms1 = 8.0316 – 8.0078
= 0.0238 amu
13. Using magnetic moment,
Mass converted into energy
q
M = current  area =  A = 0.0238  931.3 MeV
t
Energy given to each  particle
 1
 M=  q  r2 = qr2 0.0238  931.3
2 2 =
2
But orbital angular momentum,
= 11.08 MeV
nh
L = mr2 =
2 0.693 0.693
16. For C14,  = 
For n = 1, T1/ 2 5730
r2 = h/2m   = 1.21  10–4 yr–1 since A = 0.144 Bq and
1 qh A0 = 0.28 Bq
 M=
4 m 1 A 
Using, A = A0et or t = l n  0 
(1.6  1019 )(1.05  1034 )   A 
=
2  9.1  1031 1  0.28 
= 9.2  10–24 Am2 t= 4
l n 
1.21  10  0.144 
14. A photon is emitted when hydrogen atom  5500 years
comes to first excited state i.e., n = 2
17. Assertion is false, reason is true. The reduced
 Energy transferred
mass of atomic deuterium is greater than that
 1 1 of atomic hydrogen as
=  13.6  2  2 
2 1  me m n
= ,
3 me  mn
=  13.6 eV
4 where me = mass of electron and
= 10.2 eV mn = mass of nucleus.
3
18.
h3
h2 h1
For three energy levels, the possible transition

are as shown in the diagram.
It is given, 1 < 2 < 3  1 > 2 > 3.
The largest gap will correspond to h1
hc hc hc
h1 = h2 + h3 or = 
1  2  3
1 1 1
  
1  2  3
nh
19. Angular momentum of nth orbit = .
2
nh
Again, mvr =
2
nh
 v= ….(i)
2mr
The time taken for completing an orbit
2r 2r(2mr)
T= 
v nh
4 mr
2 2
Or T = ….(ii)
nh
Now, r = r0n2 ….[ r  n2]
42 mr02 n 4 42 mr02 n 3
 T= 
nh h
106
Number of orbits completed in 106 s =
T
106  h
=
42 mr02 n 3
106  (6.63  1034 )
=
4(3.14) 2 (9.1  1031 )(5.3  1011 ) 2 (2)3
= 8.22  108
20. To ionize the H atom in ground state minimum
K.E. of photoelectron needed = 13.6 eV.
 W0 = 1.9 eV
 Minimum energy (or maximum wavelength)
incident = 13.6 + 1.9  16 eV
6.6  1034  3  108
 max = = 77.3 nm  77 nm
16  1.6  1019
4
19 Semiconductors
1. In semiconductor, the forbidden energy gap 7. In a common emitter configuration, input
between valence band and conduction band is impedence is given by
very small (almost equal to kT). Further, the
 Δv 
valence band is completely filled and the Impedence =  BE 
conduction band is empty.  ΔI B  VCE = constant
2. P.D. across series resistance, The base current Ib is of order of few
= 9V – 4V = 5V microampere. Hence, the input impedence of
 Current through series resistance, common emitter amplifier is low.
4 Therefore, assertion as well as reason are true
i= = 0.04 A.
100 statements but reason is not the correct
 Current through load resistance, explanation of assertion.
V 4
iL = L = = 0.01 A 8. The base in a transistor is made thin because
R L 400 most of the holes coming from the emitter are
Changein collector current able to diffuse through the base region to the
3. = collector retion. Hence, the assertion is true
Changein emitter current
but reason is false.
 0.94
 = = = 15.67
1 1  0.94 IC  R C  2  10  4  10 
3 3
10. Voltage gain = 

 IC = (IB) = 15.67  0.5 = 7.83 mA IB  R B 10 106   400 
4. The energy of emission,
= 2000
hc 6.62  1034  3  108
E = h = =
n i2  2  10  2  10 
 5780  1010 16 16
= 3.43  1019 J 11. ne  

3.43  1019
np  3.5  1022 
= = 2.14 eV
1.6  1019  1.1  1010 m3.
For,  = 5780 Å, E = 2.14 eV
The condition for emission of electrons is, 12. When A is V(0) or B is V(0) or both are 0,
h > Eg. accordingly D1 or D2 or both are forward
biased. Current flows via R, the potential at
But here, h < Eg [Eg = 2.8 eV]
Y is 0. But when both A and B are at V(1),
 For emission of electrons,  < 5780 Å is a must.
then D1 and D2 do not conduct current. So
5. When a p-n junction diode is formed, n-side potential at Y is V(1). Y is 1 only when A and
attains positive potential and p-side attains B are both 1.
negative potential. When ends of p and n of a Thus, this represents an AND gate.
p-n junction are joined by a wire, there will be
a steady conventional current from n-side to  Option (B) is correct.
p-side through the wire and p-side to n-side
13. For 0 < t < t1, Input = 0  output = 1
through the junction.
For t1 < t < t3, Input = 1  output = 0
E  V 83 1
6. I= = = A For t3 < t < t4, Input = 0  output = 1
R 60 12 Hence (B) is the correct option.
V 3 1
 IL = Z = = A
RL 120 40 14. P  A and Q = B
1 1 7 Now Y = 1  both P and Q are 0
 IZ = I  IL =  = A
12 40 120 P = 0  A = 1 amd Q = 0  B = 1
1
15. 20. Given that,  = 0.96 I E = 8 mA,
Mid-frequency
region I
 C
Voltage gain
IE
 IC =  I E = 0.96  8  7.7 mA.
The base current,
I B  I E  IC =8  7.7 = 0.3 mA
f (log scale) 
For a transistor in CE mode, the voltage gain ne 1010  1.6  1019
21. IE   = 1.6  103 A
vs frequency (log scale) looks as shown in the t 106
diagram. = 1.6 mA
As can be seen, the voltage gain is low at high 3  1.6
I B  3% of I E   0.048mA
and low frequencies and constant at mid 100
frequencies. I 1.552
The current transfer ratio, C   0.97
16. Here, R i = 500 , R0 = 40  103 ,  = 75 IE 1.6
R   0.96
Voltage gain =   0  22. A.C. current gain,     24.
 Ri  1   1  0.96
Collector current,
40  103 
 75   6000 Voltage drop across collector resistor
500  IC 
Load resistance
Power gain = Voltage gain  Current gain 4V
= 6000  75 = 450000  4.5  105 =  8  103 A
500 
17. Since diode D1 is reverse biased, therefore it I
Now,   C
will act like an open circuit. IB
Effective resistance of the circuit,
IC 8  103 A
R = 5 + 3 = 8 .  Base current, I B   = 0.33 mA.
 24
Current in the circuit, I = E/R = 10/8 = 1.25 A.
hc
18. Applying Kirchhoff’s second law, we have 23. E

I  R + 0.7 = 4
hc
4  0.7 3.3  
 R   1650  E
I 2  103
6.63  1034  3  108
Power dissipated across R = I2R =
0.74  1.6  1019
=  2  103   1650  6.6  103 W
2
= 16.798  107
= 1679.8  109 m
19. R 0.4 V
 1680 nm
3V
The value of R should be such that the current
in the circuit does not exceed 5 mA. By
Ohm’s law, we have
I  R + 0.4 V = 3 V
 5  103  R = 2.6
 R = 520 
2
20 Communication Systems
1. The critical frequency for sky wave 10. In an amplitude modulated wave,
propagation, carrier wave >> audio-wave
fc = 9 N max = 9(1010)1/2  For a 400 cycle/s audio wave, among the
given frequencies, 40000 cycle/second carrier
= 9  105 Hz frequency will be appropriate.
= 900 kHz
11. Modulation index,
2. For sky wave propagation: the critical A  A min 11  3 8
frequency  = max = = = 57.14 %
A max  A min 11  3 14
1
f2
fc = 9  N max  2  Nmax = c 12. fSB = fc  fm = 3000  0.5 = 3000.5 kHz and
81
2999.5 kHz
(5  10 )6 2
= = 0.3  1012 13. Frequency of carrier, fc = 1 MHz = 1000 kHz
81
Frequency of signal, fs = 4 kHz
 3  1011 per cubic metre
Modulation factor, ma = 50% = 0.5
3. d= 2hR Amplitude of carrier, Ac = 100 V
The lower and upper side band frequencies are
d = 2 h R but d = 2 d ….[Given] fc  fs and fc + fs respectively, hence they are
996 kHz and 1004 kHz
 2 h R = 2 2hR
Hence option (B) is correct.
 h = 2 h = 4  150 = 600 m
14. We know that,
Increase in height of tower height of T.V. tower = 200 m
600 m  150 m = 450 m Distance through which signal can be received
4. In space communication, the speed of (d) = 2hR
information is equal to speed of light. Hence = 2  200  6.4  106
time taken for a distance of 60 km is  50  103
60  103 m Population density
= 1
= 2  104 s
3  10 ms
8
 Total population covered 
 
by T.V.tower
5. AM avoids receiver complexity. =  
Area
6. Assertion is true but reason is false as  Total population covered by T.V. tower
UHF/VHF waves being of high frequency are = Population density  d2
not reflected by ionosphere. 103
= 3 2
 3.14  2500  106
8. Assertion is true but reason is false as a dipole (10 )
antenna is omnidirectional. = 78.50 lakh
9. The modulation index determines the strength 15. Number of stations
and quality of the transmitted signals. B.W.
=
If the modulation index is small, the amount 2  Highest modulating frequency
of variation in the carrier amplitude will be 200000
small. Consequently the audio signal being = = 10
transmitted will not be strong. 2  10000
High modulation index offers greater degree
of modulation hence the audio signal reception
is clear and strong.
1

Circular Motion Explained

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Circular Motion Explained

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01 Circular Motion

a t .t 2 Here, integration is not possible.

kt 2 17. The direction of rotation is determined by the

remains at rest and energy remains same.

For point P: For point Q:

M.I. of a square plate about an axis

24. Suppose that the steel band was made into a

a F3 11. As there is no weight to bring equilibrium, the

12. The atmospheric pressure from sides of two

Corresponding to the given figure, area of

where, T1 = tension in string AB

T v 25. Frequency observed by man is same as

23. Higher pressure  higher density

20. String crosses mean position simultaneously.

22. Inet = I1 + I2 + 2 I1I 2 cos 

where,  = phase difference

where, n = number of strands

1. Before heating, let the pressure of gas be P. Option (B) is correct.

18. Isothermal compression  T = constant

b2 16. Visible light has wavelength () 6000 Å. The

E Now, the potential across E

q4 = (11/30)CE ….(iii) C/2 C/2

For the two series capacitors, net C = (8/11)C

E If the potential applied across AB is V, the

1. The given circuit is a balanced Wheatstone’s 3. E r1 E r2

R R Potential difference across upper 4 

13. Using symmetry and junction rule, we can R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 = R5 = 2 

Field due to circular portion is directed into t

about E axis passing through (0, 0). i.e., mv =  Fdt   BIl dt

3. The coil is made up of tiny current elements. t

Force acting on each current element is = Bl  I dt = Blq

11. B = 0 (H + I) where, I be intensity of

4  50  103  E  dx =  [ ( 2A) + ( A)] =  A

23.54 1019 5. Stopping potential does not depend upon the

hc (6.6 1034 ) (3108 )

For three energy levels, the possible transition

10. Voltage gain = 

= 3.43  1019 J 11. ne  

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