A 5-year-old observes his father yelling
In terms of
at his older brother after he dropped and
broke his dinner plate while removing it
from the table. Thereafter, due to
__________, the 5-year-old is very
cautious when removing his own plate.
a. vicarious conditioning
b. extinction
c. classical conditioning
d. generalization
a. vicarious conditioning
A child has learned to avoid his father in
the morning because his father is always
grouchy at that time. Generally, being
able to learn what stimuli predict
pleasure or pain is consistent with
Pavlov's belief that
a. behavior is modified by others.
b. conditioning is how we adapt to our
environments.
c. conditioning is how we modify our
environments.
d. some types of learning are more
important than others.
b. conditioning is how we adapt to our
environments.
A sudden puff of air in his left eye
caused Bill to blink. In terms of classical
conditioning, the air puff was a
______________ and the blink was a
______________.
a. CR; CS
b. CS; CR
c. UR; US
d. US; UR
d. US; UR
After a large balloon burst loudly and
suddenly at her birthday party, Cindy
showed a fear of balloons.
the acquisition phase of classical
conditioning, the balloon is the
__________ and her fear is the
__________.
a. CR; CS
b. US; UR
c. CS; US
d. CS; CR
d. CS; CR
After getting a bad sunburn, before
heading out for a day at the beach,
Stanley slathers on sunscreen to avoid
getting sunburned. In this case, Stanley's
habit of using sunscreen has likely been
acquired by way of
a. negative reinforcement.
b. positive reinforcement.
c. punishment.
d. vicarious conditioning.
a. negative reinforcement.
After she gets a speeding ticket, Susan's
parents take her driver's license away for
a month. This is an example of
a. negative punishment.
b. negative reinforcement.
c. extinction.
d. modeling.
a. negative punishment.
After struggling with a complex math
problem, Stacey takes a short break.
While making herself a cup of tea, she
suddenly comes up with a solution.
"Aha!" moments such as this are a form
of __________ learning that occurs in
the apparent absence of reinforcement.
a. non-associative

b. insight
c. associative
d. observational
b. insight
Alphonse watches the way his brother
shovels the driveway in order to clear a
spot for their grandmother's car.
Alphonse then goes outside, takes
another shovel, and starts shoveling the
snow off of the walkway from the
driveway to the front door. Alphonse
uses the same technique as his brother.
This demonstrates learning through
a. shaping.
b. classical conditioning.
c. vicarious reinforcement.
d. modeling.
d. modeling.
Dave observed that after returning from
the vet, whenever he took his dog,
Smooches, near his car, she began to
shake and whine. Which of the
following types of learned response was
Smooches exhibiting?
a. long-term potentiation
b. vicarious conditioning
c. operant conditioning
d. classical conditioning
d. classical conditioning
David is taking a class about learning
and motivation and he has to work in the
laboratory two times a week teaching a
rat to press a bar. The cage that he uses
allows David to control the
reinforcement and punishment that the
rat receives. The name for this device
used for investigating learning in
animals is called a
a. Pavlov terrarium.
b. Thorndike aquarium.
c. Watson chamber.
d. Skinner box.
d. Skinner box.
Diane is taking a shower and when she
hears her son flush the toilet she gets a
rush of very hot water. This happens
several times. One day when Diane is at
a friend's house she hears someone flush
a toilet and she twitches just a bit.
Diane's twitching to the sound of a toilet
flushing is an example of
a. a conditioned stimulus.
b. an unconditioned stimulus.
c. an unconditioned response.
d. a conditioned response.
d. a conditioned response.
Doris works in a factory where she is
paid $10 for every toy she assembles.
Given that she is on a fixed-ratio
schedule of reinforcement, which pattern
of behavior can we generally expect
from her?
a. She is likely to be more productive
than someone paid by the hour.
b. She is likely to be equally as
productive as someone paid by the hour.
c. She is likely to perform sporadically,
sometimes being more productive and
sometimes being less productive than
someone paid by the hour.
d. She is likely to be less productive than
someone paid by the hour.
During the winter Olympics, a skier had
a terrible fall. The observers all cringed.
It was as if they had fallen themselves
and were able to feel the pain of the
fallen athlete. According to the
biological basis of observational
learning, the action of __________
might underpin the observers' behavior.
a. memes
b. mirror neurons
c. dopamine
d. instincts
b. mirror neurons
Employing a process known as
____________, when Brice was first
training his dog to do a "high five," he
gave it a treat for any behavior, such as
lifting its paw, that approximated the
desired end-goal behavior of a "high
five."
a. extinction
b. classical conditioning
c. modeling
d. shaping
d. shaping
Gloria does a lot of weight training
between soccer games. As she
strengthens her muscles, she is able to
run harder and faster during games. In
the same ways, when synaptic
connections between neurons become
strengthened, the activity between them
increases. This biological mechanism
that underlies learning is called
a. synaptic sensitization.
b. habituation.
c. long-term potentiation.
d. associative learning.
c. long-term potentiation.
In a study on the biological bases of
learning, lab rat A is given a drug that
blocks dopamine activity in its brain.
Thereafter, the rat is placed in an
operant chamber where a lever-pressing
task is shaped through positive
reinforcement. We should expect that
the rat will have
a. less difficulty learning the task than a
normal rat.
b. more difficulty learning the task than
a normal rat.
c. more difficulty learning the task than
a rat that is being negatively reinforced.
d. the same amount of difficulty learning
the task as a normal rat.
b. more difficulty learning the task than
a normal rat.
It is generally considered to be a bad
idea to text while driving. A bit of
knowledge such as this that can be
passed from one person to another is
known as a
a. meme.
b. cognitive map.
c. schema.
d. conditioned stimulus.
a. meme.
Joseph is studying the different types of
learning presented in the textbook
chapter. Which of the following is a type
of learning about one simple stimulus?
Selected Answer:
c. classical conditioning
Answers:
a. non-associative learning
b. associative learning
c. classical conditioning
d. learning by watching others
NOT...
b. associative learning
or
c. classical conditioning
Lawrence is watching a video in his
psychology class that talks about how
Little Albert was conditioned to fear a
specific item. What was the source of
Albert's fear?
a. a green snake
b. a brown hamster
c. a black cat
d. a white rat
d. a white rat
Maurice is taking a class in which he is
tested every 2 weeks. He decides to
"cram" for the first test and receives a
poor grade. According to the "Law of
Effect," the probability of Maurice
cramming before the second test has
likely been
a. increased.
b. reduced.
c. unchanged.
d. increased, but only temporarily.
b. reduced.
On the first day of Jake's summer job at
the fish market, he was so overwhelmed
by the smell that he was concerned
about being able to stay on at the job.
What form of non-associative learning
would lead us to predict that Jake will
not have to quit due to the smell?
a. vicarious conditioning
b. habituation
c. sensitization
d. classical conditioning
b. habituation
Othello likes going to the casino and
playing the slot machine. He realizes
that he will not win very often and that
he never knows how many times he has
to put money in and pull the level before
he will win. Othello is being reinforced
on a __________ schedule of
reinforcement.
a. variable ratio
b. fixed ratio
c. variable interval
d. fixed interval
a. variable ratio
Research has shown that even infants
can display empathy, or the ability to
feel the emotions of another person. For
example, when an infant sees another
baby crying and soon begins crying
herself. This type of learning is most
likely a result of
a. increases in dopamine.
b. activation of mirror neurons.
c. decreases in hormones.
d. processing in the frontal lobes.
b. activation of mirror neurons.
Stanley rewards his older son for
cleaning up the garage by giving him $5.
Later he is amused when his younger
daughter, Lily, comes up to him and
asks, "Daddy, can I clean the garage
tomorrow?" Lily most likely learned
about the benefits of cleaning the garage
through __________ conditioning.
a. modeled
b. vicarious
c. classical
d. operant
NOT...
d. operant
or
a. modeled
Teenager #1 returned home late from a
date and his parents grounded him for a
month. Teenager #2 also arrived home
late, but his parents told him that if he is
home on time on subsequent dates, he
will get an increase in his allowance.
Which teen should we expect to return
on time on later dates?
a. Teen #1, but only for the short term
b. Teen #2, but only for the short term
c. Teen #1
d. Teen #2
d. Teen #2
The concept of biological __________
can partially explain why 2-year-old
Jason quickly acquired a fear of fire but
did not show any fear of his mother's
shoes.
a. preparedness
b. adaptation
c. reinforcers
d. evolution
a. preparedness
Tracy learned to keep her tent from
sagging by strengthening connections
between its support poles. For Tracy to
learn, changes in her brain that involved
the strengthening of connections
between neurons likely occurred. This
process is known as
a. long-term potentiation.
b. associative learning.
c. acquisition.
d. latent learning.
a. long-term potentiation.
When Ibrahim was 6 years old, he was
terrified by the family's parrot, which
flew at him and bit him on the nose.
Since then, he's been afraid of all birds.
Ibrahim's bird phobia illustrates the
classical conditioning process of
a. discrimination.
b. generalization
c. spontaneous recovery.
d. extinction.
b. Generalization
When Martin first drives his new car
home, he notices that there is a lot of
road noise coming in through the
windows. After a few weeks of driving,
however, he barely notices that noise.
Martin is most likely experiencing non-
associative learning through
__________.
a. sensitization
b. operant conditioning
c. habituation
d. classical conditioning
c. habituation
Your younger daughter watches your
older daughter mow the lawn. Later,
your younger daughter attempts to mow
the lawn. According to the principles of
__________, your older daughter has
acted as a __________.
a. vicarious conditioning; guide
b. continuous reinforcement; model
c. observational learning; model
d. preparedness; guide
c. observational learning; model
Behavior Theory
Consists of ideas about how human
actions and emotions develop, are
sustained, and are extinguished through
principles of learning.
Behavior Therapy
Based on the belief that all behavior is
learned. Goals of therapy are to
eliminate maladaptive behavior while
learning adaptive behavior. Stresses
current behavior and measurable
treatment goals. the behaviorists
theorized that human activity was based
on a learning model depending upon
trial and error. Behavior that produced a
pleasurable or useful result was retained
and all other behavior was ignored and
abandoned over time. Clarify behavior,
target behavior, goals of therapy,
implement change, evaluate, follow-up
assessemnt. Chief figures are Skinner,
Bandura, Lazarus, and Wolpe
Behaviorism; emphasis on external
behaviors of people and their reactions
on a given situation; famous for Little
Albert study in which baby was taught
to fear a white rat
Bandura
Behaviorist theorist known for his social
learning theory; did modeling
experiment using "Bobo" doll; studied
observational learning
Classical Conditioning
a learning procedure in which
associations are made between a natural
stimulus and a learned, neutral stimulus
Pavlov
Studied the physiology of digestion and
discovered that the stimuli that produces
salivation is psychological (ex: dog see
food and salivated(unconditioned
stimulus) dog see food and hear bell.
(the sound of the bell is the uncondition
stimulus)dogs hear their food bell, then
salivate because they remember that bell
means food)conditioned stimulus

Applied behavior analysis

Focused on the consequences of
behavior
The stimulus-response model
Focused on environmental factors that
elicit and maintain a behavior

Social learning Theory

The theory that we learn social behavior
by observing and imitating and by being
rewarded or punished. (Myers
Psychology 8e p. 132)

B.F. Skinner
Researched how people behave in their
environments. Proved that a child learns
a certain behavior through positive and
negative reinforcement. Actions with
positive results will be repeated.
Negative results will cause actions to
stop.

John Watson