APC 2nd Batch-1 PDF

2/9/17
PC 703
Air Pollution Control

&
Design of Equipments
Dr. Hari Prasad Dasari

Assistant Professor
Chemical Engineering Department
National Institute of Technology Karnataka
Class Meeting Time: energyhari@nitk.edu.in

Mon: 2-3 9177304950
Tue: 3-4
Thu: 10-11
Fri : 11-12
Course Information
Air Pollution Control & Design of Equipments (PC703)
Programme: M.Tech (IPC)
Category: Programme Core (PC)
Credits (L-T-P): 04 (3-1-0)
Content:
Introduction. Air pollution laws and standards. Meteorological aspects of air pollution
dispersion. Air pollution sampling and measurements. Air pollution control methods
and design of equipments. Particulate emission control. Control of gaseous emissions.
Air pollution control in specific industries. Acid rain, green house effects, important air
pollution episodes.
References:
Martin Crawford, Pollution Control Theory, McGraw Hill, NY. 1976. Joe Ledbetter, Air
Pollution Part A&B, Marcel Dekker, NY, 1972.
Department:
Chemical Engineering
Chemical Engineering Department Dr. Hari Prasad Dasari
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Course Plan
Please check the hard copy (No. of lectures & topics)
Evaluation Method:
End-Exam: 50 Marks
Mid-Exam: 25 Marks
Minor Test 1 : 10 Marks
Minor Test 2 : 10 Marks
Assignments: 05 Marks
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Why We Need to Study This Course…
Aggravated Air pollution – Industry I
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Aggravated Air Pollution – Industry II
Transportation related causes of air pollution
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SOx and NOx pollution
Smog over Los Angeles
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Smog over the Sea of Japan
Natural sources
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Silent Polluters
Climate change
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For Better and Long Life…
Air Pollution types, effects and

its control…
• Atmosphere as a Resource
• Types and Sources of Air Pollution
– Major Classes of Air Pollutants
– Sources of Outdoor Air Pollutants
– Urban Air Pollution
• Effects of Air Pollution
• Controlling Air Pollution
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Atmosphere as a Resource

• Atmospheric Composition
– Nitrogen 78.08%
– Oxygen 20.95%
– Argon 0.93%
– Carbon dioxide 0.04%
• Ecosystem services
Blocks UV radiation
Moderates the climate
Redistributes water in the
hydrologic cycle
Types and Sources of Air Pollution

• Air Pollution
– Chemicals added to the atmosphere by natural
events or human activities in high enough
concentrations to be harmful
Two categories
Primary Air Pollutant

Harmful substance that is emitted directly into the
atmosphere
Secondary Air Pollutant

Harmful substance formed in the atmosphere when a
primary air pollutant reacts with substances normally
found in the atmosphere or with other air pollutants
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Major Air Pollutants
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Major Classes of Air Pollutants
• Particulate Material
• Nitrogen Oxides
• Sulfur Oxides
• Carbon Oxides
• Hydrocarbons
• Ozone
Particulate Material…
• Thousands of different solid or liquid particles

suspended in air
– Includes: soil particles, soot, lead, asbestos, sea salt,
and sulfuric acid droplets
Dangerous for 2 reasons

May contain materials with toxic or carcinogenic effects.
Extremely small particles can become lodged in lungs.
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Nitrogen and Sulfur Oxides…

• Nitrogen Oxides
– Gases produced by the chemical interactions between
atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen at high temperature
– Problems
• Greenhouse gases
• Cause difficulty breathing
• Sulfur Oxides
– Gases produced by the chemical interactions between
sulfur and oxygen
– Causes acid precipitation
Carbon Oxides and Hydrocarbons
• Carbon Oxides
– Gases carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2 )
– Greenhouse gases
• Hydrocarbons
– Diverse group of organic compounds that contain only
hydrogen and carbon (ex: CH4 -‐ methane)
– Some are related to photochemical smog and
greenhouse gases
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Ozone
• Tropospheric Ozone
– Man-‐ made pollutant in the lower atmosphere
– Secondary air pollutant
– Component of photochemical smog
• Stratospheric Ozone
– Essential component that screens out UV radiation in the
upper atmosphere
– Man-‐ made pollutants (ex: CFCs) can destroy it
Sources of Outdoor Air Pollution
• Two main sources

– Transportation
– Industry
• Intentional forest
fires is also high
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Urban Air Pollution

• Photochemical Smog (ex: Los A ngeles below)
– Brownish-‐orange haze formed by c hemical reactions i nvolving
sunlight, nitrogen oxide, and hydrocarbons
Formation of Photochemical Smog
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Sources of Smog in Los Angeles
Case-‐In-‐Point Air Pollution in Beijing and

Mexico City
• Beijing (left)
• Mexico City (above)
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Effects of Air Pollution
• Low level exposure

– Irritates eyes
– Causes inflammation of respiratory tract
• Can develop into chronic respiratory diseases
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Health Effects of Air Pollution

• Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate material
– Irritate respiratory tract and impair ability of lungs
to exchange gases
• Nitrogen Dioxides
– Causes airway restriction
• Carbon monoxide
– Binds with iron in blood hemoglobin
– Causes headache, fatigue, drowsiness, death
• Ozone
– Causes burning eyes, coughing, and chest
discomfort
Children and Air Pollution
• Greater health threat to children than

adults
– Air pollution can restrict lung development
– Children breath more often than adults
• Children who live in high ozone areas are

more likely to develop asthma
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Controlling Air Pollution
• Smokestacks with electrostatic

precipitator (right)
• Smokestacks with
scrubbers (right)
• Particulate material can

also be controlled by
proper excavating
techniques
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• Phase I Vapor Recovery S ystem for gasoline
The Clean Air Act
• Authorizes EPA to set limits

on amount of specific air
pollutants permitted
• Focuses on 6 pollutants:
– lead, particulate matter, sulfur
dioxide, carbon monoxide,
nitrogen oxides, and ozone
• Act has led to decreases!
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Other Ways to Improve Air Quality
• Reduce sulfur content in gasoline from its

current average of 330 ppm to 30 ppm
– Sulfur clogs catalytic converters
• Require federal emission standards for all
passenger vehicles
– Including SUVs, trucks and minivans
• Require emission testing for all vehicles
– Including diesel
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Ozone Depletion in Stratosphere

• Ozone Protects earth from UV radiation
– Part of the electromagnetic spectrum w ith w avelengths
just shorter than visible light
• Ozone thinning/hole
– First identified in 1985
over Antarctica
• Caused by
– human-produced
bromine and chlorine
containing chemicals
– Ex: CFCs
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• Hole over Antarctica requires two conditions:

– Sunlight just returning to polar region
– Circumpolar vortex-‐ a mass of cold air that
circulates around the southern polar region
• Isolates it from the w armer air in the rest of the planet
• Polar stratospheric clouds form
– Enables Cl and Br to destroy ozone
Effects of Ozone Depletion

• Higher levels of UV-‐
radiation hitting the
earth
– Eye cataracts
– Skin cancer (right)
– Weakened immunity
• May disrupt
ecosystems
• May damage crops
and forests
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Recovery of Ozone Layer
• Montreal Protocol (1987)

– Reduction of CFCs
– Started using HCFCs (greenhouse gas)
• Phase out of all ozone destroying chemicals is
underway globally
• Satellite pictures in 2000 indicated that ozone
layer was recovering
• Full recovery will not occur until 2050
Acid Deposition
• Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide emissions react
with water vapor in the atmosphere and form acids
that return to the surface as either dry or wet
deposition
• pH scale
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How Acid Deposition Develops
Effects of Acid Deposition
• Declining Aquatic Animal

Populations
• Thin-shelled eggs prevent
bird reproduction
– Because calcium is
unavailable in acidic
soil
• Forest decline
– Ex: Black forest in Germany
(50% is destroyed)
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Acid Deposition and Forest Decline
Air Pollution Around the World
• Air quality is deteriorating r apidly in

developing countries
• Shenyang, China
– Residents only see sunlight a few weeks
each year
• Developing countries have older cars
– Still use l eaded gasoline
• 5 worst cities in world
– Beijing, China; Mexico City, Mexico;
Shanghai, China; Tehran, Iran; and
Calcutta, India
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Long Distance Transport of Air Pollutants
Indoor Air Pollution
• Pollutants can be 5 -‐100X greater than outdoors

• Most common:
– Radon, c igarette smoke, c arbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide,
formaldehyde pesticides, l ead, c leaning solvents, ozone, and asbestos
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Air pollution control:

Source control, Principles of controls
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Source Control Technology
• Air quality management sets the tools to control air

pollutant emissions.
• Control measurements describes the equipment,

processes or actions used to reduce air pollution.
• The extent of pollution reduction varies among

technologies and measures.
• The selection of control technologies depends on

environmental, engineering, economic factors and
pollutant type.
Settling Chambers
• Settling chambers use the force of gravity to remove solid particles.

• The gas stream enters a chamb er wh er e th e velocity of th e gas is
reduced. Large particles drop out of the gas an d are r ecollected in
hoppers. Bec ause settling chamb ers ar e effective in r emoving only
larger particles, th ey ar e used in conjunction with a mor e efficient
control device.
Settling chambers
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Cyclones Collectors
• The general principle of inertia separation is that the particulate-
gas is forced to change direction. As gas changes direction, the
inertia of the particles causes them to continue in the original
direction and be separated from the gas stream.
• The walls of the cyclone narrow toward the bottom of the unit,
allowing the particles to be collected in a hopper.
• The cleaner air leaves the cyclone through the top of the chamber,
flowing upward in a spiral vortex, formed within a downward
moving spiral.
• Cyclones are efficient in removing large particles but are not as

efficient with smaller particles. For this reason, they are used with
other particulate control devices.
Figure: Cyclone Collector

Cyclone Collector
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Venturi Scrubbers
• Venturi scrubbers use a liquid stream to remove solid

particles.
• In the venturi scrubber, gas with particulate matter passes

through a short tube with flared ends and a constricted
middle.
• This constriction causes the gas stream to speed up when

the pressure is increased.
• The difference in velocity and pressure resulting from the

constriction causes the particles and water to mix and
combine.
• The reduced velocity at the expanded section of the throat

allows the droplets of water containing the particles to drop
out of the gas stream.
• Venturi scrubbers are effective in removing small particles,

with removal efficiencies of up to 99 percent.
• One drawback of this device, however, is the production of

wastewater.
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Venturi scrubber components

Fabric Filters
• Fabric filters, or baghouses, remove dust from a gas stream by

passing the stream through a porous fabric. (99% efficiency)
Fabric filter (baghouse) components
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• The selection of the fiber material and fabric

construction is important to baghouse performance.
• The fiber material from which the fabric is made must

have adequate strength characteristics at the maximum
gas temperature expected and adequate chemical
compatibility with both the gas and the collected dust.
• One disadvantage of the fabric filter is that high-

temperature gases often have to be cooled before
contacting the filter medium.
Electrostatic Precipitators (ESPs)
• An ESP is a particle control device that uses electrical

forces to move the particles out of the flowing gas stream
and onto collector plates.
• The ESP places electrical charges on the particles,

causing them to be attracted to oppositely charged metal
plates located in the precipitator.
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• The particles are removed from the plates by "rapping" and

collected in a hopper located below the unit.
• The removal efficiencies for ESPs are highly variable;

however, for very small particles alone, the removal efficiency
is about 99 %.
• Electrostatic precipitators are not only used in utility

applications but also other industries (for other exhaust gas
particles) such as cement (dust), pulp & paper (salt cake &
lime dust), petrochemicals (sulfuric acid mist), and steel (dust
& fumes).
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
Enforce n eeded emission Compute n eeded

reductions emissions reductions
NO
Measure ambient air

Start Is it acceptable?
quality
YES
Flow diagram Predict future air q uality,
of accounting for growth
NAAQS process
NO YES
Compute and enforce future
Is it acceptable? Stop
needed emission controls
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Cost-‐Benefit Philosophy
The optimum level is not static, but can change as the circumstances change.
(As technology improves, the cost of pollution reduction may decrease)
As the pollution reduction increases (money (social cost) required also increases).
It may not be very expensive to clean up the bulk of most pollutants.
(As the reduction in pollutants approaches 100%, marginal cost of each additional
unit of pollution reduction rises dramatically)
If public funds are used for pollution control, there is a limit on how much money can
be spent before the budgets of other public services are negatively imparted.
A balance must therefore be found b/w social benefits of pollution reduction vs cost.
A proper balance b/w benefits & costs represents optimum economic level of
production.
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National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)

(2002)
Pollutant Type Standard Averaging Time
SO2 Primary 75 ppb 1-hour

SO2 Secondary 0.5 ppm 3-hour
PM10 Primary & Secondary 150 µg/m3 24-hour
PM2.5 Primary 12 µg/m3 annual
PM2.5 Primary & Secondary 35 µg/m3 24-hour
CO Primary 35 ppm 1-hour
O3 Primary & Secondary 0.12 ppm 1-hour
NOX Primary & Secondary 0.053 ppm annual
Pb Primary & Secondary 0.15 µg/m3 rolling 3 months
Conversion Tables
Conversions for the units of weight
From Gram Kilogram Grain Ounce Pound

Gram 1 0.001 15.43 0.0353 0.0022
Kilogram 1000 1 1.543 x 1 0 4 35.02 2.2050
Grain 0.0648 6.48 x 1 0 -‐5 1 0.0023 1.43x 1 0 -‐4
Ounce 28.35 0.0284 437.5 1 0.0625
Pound 453.6 0.4536 7000 16 1
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Conversions for the units of length
From Centimeter Meter Inches Feet Yards

Centimeter 1 0.01 0.3937 0.0328 0.0109
Meter 100 1 39.37 32.80 1.0936
Inches 2.540 0.0254 1 0.0833 0.0278
Feet 30.48 0.3048 12.0 1 0.3333
Yards 91.44 0.9144 36.0 3 1
Conversions for the units of volume
From cm3 Liter m3 Inch3 Feet3

cm3 1 0.001 1x10 -6 0.061 3.53 x 10 -5
Liter 1000 1 0.001 60.98 0.0353

m3 1x106 1 6.1x104 5.31
Inch3 16.39 0.0164 1.64 x 10 -5 1 5.79 x 10 -4
Feet 3 2.83x104 28.32 0.0283 1728 1
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Conversions for the units of energy
From BTU Joule (J) Foot Pound

BTU 1 1055 778
Joule (J) 0.0009478 1 0.7376
Foot P ound 0.001285 1.3558 1
Conversions for the units of temperature
From Fahrenheit (F) Celsius (o C) Kelvin (K)

Fahrenheit (F) F (F-32) x (5/9) [(F-32) x (5/9)]+ 273.15
Celsius (oC) [(C x 9/5)]+ 32 C C + 273.15
Kelvin (K) [(K-273.15) x (9/5)] + 32 K-273.15 K
In a source test, the stack was divided into four sectors, each of which had
the same cross-sectional area. The following velocities and pollutant
concentrations were measured in these sectors:
Sector No. Velocity (V) Concentration (c)

(m/s) (µg/m3)
1 10 500
2 12 600
3 14 650
4 15 675
What is the average concentration (cavg) in the gas flowing in this stack?
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The average concentration is (cavg)

cavg = Total Mass / Total Volume
For equal areas
(cavg) = 616 µg/m3
We have tested a plant’s emissions of particulates and found the following

data:
Sample No. Stack Velocity Particulate concentration (c)

(V) (ft/s) (g/m3)
1 50 500
2 60 300
3 40 700
Each sample represents the average over a 20-min period.

What is the average particle concentration in this stack over the whole 60
min of this test?
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A PM10 sampler runs for 23.5 hours at an average flow rate 51 ft3/min. the
tare weight of the filter was 48.02g, and the gross weight of the filter, dried to
the same humidity as the fresh filter, was 48.07g. What is the average PM10
content of the air?
Design Aspects of Cyclones
Introduction
Cyclones provide a relatively low-‐cost method of removing particulate matter from
exhaust gas streams.
Their removal efficiency is accordingly much better than that of settling
chambers.
However, cyclones are not as efficient as electrostatic precipitators, baghouses, and
venturi scrubbers but are often installed as pre-‐cleaners before these more effective
devices.
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Separation Principle
Particle Collection Process
Particles enter the device with the flowing gas

(see F ig); the gas stream is forced to turn, but
the larger particles have more momentum
and cannot turn with the gas.
These larger particles impact and fall down the cyclone wall and are collected in a
hopper.
The gas stream actually turns a number of times in a helical pattern,
much like the funnel of a tornado.
The range of particle sizes collected in a cyclone is dependent upon the overall
diameter and relative dimensions of the device.
Stacking cyclones in series or in parallel can provide further alternatives for
improving overall collection efficiency.
There are three types of cyclones.

They are usually characterized by where the gas enters and exits the cyclone body
(tangentially, axially, or peripherally).
(1) Top Inlet

(2) Axial Inlet
(3) Bottom Inlet
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Axial Inlet
Top Inlet
Bottom Inlet
Nomenclature for a tangential entry cyclone.
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Cyclones in series
Cyclones in Parallel
Cyclones in series
Larger particles can be collected in the first cyclone and a smaller, more efficient
cyclone can collect smaller particles.
Such an arrangement can reduce dust loading in the second cyclone and avoid
problems of abrasion and plugging.
If the first cyclone should plug, there still will be some collection occurring in the second
cyclone.
The additional pressure drop produced by the second cyclone adds to the
overall pressure drop of the system.
“The higher pressure drop can be a disadvantage in such a series system

design.”
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Cyclones in Parallel
Cyclones in parallel use a common inlet, higher volumes of gas can be treated at
reasonable pressure drops.
In configurations where a common hopper is used, each cyclone should

have the same pressure drop.
The axial entry type minimizes the eddy formation that is common in tangential
entry cyclones.
DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE EQUATIONS
Objects moving in circular paths tend to move away from the center of their
motion.
The object moves outward as if a force is pushing it out (Centrifugal Force).
The whirling motion of the gas in a cyclone causes particulate matter in the gas to
sense this force and move out to the walls.
An expression for this force is as follows:
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These types of considerations (equation), in conjunction with considerations of

cyclone geometry and vortex formation, have led to the development of numerous
performance equations.
These equations attempt to characterize the behavior of cyclones.

(Some work well, and some do not (Ex: High Pressure, High Temperature)
Three important parameters can be used to characterize cyclone performance:
Cut diameter (dpc)
The cut diameter is defined as the size (diameter) of particles collected with
50% efficiency.
It is a convenient way of defining efficiency for a control device since it provides
information on the effectiveness for a particle size range.
A frequently used expression for cut diameter is:
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Typical size efficiency curve
Collection Efficiency (E)
A number of equations have been developed for determining the fractional cyclone
efficiency (Ei ) for a given size particle.
Fractional Efficiency is defined as the fraction of particles of a given size collected in
the cyclone, compared to those of that size going into the cyclone.
Two methods of calculating cyclone efficiency
(1) Leith and Licht theory for calculating fractional efficiency

(2) Lapple theory for calculating fractional efficiency
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(1) Leith and Licht theory for calculating fractional efficiency (1973):
In this expression, c is a factor that is a function only of the cyclone’s dimensions
The value of n is dependent on the cyclone

diameter and temperature of the gas stream.
(2) Lapple theory for calculating fractional efficiency (1951):
Cyclone collection efficiency (vs) particle size ratio
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2/9/17
The sum of these products in the rightmost section of the box will give the
overall efficiency.
Pressure drop
The pressure drop across a cyclone is an important parameter to the purchaser of such
equipment.
Increased pressure drop means greater costs for power to move an exhaust gas
through the control device.
With cyclones, an increase in pressure drop usually means that there will be an
improvement in collection efficiency
For these reasons, there have been many attempts to predict pressure drops from
design variables.
The idea is that having such an equation, one could work back and optimize the
design of new cyclones.
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An expression occasionally used is:
where q = volumetric flow rate.

kc = dimensionless factor (vanes)
= 0.5 (without vanes)
= 1 (vanes that do not expand the entering gas or touch the outlet wall
= 2 (vanes that expand and touch the wall)
This equation, when compared to experimental data, was found to have a poor
correlation coefficient.
The most popular of the empirical pressure drop equations has the form:
where Kc = proportionality factor
Low-efficiency cyclones 2–4 in H2O (5–10cm H2O)

Medium-efficiency cyclones 4–6 in H2O (10–15cm H2O)
High-efficiency cyclones 8–10 in H2O (20–25cm H2O)
48
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Changes in the performance characteristics
Effect of operation variables on cyclone and

performance:
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The cut diameter for a specific type of dust collected in a cyclone was found to be 25
𝜇m. I f the inlet velocity were doubled, what would the cut diameter be?
17.70 𝜇𝑚
A cyclone currently operates with an efficiency of 84%. Assuming that the flow rate is
increased by 33%, estimate a revised efficiency.
86.10%
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A large conventional cyclone (no vanes) handles 13,000 acfm (60F, 1 atm) of a
particulate-‐laden gas. The cyclone dimensions are as follows:
Cyclone diameter =8 ft

Diameter of gas outlet = 4 ft
Inlet width = 2 ft
Inlet height = 4 ft
Length of cylinder = 16 ft
Height of cone = 16 ft
What is the estimated pressure drop across the cyclone?
where Kc = proportionality factor
Kc=0.024
Inlet velocity (v i) = q/A = 13000/(2*4) = 1625 ft/min = 27 ft/s
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𝜌 = 0.076 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 3
∆𝑃 = 0.024 𝑥 0.076 𝑥 272
=1.32 in H 2O
An engineer was requested to determine the cut size diameter and overall
collection efficiency of a cyclone given the particle size distribution of a dust from
a cement kiln. Particle size distribution and other pertinent data are provided in
Table
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Additional data:
Inlet gas velocity to cyclone = 50 ft/s
Effective number of turns within cyclone = 5
Cyclone diameter = 10 ft
Cyclone inlet width 1= 2.5 ft
Gas Viscosity = 1.34 E -5 lb /(ft.s)
Density of the particle = 181 lb/ft 3
9.94 𝜇𝑚
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66%
54

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2/9/17

Air Pollution Control

Dr. Hari Prasad Dasari

Class Meeting Time: energyhari@nitk.edu.in

Please check the hard copy (No. of lectures & topics)

Chemical Engineering Department Dr. Hari Prasad Dasari

Chemical Engineering Department Dr. Hari Prasad Dasari

Why We Need to Study This Course…

Chemical Engineering Department Dr. Hari Prasad Dasari

Aggravated Air pollution – Industry I

Chemical Engineering Department Dr. Hari Prasad Dasari

Aggravated Air Pollution – Industry II

Chemical Engineering Department Dr. Hari Prasad Dasari

Transportation related causes of air pollution

Chemical Engineering Department Dr. Hari Prasad Dasari

SOx and NOx pollution

Chemical Engineering Department Dr. Hari Prasad Dasari

Smog over Los Angeles

Chemical Engineering Department Dr. Hari Prasad Dasari

Smog over the Sea of Japan

Chemical Engineering Department Dr. Hari Prasad Dasari

Chemical Engineering Department Dr. Hari Prasad Dasari

Chemical Engineering Department Dr. Hari Prasad Dasari

Chemical Engineering Department Dr. Hari Prasad Dasari

For Better and Long Life…

Chemical Engineering Department Dr. Hari Prasad Dasari

Air Pollution types, effects and

Chemical Engineering Department Dr. Hari Prasad Dasari

Atmosphere as a Resource

Chemical Engineering Department Dr. Hari Prasad Dasari

Types and Sources of Air Pollution

Primary Air Pollutant

Secondary Air Pollutant

Major Air Pollutants

Chemical Engineering Department Dr. Hari Prasad Dasari

Chemical Engineering Department Dr. Hari Prasad Dasari

Major Classes of Air Pollutants

Chemical Engineering Department Dr. Hari Prasad Dasari

• Thousands of different solid or liquid particles

Dangerous for 2 reasons

Chemical Engineering Department Dr. Hari Prasad Dasari

Nitrogen and Sulfur Oxides…

Chemical Engineering Department Dr. Hari Prasad Dasari

Carbon Oxides and Hydrocarbons

Chemical Engineering Department Dr. Hari Prasad Dasari

Chemical Engineering Department Dr. Hari Prasad Dasari

Sources of Outdoor Air Pollution

• Two main sources

Chemical Engineering Department Dr. Hari Prasad Dasari

Urban Air Pollution

Chemical Engineering Department Dr. Hari Prasad Dasari

Formation of Photochemical Smog

Chemical Engineering Department Dr. Hari Prasad Dasari

Sources of Smog in Los Angeles

Chemical Engineering Department Dr. Hari Prasad Dasari

Case-­‐In-­‐Point Air Pollution in Beijing and

Effects of Air Pollution

• Low level exposure

Chemical Engineering Department Dr. Hari Prasad Dasari

Chemical Engineering Department Dr. Hari Prasad Dasari

Health Effects of Air Pollution

Children and Air Pollution

• Greater health threat to children than

Case-‐In-‐Point Air Pollution in Beijing and

• Pollutants can be 5 -‐100X greater than outdoors