- CARBOHYDRATES -

The simplest biomolecules

Contain 3 elements: (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen)

THE WORD CARBOHYDRATE COMES FROM THE FACT THAT THESE COMPOUNDS

HAVE MANY CARBON ATOMS BONDED TO HYDROXIDE (OH) GROUPS

Composing elements C, H, O

Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen are in a ratio of 1:2:1

Can be simple monomers like glucose

Can be complex polymers like cellulose

- Monosaccharides (C6H12O6)

* Fructose - OR FRUIT SUGAR, IS A SIMPLE KETONIC MONOSACCHARIDE FOUND IN MANY PLANTS,

WHERE IT IS OFTEN BONDED TO GLUCOSE TO FORM THE DISACCHARIDE SUCROSE. IT IS ONE OF THE
THREE DIETARY MONOSACCHARIDES, ALONG WITH GLUCOSE AND GALACTOSE, THAT ARE ABSORBED
DIRECTLY INTO BLOOD DURING DIGESTION

* Galactose - is a simple sugar, which belongs to simple carbohydrates. Galactose is composed of the
same elements as glucose, but has a different arrangement

* Glucose - A SIMPLE SUGAR WITH THE MOLECULAR FORMULA C6H12O6. GLUCOSE CIRCULATES IN THE
BLOOD OF ANIMALS AS BLOOD SUGAR. IT IS MADE DURING PHOTOSYNTHESIS FROM WATER AND
CARBON DIOXIDE, USING ENERGY FROM SUNLIGHT. IT IS THE MOST IMPORTANT SOURCE OF ENERGY
FOR CELLULAR RESPIRATION. GLUCOSE IS STORED AS A POLYMER, IN PLANTS AS STARCH AND IN
ANIMALS AS GLYCOGEN

IMPORTANCE:

 ENERGY SOURCE: USED AS A REACTANT IN RESPIRATION

 MONOMER UNIT: USED TO FORM: DIMERS (DISACCHARIDES) AND POLYMERS
(POLYSACCHARIDES)

Disaccharide - is formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides

Lactose: glucose + galactose

Maltose: glucose + glucose

Sucrose: glucose + fructose

* This covalent bond is called a glycosidic linkage

IMPORTANCE:

+ Provide Energy for the body

+ Energy storage: sucrose is a store of energy in sugarcane and sugar beets

+ Starch, a storage polysaccharide of plants, consists entirely of glucose monomers

+ Plants store surplus starch as granules within chloroplasts and other plastids

+ The simplest form of starch is amylose

+ Glycogen is a storage polysaccharide in animals

+ Humans and other vertebrates store glycogen mainly in liver and muscle cells

+ The polysaccharide cellulose is a major component of the tough wall of plant cells

+ Like starch, cellulose is a polymer of glucose, but the glycosidic linkages differ

+ The difference is based on two ring forms for glucose: alpha (α) and beta (β)

- Structural Carbohydrates

Chitin – arthropod exoskeleton and fungal cell wall

- modified form of cellulose

- used to make a strong & flexible surgical thread that decomposes after the wound/incision heals

- PROTEIN -

* C,H,O,N and some have S (a few might also have P due to Addition of P in modification process but P is
not a component of amino acids)
* insulin:C254H377N65O76S6

Amino acids - building blocks of protein

- contain nitrogen

- 20 naturally - occurring & encoded by DNA

- R GROUP determines chemical properties

- About half can be made by our body & about half are needed to be consumed (between
8-10 are essential)