MCL241

ENERGY SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES

Krishnakant Agrawal (Assistant PROFESSOR)

Dept. of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Lecture 8
Scientific Development of Engine
Sadi Nicolas Léonard Carnot
• 1698 – Thomas Savery Steam Engine
• 1769 – James Watts Steam Engine
• 1801: Philippe D'Humberstein uses
compression in a two-stroke engine.
• 1824 – Carnot Theory of engine
• 1861 – Rochas patent of 4-stroke IC
engine cycle
• 1876 – Otto`s working prototype of 4-
stroke IC engine cycle
• 1893 – Diesel cycle inspired by Carnot

• Carnot was irked by progress of British; few engineers lacking formal education
• Arguments were plenty on efficiency benefits with high pressure, low pressure, single
cylinder, multi-cylinder etc. with multiple non-standard ways of evaluation
• Carnot's work is distinguished for his careful, clear analysis of the units and concepts
employed and for his use of both an adiabatic working stage and an isothermal stage
in which work is consumed.
Entropy: To define quality of thermal energy
• Concept of entropy: To quantify the notion of “better-quality” thermal
energy at higher temperatures
• Higher temperature of heat addition → Lesser entropy change in cycle →
lesser heat rejection → More efficiency → More work from high quality
(higher temp. for thermal) energy
Q1
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Engineering Thermodynamics, P K Nag, TMH - 2005

Otto vs Lenoir cycle: Compression stroke for higher thermal efficiency
Knock: Abnormal noise from combustion transmitted through engine
structure, due to spontaneous ignition of portion of cylinder charge

Effect of long term engine

knock on piston head

Knocking tendency → Critical Compression Ratio

Formula Name Critical r
CH4 Methane 12.6
C 3H 8 Propane 12.2 Early Otto engines were
C8H18 Isooctane 7.3 limited to compression ratio
Gasoline ~ 4.0 of 4 due to serious knocking
Atkinson engine

• Atkinson engine (1885): Longer

stroke for expansion/exhaust than
compression/intake
• Inventor: James Atkinson, England
• Higher efficiency, however
mechanically complex, lower power
for same cylinder volume
Miller cycle

• Early or late intake valve closure can change the effective compression ratio for
the same geometry
• By making compression stoke lower, the expansion stroke is comparatively higher
thus mimicking the Atkinson cycle
• Can avoid knocking issues in SI engines and give more cycle work
Diesel’s radically different concept

Need for higher Need for burning heavier

compression ratio hydrocarbons (typically
for higher efficiency thrown as waste or used in
Issue: Premixed charge external combustion)
auto-igniting at higher Issue: Vaporizing and
compression ratio premixing non-volatile
leading to knocking heavy fuels

Bright solution by Rudolf Diesel (1858-1913)

• Use of high temperatures obtained by high compression ratios itself to
vaporize heavy hydrocarbons
• Use of non-premixed (and slow) combustion to avoid knocking
Both possible by direct injection (DI) of fuel in the cylinder at end of the
compression stroke
 SI (spark ignited) vs CI (compression ignited)
• Premixed • Non-premixed
charge from combustion:
intake Direct fuel
manifold: Fuel injection in
injection in cylinder
intake
manifold • Ignition
source: high
• Ignition temperature
source: spark compressed air

• Fuel and air • Fuel can be

mass linked varied
together ( for independently
carburetted)
• Load control
• Load control without air
by Throttling: pressure loss
results in loss
of power
Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel
• Born to German parents in France in 1858
• Went on to become an engineer at age of 14 against
wishes of parents
• Early work with Prof. Linde at Munich, numerous
patents, modern refrigeration and ice plant design

• Not being able to use patents at Linde for his own

purposes, he expanded beyond refrigeration
• Initial work on steam engine, using ammonia to
improve efficiency, explosion almost killed him

• Understood thermodynamics and that 90% of fuel-energy goes waste

• In 1893, published a treatise entitled, Theory and Construction of a Rational
Heat-engine to Replace the Steam Engine and Combustion Engines Known Today
• Demonstrated efficiency of 26.2% with his compression ignition engine in 1897
• Not able to collaborate well with people taking interest in his ideas, he was
reported missing under mysterious circumstances on 29th Sep 1913
Diesel`s compression ignition engine
• Fuel is injected at the end of compression and
the fuel was ignited by the high temperature
resulting from compression
• Due to gradual heat release (slow combustion)
while the piston moving down constant
pressure combustion is assumed

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HXxi0R8jV4M

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b_E-x5tHoHk
Ref. Moiz, Ahmed. (2016)

Carnot cycle Diesel cycle Otto cycle

• Most efficient • Efficient • Less efficient
• Impracticable • Practicable • Practicable
Mathematically Built upon experimentation
most rigorous and prior ideas
Comparison of Otto, Diesel and Dual cycles
Same compression ratio and heat addition

Key parameters:
• Peak Pressure
• Peak Temperature
• Thermal Efficiency
• Net work

• Heat input visualization → T-s diagram (All cycles have same Qin ; cp, cv slopes)
• Otto cycle has highest peak pressures and temperatures
• Heat rejected is minimum for Otto cycle (higher temp., so ds is less)
• Otto cycle has highest work output and efficiency ηotto > ηDual > ηDiesel
Comparison of Otto, Diesel and Dual cycles
Same peak pressure and heat addition

Key parameters:
• Peak Pressure
• Peak Temperature
• Thermal Efficiency
• Net work

• Heat input visualization → T-s diagram (All cycles have same Qin ; cp, cv slopes)
• Otto cycle has more heat rejection compared to the Diesel cycle
• Diesel cycle has highest work output and efficiency ηotto < ηDual < ηDiesel

Key advantage of Diesel cycle: Achieve higher compression ratio for the same peak pressure