Agriculture

Premraj Chavan (B.Sc Agri.)

PremrajChavanAGRI
Agriculture (GS 1) – 3.1 with…..

Premraj Chavan sir

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Agri New SYLLABUS- GS 1

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Agri new SYLLABUS - GS 1

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Agri new SYLLABUS- GS 1

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Agri new SYLLABUS- GS 1

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 Old Syllabus – SSM {GS 1}
• 3.1
• Agroecology and its relevance to man
• Natural resources , their sustainable management and
conservation
• Physical and social environment as a factors of crop
distribution and production
• Climatic elements as a factor of crop growth
• Environmental pollution and associated hazards to
crops
• Animals and humans

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Old Syllabus SSM {GS 1}
• 3.2
• Agroclimatic zones of India and maharashtra
• Problem of drought and scarcity
• Water requirement in agriculture
• Cropping pattern in different agroclimatic zones of
Maharashtra
• Impact of high yielding-short duration varieties on shifts
in cropping pattern
• Concept of multiple cropping, intercropping and their
importance
• Modern concept of organic farming and sustainable agriculture

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 PART 1

• Agro – ECOLOGY
• General agriculture
• Scientific concepts
• Major Indian crops
• Livestock and fisheries
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 PART 1 - We will see……
• Previous years’ questions
• Agriculture – def, meaning
• Characteristics
• Agro-ecology , concept
• Land use pattern
• GDP and agriculture
• Agro climatic zones
• Types of farming
• Cropping patterns
• World-India-maharashtra
comparison
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• Cropping seasons
• Major Indian crops
• Horticulture
• Agriculture and economics
• Important institutions
• current scenario
• Livestock and fisheries
• Agriculture in five year plans
• Agriculture in budget
• Agriculture census
• Agricultural economics
 Lecture useful for…….
• 1) UPSC PRELIMS
• 2) STATE SERVICES MPSC PRELIMS
• 3) STATE SERVICES MPSC MAINS GS 1
• 4) STATE SERVICES MPSC MAINS GS 4
• 5) PSI-STI-ASST PRELIMS
• 6) AGRIL.MPSC PRELIMS
• 7) AGRIL.MPSC MAINS
• 8) EXCISE SI PRELIMS
• 9) ENGG. SERVICES MPSC PRELIMS
• 10) AMVI PRELIMS

PremrajChavanAGRI
PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS
(2012 to 18 oct 2020)

PremrajChavanAGRI
 PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS - ANALYSIS
• TOTAL QUESTIONS ON PURE AGRICULTURE – 400+
• AVERAGE QUESTIONS PER YEAR – 35

• UPSC PRELIMS – 26 (25 YEARS’)

• RAJYASEVA PRELIMS – 18 (6 YEARS’)
• RAJYASEVA MAINS – 230 + (7 YEARS’)
• PSI-STI-ASST-EXCISE-ENGG PRE/MAINS – 44 (6 YEARS’)
• AGRIL.SERVICES PRELIMS – 17 (3 years’)

PremrajChavanAGRI
 RAJYASEVA MAINS ANALYSIS
YEAR GS 1 (3.1) GS 1 (3.3) GS1 (3.4) GS 4 (2.5)

2012 1 13 11 9
2013 1 18 10 13
2014 2 12 14 14
2015 - 16 05 6
2016 10 13 10 11
2017 1 11 15 12
2018 5 13 07 11
2019 4 14 11 14
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UPSC PRE 2020

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UPSC PRE 2020

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UPSC PRE 2020

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UPSC PRE 2020

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 STATE SERVICES PRE 2013
• 17) consider the following statements….
• A) In India per capita availability of agril.land has declined
from 0.48 ha in 1951 to 0.16 ha in 1991 & is projected to
slide down to 0.08 ha in 2035
• B) the decline in the extent of agril. Land is mainly due to
increase in population and diversion of agril. Land for non-
agril. purposes,.
• >>>. 1) B is correct, A is wrong
• 2) A is correct, B is wrong
• 3) Both correct & B is correct reasoning of A
• 4) 3) Both correct & B is NOT correct reasoning of A

PremrajChavanAGRI
 STATE SERVICES PRE 2013
• 26) fishing in India is poorly developed because….
• 1) dependence on food crops
• 2) facilities for preservation of fish are limited
• 3) govt. is not giving encouragement to fishing
• 4) marKet is not much favourable
• >>> a) a,c,d b) b,c,d c) a,b,d d) only c

PremrajChavanAGRI
 STATE SERVICES PRE 2013
• 28) how much weight of sugrcane can be coverted
into sugar ?
• 1) 40%
• 2) 30%
• 3) 20%
• 4) 10%

PremrajChavanAGRI
 STATE SERVICES PRE 2013
• 43)Which of the following statements about Indian
livestock is wrong?
• 1) India has the largest no, of cattle in the world
• 2) Indian cow is called das tea-cup-cow because of its
low average yield of milk
• 3) about 50 % of worlds total population of buffaloes
is in India
• 4) buffaloes account for about 50% of milk production
in India
• >>>>> 1) b 2) c 3)d 4) none

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 STATE SERVICES PRE 2014
• 23) tea is made from young leaves of plant.
Chinese were the earliest tea drinkers in the
world. The british first discovred the Assam tea in
1829 in forests of north-east India . The popular
brands in the world are –
• 1) large leaved china tea
• 2) small leaved Assam tea
• >>>> 1) only a is correct 2) only b is correct
• 3) both are correct 4) both are wrong
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 STATE SERVICES PRE 2014
• 28) match the following………..
• SHIFTING CULTIVATION STATE
• 1) jhum a) chattisgarh
• 2) podu b) kerala
• 3) ponam c) assam
• 4) dahiya d) andhra pradesh

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 STATE SERVICES PRE 2015
• 22) golden revolution is related to…………..
• 1) food production
• 2) milk production
• 3) bee keeping
• 4) flower production

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 State services pre 2019
• Q) TIKKA disease affects which of the following
crop ?
• 1) cotton
• 2) wheat
• 3) groundnut
• 4) rice

PremrajChavanAGRI
 RAJYASEVA MAINS 2012
• Q) according to which of the following
climatological factors the SDP,LDP & DNP plants
are decided?
• 1) air pressure
• 2) humidity
• 3) temperature
• 4) none of the above

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 RAJYASEVA MAINS 2017 (GS 1)
• 93) Which of the following districts some part fall
in the group of rain shadow black and gray soil
agro-climatic region
• A) Satara, Kolhapur, Solapur
• B) Satara , Kolhapur , pune
• C) Kolhapur , dhule, jalgaon
• D) Beed, dhule, buldhana
• 1)A and B 2)B and C 3) only B 4) A , B and D
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 RAJYASEVA MAINS 2017 (GS 1)
• 100) Major part of wich of the following district
fall in the group of drought prone rabi and kharif
crop agroclimatic region of Maharashtra
• A) Ahmadnagar , Solapur, sangali
• B) Ahamadnagar, bhandara , gadachiroli
• C) Solapur , Kolhapur , sangali
• D) Amaravati ,beed , akola
• 1) A and B 2)B and C 3) only A 4) only D
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 RAJYASEVA MAINS 2017 (GS 1)
• 102) Which of the following are advantages of
agro forestry
• A) To ensure better land use
• B) To generate employment
• C) To manage agricultural land only with family
members
• D) To conserve soil moisture
• 1) A and B 2) B and C 3) only C 4) A ,B and D
PremrajChavanAGRI
 RAJYASEVA MAINS 2017 (GS 1)
• 109) Match the pairs
• A) Coastal kokan 1)cotton and oil seeds
• B) Bhima basin and 2)sugarcane and dairy
• osmanabad plateau
• C) Krishna basin 3)rice and coconut
• D) Tapi basin 4)bajara and oil seeds

PremrajChavanAGRI
 RAJYASEVA MAINS 2018 (GS 1)
• 122) out of following crops which crop requires
less water during its life cycle?
• 1) rabi sorghum

• 2) chilli
• 3) wheat
• 4) summer greengram

PremrajChavanAGRI
 RAJYASEVA MAINS 2018 (GS 1)
• 126) ………………… is one of the major problems of
dryland agriculture?
• 1)early start and early cessation of monsoon
• 2) early start and late cessation of monsoon
• 3) late onset and early cessation of monsoon
• 4) late onset and late cessation of monsoon

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 RAJYASEVA MAINS 2018 (GS 1)
• 128) ICRISAT is situated in……………….
• 1) karnataka
• 2) tamilnadu
• 3) andhra pradesh
• 4) telangana

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 RAJYASEVA MAINS 2018 (GS 1)
• 145) water use efficiency of jawar (sorghum) crop
is about…………..?
• 1) 9.0 kg/hamm
• 2) 13.4 kg/hamm
• 3) 3.7 kg/hamm
• 4)none of the above

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 COMBINE GR.B PRE 2018 (B SET)
• 67) since 1950-51 to 2013-14 the share of
agriculture sector in total gross domestic product
indicating ……………………….. Trends.
• 1) stable
• 2) declining
• 3) increasing
• 4) neutral

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 AGRIL. SERVICES MAINS 2017 P-1
• 65) WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS CALLED AS
NOBLE CANE ?
• 1) saccharum officinarum L.
• 2) saccharum spontaneum L.
• 3) saccharum robustum
• 4) saccharum sinensis

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 AGRIL. SERVICES MAINS 2017 P-1
• 72) growing of two or more crops on same piece
of land in one calender year is……………
• 1) cropping system
• 2) intercropping
• 3) multiple cropping
• 4) monocropping

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 AGRIL.SERVICES MAINS 2018 (D SET)
PAPER 1
• 31) first sorghum hybrid CSH-1 was released in
• 1)1961
• 2)1962
• 3)1963

• 4)1964

PremrajChavanAGRI
 AGRIL.SERVICES MAINS 2018 (D SET)
PAPER 1
• 40) kolhapur is the head quarter of ………………
agroclimatic zone of maharshtra?
• 1) central maharashtra plain zone
• 2) western ghat zone
• 3) western maharashtra plain zone
• 4) submountain zone

PremrajChavanAGRI
 AGRIL.SERVICES MAINS 2018 (D SET)
PAPER 1
• 81)soybean is mostly used in India for the
production of……..?
• 1) edible oil
• 2) pulses
• 3) milk substitutes
• 4) processed food

PremrajChavanAGRI
 STATE SERVICES PRE 2012
• ** what is the main objective of agricultural price
commission ?
• 1) balanced price structure
• 2) inclusive price structure
• 3) both 1 and 2
• 4) none of the above

PremrajChavanAGRI
 STATE SERVICES PRE 2011
• ** the share of agriculture in total income of the
country is………………….
• 1) increasing
• 2) decreasing
• 3) stable
• 4) none of the above

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 STATE SERVICES PRE 2012
• ** which of the following policy is known as the
rainbow revolution ?
• 1) population policy
• 2) new industrial policy
• 3) new agricultural policy
• 4) new bank policy

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 STATE SERVICES MAINS 2016
• ** maharashtra council agricultural education and
research (MCAER) was established in the year
………….. With pune as its headquarter.
• 1) 1974
• 2) 1984
• 3) 1994
• 4) 1986

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 STATE SERVICES MAINS 2016
• ICAR conducts various activities for the promotion
of…………..
• 1) horticulture
• 2) agril.finance
• 3) agril.markets
• 4) livestocks
• >>> a) a,b b) b,c c) c,d d)a,d

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2019 mains GS1

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 Agriculture
• Agriculture – It is nothing but Science & Art of farming
including the work of cultivating soil, producing crops
and raising livestock
• The word Agriculture comes from the Latin word
Ager = Soil
Cultura = Its cultivation
• Agriculture and allied sectors include :
a) Agriculture
b) Forestry
c) Fishery
d) Livestock, etc.
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•Agriculture is considered as primary sector of
occupation in India

• Agriculture is the largest private and unorganised

sector in India

•It is the only occupation on which Income Tax is

not charged

• States can impose income tax on Agriculture

income as per state list’s subject number 46
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 Characteristics of Indian Agriculture
• Subsistent type of Agriculture
• Charachterised by heavy population pressure
• Predominance of the cultivation of food grains
• Agriculture shows diversity of crops
• India has the highest percentage (54%) of its
geographical area under cultivation.

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• Due to Physical, Economical & Social factors the
landholdings are tiny, fragmented & unsuitable for
modern methods of Agriculture
• Intensive farming is carried on in limited areas
• Utilises a number of draught animals like bullocks

PremrajChavanAGRI
• Mostly dependent on rainfall
• Climate and edaphic factors favourale for
Agriculture Soil related factors
• Indian Agriculture puts minimum attention on
fodder crops Cattle eats fodder crops

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Agro ecology

Organic & unorganic

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Optimal management of natures ecological function &
biodiversity to improve agricultural performance
Prevent losses of arable land, regenerate
degraded lands maintenence of permanent
soil cover minimum soil disturbance

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 Microorganisms

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Man made

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 Producers

Consumers

Decomposers

Traditional and modern agriculture

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Energy flow in the ecosystem

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Carbon credits

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 United nations framework on convention of climate change

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The country who sells credits also get advantage from financial
point of view

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 For developed countries

Net reduction of carbon in atmosphere =

zero

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Carbon sequestration

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Methods of carbon sequestration

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 Ecological farming

Sustainable & ecological cultivation

Sustainable use of resources in soil Eg crop rotation

Conserve soil Judicious use

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 Principles
Genetically diversity of crops

Use of modern + indigenous technology in production

Higher efficiency

Recycling

Flexibility

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 Plant other tress with crop cultivation

Soil conservation Biodiversity protection

Higher production & financial improvement

Diversity of crops

Ecological conservation

Higher efficient use of land

Employment generation

Soil & water conservation

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PROTECTED AGRCULTURE

Inputs
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PROTECTED AGRCULTURE

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PROTECTED AGRCULTURE
Minimum tillage

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PROTECTED AGRCULTURE

Nutrients do not get mixed and come to upper surface

Porosity

Soil will remain tight , prevents soil

erosion

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 PROTECTED AGRCULTURE
Organic mulching

Covered

Nitrogen

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 PROTECTED AGRCULTURE

Crop rotation

Nitrogen
fixation

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 He said every weed in farm is not
unnecessary

This increases organic carbon in soil

Weeds

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 Natural farming- FUKUOKA farming
Japanese

• # Natural farming is an ecological farming approach

established by Masanobu Fukuoka (1913–2008), a
Japanese farmer and philosopher, introduced in his
1975 book The One-Straw Revolution.
• Fukuoka described his way of farming as 自然農法
(shizen nōhō) in Japanese.
• It is also referred to as "the Fukuoka Method", "the
natural way of farming" or "do-nothing farming".
Zero tillage farming

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Natural farming- FUKUOKA farming
• # The title refers not to lack of effort, but to the
avoidance of manufactured inputs and equipment
• # Natural farming is related to fertility farming,
organic farming, sustainable agriculture, agro
ecology, agroforestry, eco agriculture and
permaculture, but should be distinguished from
biodynamic agriculture.
No man made things should be used

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 Natural farming- FUKUOKA farming
• In principle, practitioners of natural farming
maintain that it is not a technique but a view, or a
way of seeing ourselves as a part of nature, rather
than separate from or above it.
• Accordingly, the methods themselves vary widely
depending on culture and local conditions.

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Natural farming- FUKUOKA farming
• Rather than offering a structured method,
Fukuoka distilled the natural farming mindset into
five principles-
• No tillage
• No fertilizer
• No pesticides or herbicides
• No weeding
• No pruning Selective removal of some parts of plants
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 Natural farming- FUKUOKA farming
• the core values of natural farming as:
• Do not plough the fields
• Weeds and insects are not your enemies
• There is no need to add fertilizers
• Adjust the foods you grow based on your local
climate and conditions

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Zero budget farming

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Protective layer spread on top of soil. Layer can
be organic or inorganic

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PremrajChavanAGRI Edaphic factors
 (Cannot use modern technology on
fragmented lands)
Fragmentation of land

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 Trap in debt

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 Eg - locust attacks

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 Land use pattern in Maharashtra

• Total Geographical Area =307.58 Lakh ha.

• Area under forest =52.07 (16.50%) Lakh ha.
• Area not available for cultivation = 31.83 Lakh ha.
• Net Sown area = 173.68 Lakh ha. (56.38%) Min once the land is cultivated in one year
• Area Sown more than once=57.7 Lakh ha. More than once cultivation
• Total Crop area = 233.80 Lakh ha. (75.15%)
Net sown + sown more than once

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Land use pattern in India
• Total Geographical Area =328.73
Mha.
• Total Reporting area for land
use =305.61 Mha.
• Area under forest =71.79 Mha
(24.56%)
• Area not available for
cultivation = 43.5 Mha.
(13.23%)
• Net Sown area = 140.8 Mha
(42.83%) Net sown area of india is less than of maharashtra
• Area Sown more than Total crop area of india is less than maharashtra

once=54.4 Mha
• Total Crop area = 195.2 Mha
(59.38%)
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 Very imp

LAND HOLDING AND ITS CLASSIFICATION

GROUP LAND HOLDING (ha)

MARGINAL FARMERS BELOW 1

SMALL FARMERS 1-2

SMALL MEDIUM FARMERS 2-4

MEDIUM FARMERS 4-10

LARGE LAND HODINGS MORE THAN 10

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Very imp

Agro climatic zones of India

1. Planning commission of India (1989) made
an attempt to delicate the country into
different agro climatic regions.
2. It’s based on homogeneity in rainfall,
temperature, topography, cropping &
farming systems, water resources
3. India is divided into 15 agro climatic zones.

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Agro climatic zones of India
1. Western Himalayan zone (350 cm)
2. Eastern Himalayan zone
3. Lower gangetic plains (200-400 cm)
4. Middle gangetic plains (30-200 cm)
5. Upper gangetic plains (100-180 cm)
6. Trans gangetic plains
7. Eastern Plateau & Hills (70-125 cm)
8. Central Plateau & Hills
9. Western Plateau & Hills (90 cm)
10. Southern Plateau & Hills
11. East coast plains & hills
12. West coast plains & ghats
13. Gujarat plains & hills
14. Western dry regions (40 cm)
15. Island zone (> 300 cm)
PremrajChavanAGRI
 Agro climatic zones of Maharashtra
Sr. Zone Head office Rainfall
No.
1 South Konkan coastal zone Vengurla 250 cm
2 North Konkan coastal zone Karjat 260 cm
3 Western Ghat zone Igatpuri 300-600 cm
4 Sub mountain zone Kolhapur 70-250 cm
5 Western Maharashtra plain zones Pune 70-125 cm
6 Western Maharashtra scarcity zones Solapur 50-70 cm
7 Central Maharashtra Plateau zone Aurangabad 70-90 cm
8 Central Vidarbha zone Yavatmal 95-125 cm
9 Eastern Vidarbha zone Sindewahi 120-170 cm

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Rice
Mango
Nachni
Cotton
Wheat

Cotton Jowar
Grapes Bajra
Onion Pulses
Jawar - major Sugarcane
Bajari
Rice -
major
crop Rice
Wheat

Jackfruit
Mango
Rice
Coconut
Supari

Strawberry
Turmeric

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 Agro climatic zones of Maharashtra
• 1) SOUTH KONKAN COASTAL ZONE –
• H.Q. =vengurla
• High rainfall area with lateritic soils
• Avg. rainfall = 2000-3000 mm
• South konkan districts viz. ratnagiri , sindhudurg,

• 2) NORTH KONKAN COASTAL ZONE-

• H.Q. = karjat
• High rainfall area with absense of lateritic soils
• Avg. rainfall = 2250- 3000 mm
• Thane, raigad, palghar

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 Agro climatic zones of Maharashtra
• 3) WESTERN GHAT ZONE – Red soil
• H.Q. = igatpuri
• Avg. rainfall = 3000-5000 mm
• Satara, kolhapur,pune,ahmednagar, nashik

• 4)SUBMOUNTAIN ZONE – Black soil

• H.Q. = Kolhapur
• Avg. rainfall = 1250 – 2500 mm
• 19 Talukas on eastern sahyadri slopes from Nashik,
pune,satara,sangli,kolhapur
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 Agro climatic zones of Maharashtra
• 5) WESTERN MAHARASHTRA PLAIN ZONE-
•
Black
H.Q. = PUNE
• avg,. Rainfall = 700-1250 mm
• Dhule, ahmednagar, sangli, nashik ,satara, kolhapur

• 6) WESTERN MAHARSHTRA SCARCITY ZONE-

• H.Q. = solapur
• avg,. Rainfall = 500-900 mm
• Drought prone talukas of nashik, dhule, ahmednagar,
pune,satara, sangli, solapur, aurangabad, beed, osmanabad
PremrajChavanAGRI
 Agro climatic zones of Maharashtra
• 7) CENTRAL MAHARASHTRA PLATEAU ZONE –
• H.Q. = aurangabad Black

• avg,. Rainfall = 700-900 mm

• Called as zone with definite rainfall
• Aurangabad,jalna,beed, akola, amaravati,
yavatmal,jalgaon, dhule, solapur, osmanabad, east
latur and buldhana

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Agro climatic zones of Maharashtra
• 8) CENTRAL VIDARBHA ZONE –
• H.Q. = Yavatmal
• avg. rainfall = 900-1250 mm
• Zone with adequate to slighlty higher rainfall
• East vardha, nagpur, yavatmal, 2 talukas of
chandrapur, aurangabad, jalna, parbhani, nanded

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Agro climatic zones of Maharashtra
• 9) EASTERN VIDARBHA ZONE –
• H.Q. = Sindewahi
• avg,. Rainfall = 1250-1700 mm
• East bhandara,gadchiroli,nagpur, chandrapur

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Types of farming
1. Intensive farming 8. Plantation agriculture
2. Extensive farming 9. Nomadic herding
3. Commercial farming 10. Shifting cultivation
4. Wet farming 11. Terrace farming
5. Dry farming 12. Mixed farming &
6. Rainfed farming 13. Organic farming
7. Irrigated framing

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Intensive Farming Labour intensive

• Intensive Farming is the type of

farming in which the effort is to
obtain the maximum yield from
the limited amount of the land
by applying maximum labour,
manures and fertilizers
• This is practiced in the area of
high population density (e.g.
farming in eastern parts of
Ganga plains ) Lower gangetic pains
• This type of farming is labour
intensive
• It is also called as subsistent
farming

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Extensive farming Max capital

• The farming done on large

holdings using machines
and employing fewer
workers is called as
extensive farming.
• It is capital intensive

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Commercial farming
• In commercial farming,
crops are grown and
animals are reared for sale
in market.
• The area cultivated and the
amount of capital used is
large.
• Most of the work is done by
machine
• It includes commercial grain
farming, mixed farming and
plantation agriculture

PremrajChavanAGRI
PremrajChavanAGRI
 Wet farming
• This type of farming is
practiced in the areas
receiving more than 200 cm
rainfall.
• It includes Himalayan
region, West Bengal,
Malabar coast, Assam,
Nagaland, Meghalaya,
Tripura and Manipur
• Rice, Jute and Sugarcane
etc. are grown without
irrigation .

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Dry farming
• The areas receiving less than 75
cm of annual rainfall comes under
dry farming
• No irrigation facility is available in
these areas.
• Soil moisture is adequate for
growing only one crop a year
• Ragi, Bajra, Moong, Gram and
Guar (fodder crops) are the
important crops in this region
• Large parts of Madhya Pradesh,
Gujarat and Rajasthan comes
under this farming

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Rainfed farming
• Growing of crops on natural
precipitation, without irrigation is
termed as Rainfed farming
• In India , rainfed agro-ecologies
contribute 60% of the net sown area,
100% of the forest, 66% of the
livestock & provide livelihood,
income, employment &
environmental security
• It includes area of humid & sub-
humid regions
• One of the major constraints of the
rainfed farming is water erosion

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Punjab , harayana, UP etc - max irrigated area

Irrigated farming
• Largest part of agricultural area of
India comes under this type of
cultivation
• Irrigated cultivation can be
practiced only in those areas
where the availability of water
from rivers and tanks or some
underground sources is sufficient
throughout the year and the land
is levelled
• Regions such as Punjab, Haryana
Uttar Pradesh, North western
Tamilnadu and deltas of
peninsular rivers come under this
farming
• Important crops are rice, wheat,
sugarcane etc. PremrajChavanAGRI
 Plantation agriculture
• Introduced in India by britishers in 19th
century
• Growing & processing of single cash
crop purely meant for sale
• Large capital input, vast estates,
managerial ability, technical know-how,
sophisticated machinery, fertilizers, good
transport facility and a factory for
processing the produce are its
outstanding features
• There are plantations of coffee, rubber,
Cocoa, Tea, Banana, Spices, Coconut,
etc.
• Practiced mainly in Assam, sub-
Himalayan west Bengal and in Nilgiri,
Annamalai, &cardamom hills in south
PremrajChavanAGRI
 Nomadic herding
• Practiced mainly in arid,
semi-arid parts of Rajasthan
and hilly regions of J & K
• Herdsman move from place
to place with their animals
for fodder and water along
define routes
• Sheep, camel, yak & goats
are most commonly reared
• They provide milk, meat,
wool, hides and other
products to the herdsman
an their families

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Not eco-friendly practice Practiced in hot wet equatorial region

Shifting agril. / Jhum farming

• Practiced by tribals in the forest areas of
Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Tripura
,Mizoram , Arunachal Pradesh Odissa,
Madhya Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh
• In this piece of forest land is cleared by
tribals by felling and burning of trees and
crops are grown
• After 2-3 yrs the fertility of cleared land
decreases and tribe shifts to some other
piece of land
• Dry paddy, buck wheat, maize, small
millets, tobacco and sugarcane are mainly
grown
• It is a very crude and primitive method of
cultivation resulting into deforestation and
soil erosion on hill sides
PremrajChavanAGRI
 Shifting agril. / Jhum farming

INDIA WORLD

• Jhum/ jhuming = Assam/ N-E • Ladang = Malaysia

• Ponam = Kerala
• Podu = Andhra pradesh
• Podu, pama dabi, koman,
bringa = Odisha
• Beewar, Mashan ,Penda ,Beera
= Madhya pradesh
• Dahiya = chattisgarh
• Khil = himalayas
• Warle = RJ
PremrajChavanAGRI
• Caingin = Phillipines
• Humah = Java
• Chena = Sri lanka
• Milpa = africa, america
• Taungya = Burma
• Roca = Brazil
• Masole= Zaire
CAPF exam 20 dec 2020

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Terrace farming
• It is practiced on the slopes
of Himalayas and the hills of
the peninsular region
• Terrace is carved out of the
hill slopes in order to
conserve soil and water to
grow crops
• It is being adopted in the
north-eastern states of India
by the farmers who
practiced shifting agriculture

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Mixed farming
• It is one in which crop
production is combined with
the rearing of livestock
• The livestock enterprises are
complementary to crop
production so as to provide a
balance and productive system
of farming
• In this farming at least 10% of
its gross income must be
contributed by livestock
activity
• This limit in India is 45%
• Cows and buffaloes are reared
with crop production

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Organic farming
• It includes cultivation of plants
without the use of any artificial or
synthetic chemical input (fertilizers,
pesticides, antibiotics, food additives
etc.), GM food, irradiation and bio
solids
• It relies on ecological processes ,
biodiversity and biological cycles
adapted to local conditions, rather
than the use of synthetic inputs with
adverse effects
• Its classification covers farming
systems like pure organic farming &
integrated green revolution farming

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Organic farming
• It combines the traditions,
innovations for the benefits of Eg - To fix nitrogen again in soil

the people and the

environment
• It works at grass root level
preserving the reproductive &
regenerative capacity of soil,
good plant nutrition and sound
soil management.
• Domestic forms of organic
agriculture includes
Panchakavya, Agni hotra , Reshi
kheti, Jaivik krishi and Vedic
krishi.
• Sikkim is the first 100% organic
state of India (18 Jan 2016)
PremrajChavanAGRI
 GREEN MANURING CROPS
• Sunhemp (crotolarea juncea)
• Dhaincha (sesbania bispinosa)
• Berseem (trifolium alexandrium)
• Lucerne (medicago sativa)
• Glyricidia
• Fava beans

PremrajChavanAGRI
 BIOFERTILIZERS Imp

• Rhizobium = for leguminous crops like peas,

beans, berseem chickpea,soybean
• Azetobacter = for cereals like jowar, wheat, bajra,
maize, rice
• Acetobacter = sugarcane
• Azospirillum = maize, wheat, jowar, rice
• Azolla = rice (variety azolla pinnata is widely used
in India)
PremrajChavanAGRI
PremrajChavanAGRI
 Vermicompost
• Earthworm species used =
• Eisenia foetida (widely used)
• Udrelis ugeni
• Perianix excavetes
• Lampito maruti
• Dicogaster bolivi
• Dravida vilsi

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Cropping Pattern
• Crop pattern has been defined as the proportion of area
under different crops at a particular period of time
• A change in cropping pattern means a change in the
proportion of area under different crops.
• Cropping systems of a region are decided by a number of
soil and climatic parameters which determine overall
agro-ecological setting for nourishment &
appropriateness of a crop or set of crops for cultivation.

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Types of Cropping Pattern
• Mono Cropping (Single • Intensive Cropping
cropping) a)Multiple Cropping
a)Mono Culture b)Inter Cropping
b)Sole Cropping • Relay Cropping
• Double Cropping • Alley Cropping
• Rotational • Multistoryed cropping
Cropping/Crop rotation
• Mixed Cropping

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Mono Cropping
• Mono Cropping (Single
cropping) involves
cultivation of a single crop
during the cropping season.
• It is generally undertaken in
those areas where soil and
climatic conditions are most
favourable for the
production of a particular
crop only.
• Example: tea, coffee, etc.
Or rice in coastal areas

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Mono Cropping (Single cropping)
• Mono Culture
Practice of repetitive
growing of only crop
irrespective of its intensity
as rice-rice in Kerela, West
• Sole Cropping
One crop variety grown
alone in pure stand at
normal density.
Only 1 rice crop of same variety

Bengal and Odisha.

Rice of different varieties

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Double Cropping
• Refers to the practice of cultivating two crops in a
year.
• It is practiced in densely populated countries
where soil and climatic conditions favor the
cultivation of two crops during the year.
• Example: Rice.

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Rotational Cropping/Crop rotation
• is the practice of growing a series of dissimilar/
different types of crops in the same area in sequential
seasons.
• Among the advantages of a rotation are the more
effective control of weeds, pests and diseases and the
more economical utilisation of soil fertility.
• For example, leguminous crops like pulses are grown
alternately with wheat, barley or mustard.

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Mixed Cropping
• Refers to the process of
growing two or more crops
together in the same piece of
land.
• It is widely practiced in India
particularly during the kharif
season.
• The two crops are sown
together but harvested at
different times because the
growth period of the plants of
the different crop varies.

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Mixed Cropping
• Early maturing crops are
mixed with groundnut,
cotton or pulses which
mature late.
• The crops are so mixed
that soil nutrients
removed by some are
replaced by others, at
least partly.

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Intensive Cropping
• is the process of growing
a number of crops in the
same piece of land
during the given period
of time.

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Multiple Cropping
• This is a cropping system in which twoMore
orthan
more
2
crops
are grown in succession within a year.
• For the success of this system, the soils must be
cultivated intensively by providing scientific fertilizers,
better seeds and regular water supply through
irrigation.
• Cropping intensity is more than 200 percent when the
farm as a whole is considered.
• It is also called intensive farming.
• Example: Cotton, tobacco, vegetables.
PremrajChavanAGRI
 Intercropping
• This is the process of
growing subsidiary crops
between .two widely
spaced rows of main
crops.
• Example Sugarcane-
Soybean, Moong or Maize
/ Urad
• Land equivalent ratio
(LER) indicates efficient
intercropping practices.
PremrajChavanAGRI
CAPF exam 20 dec 2020

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Relay cropping
• It is the cropping system is
which succeeding crop
(Mixed crop) is sown when
the first crop has reached its
maturity stage
• Generally second crop is
planted after the first crop has
reached its reproductive stage
of growth but before it is
ready for harvest
• e.g. Potato is planted before
the harvesting of Maize and
Radish is sown before
harvesting of potato
PremrajChavanAGRI
 Alley cropping
• The system of growing
Jawar, Maize, Bajara for any
other arable crop in the
Allelys (passage between
two rose) of leguminous
shrubs is Alley cropping.
• E.g. growing of Jawar,
Maize, Bajara in between
rose of Soobabul

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Multilayer crops

Multistoreyed cropping
• In this crops with different
heights & vertical layers of
leaf canopies, sunlight
requirement and root
system are growing
together on the same field.
• e.g. growing of Pineapple,
Sweet Potato in Coconut

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Major Cropping Patterns in India
• Rice-Rice • Maize-Wheat
• Rice-Mustard • Sorghum-Wheat
• Rice-Groundnut • Sugarcane- Wheat
• Rice-Pulse • Cotton-Wheat
• Rice-Wheat

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Rice-Rice
• Rice-rice is the most practiced cropping system in
irrigated lands.
• It is mainly practiced in humid and coastal ecosystems of
Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and
Kerala.
• It is spread over an area of approximately six million
hectares.
• It is practiced particularly in soils which have high water
holding capacity and low rate of infiltration.

PremrajChavanAGRI
Punjab, harayana, Northern rajastan, western delhi
up , up bihar boundary

Rice-Mustard
• In general, with a medium or short duration high
yielding rice variety, a successful mustard crop is
grown in northern parts of the country.
• The mustard crop remains in field up to March and
hereafter summer season can be best utilized by
another crop to increase the productivity of the
system

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Rice-Groundnut
• This cropping pattern is being followed by the farmers of
Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
• After harvesting of rice crop, groundnut is grown in
summer
• Groundnut is basically a Kharif crop grown under rainfed
environment. However, the productivity of Rabi/Summer
groundnut is almost double of the yield obtained in Kharif
season.

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Rice-Pulse
• It-is a dominant cropping pattern in Chhattisgarh, Odisha
and parts of Bihar.
• It is practiced in areas where, there is water scarcity to
take up cereal crops. Other than rice in summer, the short
duration pulse crops are being raised.

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Rice-Wheat
• This cropping pattern is dominant in northern parts of
the country, in states of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana,
Bihar, West Bengal, and Madhya Pradesh.:
• The region has significant influence of monsoon having
average annual rainfall of about 130 cm.
• This region is agriculturally less diversified.
• Both the crops are highly land exhaustible.

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Maize-Wheat
• This crop rotation is practiced in northern-hills of the
country along with Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Bihar. MH
• Most of the areas under maize-wheat system is in rainfed
conditions.
• Uncertainty of rainfall acts as a major deterrent to farmers
to adopt intensive input use, leading to deterioration of soil
health and depletion of major plant nutrients from soil.

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Sorghum-Wheat
• It is one of the most prevalent cropping patterns western
part of the country.
• It includes areas of eastern parts of Rajasthan, Western
and central parts of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Southern Gujarat, Northern Karnataka and Telangana
region.
• Sorghum is the most important source of fodder for cattle
in their areas.

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Sugarcane- Wheat
• This system is most prevalent in north India in the states
of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana and Bihar. MH
• It is also practiced in some parts of Assam, Maharashtra
and Karnataka. Nashik to kolhapur

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Cotton-Wheat
• Cotton-Wheat cropping system has become dominant in
north.
• Cotton is widely grown in alluvial soils of north India in
the states of Punjab, Haryana Rajasthan and Western
Uttar Pradesh and Black soils of central India in the states
of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka &
Maharshtra
.

PremrajChavanAGRI
 India – world agriculture comparison
Title India India’s share India’s rank in World’s leading
in world world country
Area 329 Mha. 2.4% 7 Russia
Wheat 92 MT. 12.3% 2 China
Rice 164 MT. 21.7% 2 China
Pulses 18 MT. 21.8% 1
Sugar Cane 349 MT. 18.7% 2 Brazil
Cotton 6.1MT. 24.4% 2 China
Jute 1.9 MT. 57.3% 1
Tea 1.3 MT. 21.1% 2 China
Coffee 0.4 MT. 3.7% 7 Brazil
Cows 186 million 12.5% 2 Brazil
Buffaloes 113 Million 56.5% 1
Milk production 146.31BT. 18.2% 1
Egg production 3835 BT. 5.6% 3 China
Meat Productions 7 BT 2.2%
PremrajChavanAGRI 6 China
 Rice wheat pulses

India – world agriculture comparison

• India ranks 1st in ………. • India ranks 2nd in …….…
Production Production
a)Wheat
a)No. of Buffaloes b)Rice
b) Mango c)Sugarcane
c) Banana d)Cotton
d) Grapes e)Tea
e) Foodgrains exports f)No. of cows
f) Pulses g)Total agril production
g) jute h)Fruits
h)Milk production i)vegetables

PremrajChavanAGRI
 India–Agricultural production (2018-19) Vry imp

Group Crop Highest producing Production in India’s production

state that state (MT) (MT)
Rice West Bengal 25.8 112.9
Wheat Uttar Pradesh 33.7 99.7
Food Maize karnataka 30.3 28.7
Grains Coarse Grains Rajasthan 19.4 46.9
Pulses Madhya Pradesh 8.4 25.2
Total Uttar Pradesh 22.3 284.8
Groundnut Gujarat 2.2 9.2
Mustard Rajasthan 2.9 6.3
Oil seeds Soybean Madhya Pradesh 6.4 10.9
Sunflower Karnataka 0.2 0.2
Total Madhya Pradesh 7.7 31.3
Other cash Sugarcane Uttar Pradesh 138.5 376.9
crops Cotton Gujarat 11.1 MB 35.5
Jute West Bengal
PremrajChavanAGRI 8.9 MB 11.4
No Crop toppers’ 1-2-3
1 Rice W.B.-PB-UP
2 Wheat UP-PB-MP
3 Maize KN-MH-MP
4 Millets RJ-KN-MH
5 Pulses MP-RJ-MH Vry
imp
6 Total foodgrains UP-MP-PB
7 Groundnut GJ-RJ-ANDHRA
8 Soybean MP-MH-RJ
9 Sunflower KN-BH-OD
10 Total oilseeds MP-RJ-GJ
11 Sugarcane UP-MH-KN
12 Cotton GJ-MH-TELANGANA
13 Jute WB-BH-ASSAM
PremrajChavanAGRI
 India - Maharashtra comparison
Don't learn this
Group Crop India’s production Maharashtra’s Maharashtra’s
(MT) production (MT) rank
Rice 104.8 2.93 14
Wheat 88.9 1.24 8
Food Grains Maize 23.7 2.20 3
Coarse Grains 41.7 4.72 3
Pulses 17.2 1.95 2
Total 252.7 10.33 10
Groundnut 6.6 0.25 5
Mustard 6.3 -- --
Oil seeds Soybean 10.5 2.49 2
Sunflower 0.4 0.03 3
Total 26.7 2.83 4
Other cash Sugarcane 359.3 81.87 2
crops Cotton 35.5 35.48 2
Jute 11.4
PremrajChavanAGRI -- --
 India – Foodgrain production
Sr. State Production Yield / ha.
No. (‘000 tons)

1 Uttar Pradesh 4247 2117

2 Madhya Pradesh 2746 4144

3 Punjab 2549 1719

4 Rajasthan 1975 1535

5 West bengal 1744 2653

10 Maharashtra 1033 1043

*** INDIA 25268 2070

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Maharashtra–Agricultural
Very imp
production
Group Crop Highest producing Production in Maharashtra’s
District that District production
(Metric Tons) (Metric Tons)
Rice Bhandara 3,74,400 31,20,000
Wheat Nagpur 1,17,200 16,02,000
Food Grains Maize Pune 41,400 --
Jawar Solapur 2,30,,400 24,82,000
Bajara Nashik 1,24,800 7,88,000
Total Nashik 8,10,400 1,14,04,000
Groundnut Kolhapur 69,300 3,93,000
Soyaben Latur 6,25,400 42,73,000
Oil seeds Sunflower Solapur 33,600 --
Sesamum Hingoli 10,500 --
Total Latur 6,54,000 48,12,000
Other cash Sugarcane Solapur 1,25,03,600 7,69,01,000
crops Cotton Jalgaon 9,81,400 Bales 88,34,000 Bales
PremrajChavanAGRI
PremrajChavanAGRI
 Rice
Cotton Wheat

Bajari

Maize
Soyabeen

Sunflower
Sugarcane
Jowar

PremrajChavanAGRI
PremrajChavanAGRI
PremrajChavanAGRI
 Cropping seasons in India
Kharif Crops:
• These crops, require much water
and a long hot weather, for their
growth.
• These are sown (in June or early
July) with the commencement of
south-west monsoon and are
harvested by the end of monsoon
or autumn (September/October)
PremrajChavanAGRI
• Examples :
a) Cereals = Rice, Maize, Kharif
Sorghum, Bajra Except wheat
b) Pulses = Pigeon Pea, Moong,
Urad bean, Horse bean, Cow
Pea
c) Oil Seed = Groundnut,
Sesamum, Soyban, Castor,
Niger
d) Fiber Crops = Cotton, Jute,
Sunhemp, Dhaincha,
e) Forage Crops = Sorghum, Bajra,
Maize, Cow Pea
f) Tuber crops = potato
 Cropping seasons in India
Rabi Crops:
These crops, grown in
winter, require relatively
cool climate during growth
and warm climate during
germination of their seeds
and maturation.
Therefore sowing is done in
November and crops are
harvested in April-May.
• Examples :
a) Cereals = Wheat, Rabi
Sorghum, Barley
b) Pulses = Chick Pea, Lentil,
Pea,
c) Oil Seed = Sunflower,
Safflower, Rape seed,
Mustard, Linseed
d) Sugar Crops = Sugarcane,
Sugar beet,
e) Forage Crops = Lucerne,
Berseem, Maize

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Cropping seasons in India
Zaid Crops: Examples :
• Besides these two a) Urad,
dominant crops, a brief b) Moong
cropping season has been c) Melons
lately introduced in India
mainly in irrigated areas d) Water Melons
where early-maturing e) Cucumber
crops, called zaid crops, f) Tuber vegetables etc.
• They are grown between
Potato

February and June.

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Categories of Indian Crops
Food Crops : Pulses :
a) Rice a) Chick Pea
b) Wheat b) Tur
c) Maize c) Moong
d) Jawar d) Urad Bean
e) Millets e) Lentil
f) Bajara f) Pea
g) French Bean

Plantation Crops : Cash Crops :

a) Tea a) Cotton
b) Coffee b) Jute
c) Spices c) Sugarcane
d) Rubber d) Tobacco
e) Coconut e) Turmeric
PremrajChavanAGRI f) Silk
 Categories of Indian Crops
Oil Seed Crops : Horticultural Crops :
a) Groundnut a) Apple
b) Sesamum b) Mango
c) Soybean c) Banana
d) Castor d) Grapes
e) Niger e) Citrus
f) Sunflower f) Guava
g) Safflower g) Custard Apple
h) Mustard h) Papaya
i) Linseed i) All fruits

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Categories of Indian Crops Imp

Short day plant (Required nights of Long day plant (Required nights of less
more than 12 hrs.) than 12 hrs.)
• Cotton • Wheat
• Rice • Sugar beet
• Sugarcane • Pea
• Tobacco • Cabbage
• Coffee • Spinach
• Soybean • Radish
• Canabis sativa
• sorghum • SDP,LDP,DNP are categorised
Day neutral plants (no specific photo according to varying lengths of day &
period) night
• Maize
• Potato
• Cucumber
• Chilly
• mustard
PremrajChavanAGRI
 C3 & C4 plants
• C3 plants- • C4 plants –
• Uses c3 cycle / calvin cycle • Uses c4 cycle or hatch slack
for dark reaction of pathway for the dark
photosynthesis reaction of photosynthesis
• E.g. Very imp
• E.g. Very imp • Maize, sugarcane, sorghum,
• Wheat , rye, oat, amaranthus, pineapple
cotton,sunflower,
tobacco,groundnut, tomato,
pea, sugarbeet, orchard
grass

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Max questions on this topic

Major Indian Crops

• Rice • Cotton
• Wheat • Sugarcane
• Maize • Tobacco
• Jawar • Jute
• Bajara • Tea
• Groundnut • Coffee
• Tur • Rubber
• Chickpea • Mango
• Soyaben • Coconut
• Sunflower

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Rice (Oryza sativa)
a) Origin = South East Asia
b) Highest Concentrated in North
East & Southern part of
countries
c) Mainly tropical crop with
average temperature between
20-37.50C
d) Annual rainfall 150 cm (more
than 80 cm)
e) Requires deep fertile clayey or
loamy soil Water do not go down
f) Winter Crop Sown crop June –
Aug. & Harvested in Nov. – Jan.
g) Rice Research stations are
situated at Khopoli, Karjat,
Ratnagiri, Vadgaon Maval in
Maharashtra
PremrajChavanAGRI
 Rice (Oryza sativa)
• Locally called Aman, Sali or Varieties : Philippines manilla
Agahani a) International = IR-8, IR-5,
• The autumn crop is called as aus or IR-20, IR-22, Taichung native, tinan
kar b) National = Sabarmatim, Bala, Ratna,
• Summer crop called as Boro or Jaya , Krishna, Kavery, samba masuri
Dalua (low glysemic content) Sugar content

• Aman or Agahani rice contribute c) Maharashtra =

62% of India’ total rice production i. Early = Karjat
• India ranks 2nd in world in Rice ii. Midlate = Phule maval,
production Samruddhi,
• Yield = 2329 kg / ha. iii. Late = Masury
• Production of rice in eastern coast iv. Scented = Basmati, Indrayani,
is more than western coast Sugandha
v. Hybrid = Sahyadri
PremrajChavanAGRI
 Rice (Oryza sativa)
Production - INDIA Production - MAHARASHTRA

Sr. State Production Sr. District Production

No. (MT) No. (Tons)

1 West Bengal 14.71 1 Bhandara 3744

2 Uttar Pradesh 12.22 2 Thane & Palghar 3660

3 Andhra Pradesh 11.57
3 Gondia 3558
14 Maharashtra 2.93
*** Maharashtra 2.93 MT
*** INDIA 104.80

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Eastern coast >
western coast

PremrajChavanAGRI
PremrajChavanAGRI
 Wheat (Triticum aestivum)
• Origin = Hindukush
mountain of North West
India and South West
Afghan
• India ranks 2nd in world in
wheat production
• Winter crop grown in rabi
season
• Temperature 10-150C rainfall
5-15 cm 50 - 150 cm
• Light loamy, Sandy, Clay
loam, Soil useful

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Wheat (Triticum aestivum)
• Average yield = 3056 kg /
ha.
• Punjab has highest / ha.
Yield (4507 kg / ha.)
followed by Haryana &
Uttar Pradesh
PremrajChavanAGRI
Varieties :
a) National = Leima, Sonora
– 63, 64, Arjuna, Kalyan
Sona, Sonalika, Heera,
Champaran, Bansi
b) Maharashtra = Trimbak,
Tapovan, Godavari,
Niphad – 34, Panchwati,
Sharad
 Wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Production - INDIA
Sr. No. State Production
(MT)

1 Uttar Pradesh 25.22

2 Punjab MP 15.78
3 Madhya Pradesh Punjab 14.18
8 Maharashtra 1.24
*** INDIA 88.94

PremrajChavanAGRI
PremrajChavanAGRI
PremrajChavanAGRI
 Maize (Zea mays)

• Maize called as
Queen of cereals & king
of forages
• India stands 5th in area
and 11th in world maize
production.
• Average rainfall = 750 mm
• Average temp. = 20-300c

PremrajChavanAGRI
Light loamy sandy soil Maize (Zea mays)
• Used for production of
starch
• Oil extracted can be a fed
stock for bio-diesel
• Alcoholic beverages can
also be prepared
• It is most important forage
crop used for feeding cattles
• Used for producing corns
• Pune is leading producer in
Maharashtra
Varieties :
a) General = Prabhat,
Manjari, Panchganga,
Prakash, Madhuri, Priya
b) Popcorn = Amber, Jawahar
c) Baby corn = HM-4, VL baby
corn
d) Forage = African tall

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Maize (Zea mays)
Production - INDIA
Sr. No. State Production
(MT)

1 Andhra Pradesh Karnataka 4.24

2 Karnataka Ap 3.91
3 Maharashtra 2.20
*** INDIA 23.67

PremrajChavanAGRI
PremrajChavanAGRI
 Jawar (Sorghum bicolor)
• It is indigenous to Africa
• It is a tropical crop
• Temp. = 27-320C
• Rainfall = 30-65 cm
• It is popular crop of dry
farming regions More water holding capacity

• Black clayey loam soils of

Peninsular India are based
suitable can be cultivated in
both kharif and rabi
seasons

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Jawar (Sorghum bicolor)
• It can also be used for
alcohol production
• It can also be used for
preparing hurada,
murmura, papad
• Yield = 913 kg / ha.
• Maharashtra is leading
producer in India
• Solapur is leading producer
in Maharashtra
• CSH-1 was the first jowar
hybrid released in 1964
• Varieties :
a) Kharif : Phule Vasundhara,
CSH, Suvarna
b) Rabi :
i. General = Phule –
Suchitra, Mauli, Chitra,
Maldandi-35-1
ii.Hurda = Phule – Uttara,
Madhur
iii.Murmura = Phule
Panchami
iv.Papad = Phule Rohini
 Jawar (Sorghum bicolor)
Production - INDIA
Sr. No. State Production
(MT)

1 Maharashtra 2.1
2 Karnataka 1.3
3 Madhya Pradesh 0.6
*** INDIA 6.10

PremrajChavanAGRI
PremrajChavanAGRI
PremrajChavanAGRI
 Bajara (Pennisetum typhoideum)
• Crop of dry regions
• Temp. = 25-31 0c
• Rainfall = 40-50 cm
• Kharif crop
• Yield = 1065 kg/ ha.
• U.P. has highest yield = 1638 kg
/ ha. Followed by Hariyana
• Nashik is leading producer in
Maharashtra
• Shraddha, Saburi, Shanti,
Adishakti, Dhanshakti are
varieties

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Bajara (Pennisetum typhoideum)
Production - INDIA
Sr. No. State Production
(MT)

1 Rajasthan 4.5
2 Uttar Pradesh 1.6
3 Hariyana 1.1
*** INDIA 9.03

PremrajChavanAGRI
PremrajChavanAGRI
 Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)
• India produces 18% of
world’s production
• Gujarat is leading producing
in India
• It is kharif and summer crop
• Varieties = JL-24 (Phule
pragati) JL-220 (Phule vyas),
Phule Bharati, Unnati
• Kolhapur is leading
producer in Maharashtra

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)
Production - INDIA
Sr. No. State Production
(MT)

1 Gujarat 2.22

2 Andhra Pradesh 1.02

3 Tamil Nadu 0.90

5 Maharashtra 0.25

*** INDIA 6.56

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Tur (Cajanas cajan)
• Maharashtra has highest area
under this crop followed by
Karnataka & Andhra Pradesh
• Maharashtra is leading
producer followed by Madhya
Pradesh & Karnataka
• Yield = 711 kg / ha.
• Amravati is leading producer
in Maharashtra
• Varieties = Vipula, Phule
Rajeshwari
• Tur research station is at
badnapur
Jalna

PremrajChavanAGRI
PremrajChavanAGRI
 Chick Pea (Cicer arietinum)
• Madhya Pradesh has
highest area as well as
production followed by
Maharashtra and Andhra
Pradesh
• Yield = 915 kg / ha.
• Hingoli is the leading
district in Maharashtra
• Varieties = Vijay, Vishal,
Digvijay, Virat, Vihar
PremrajChavanAGRI
 Soybean (Glycine max)
Kharif crop

• Madhya Pradesh is leading

producer followed by
Maharashtra and Rajasthan
• Yield = 1327 kg / ha.
• Madhya Pradesh has the
highest average yield
• Latur is leading district in
Maharashtra
• Varieties = Phule Kalyani,
Phule Agrani, JS-335
• Widely used in india for
production of edible oil
PremrajChavanAGRI
PremrajChavanAGRI
 Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)
• Karnataka has highest area
and production followed by
Andhra Pradesh and
Maharashtra
• These 3 states accounts for
80% production
• Uttar Pradesh has highest
yield
• solapur is leading district in
Maharashtra
• Varieties = Phule Bhaskar,
Bhnu, Raviraj, Modern

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
• Called as white gold
• 1 bale = 170 kg.
• Fiber crop of tropical and sub tropical
area
• One third of is total area of irrigated
• India is 2nd largest producer after China
• It is grown over 6% of net sown area
• Central institute of cotton research at
Nagpur
• India is original home of cotton
• India is the first country to develop
the hybrid cotton

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
200 frost free days
• Mostly a kharif crop
• Grown as mixed crop with Maize, Varieties :
Jawar, Groundnut, etc. a) American : Phule Yamuna,
• Temp. = 21-300C b) Egyptian : Phule Rakhumai
• Rainfall = 50-75 cm c) Hybrid : Phule Tarang
• Ahmadabad is called as
manchester of India d) Traditional : Konlila
• Ichalkaranji is called manchester e) BT Cotton = Ajit, Tulsi, Jadu,
of Maharashtra Kashinath, Super Fiber, Varun,
• Textile industry is the largest Durga, Mallika, Lakshmi
industry in India
• Modern textile mill 1st in india in
1854 at Mumbai by C.N.Dawar
• 7th oct 2019 – first world cotton
day

PremrajChavanAGRI
PremrajChavanAGRI
 Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
Production - INDIA
Sr. No. State Production
(MT)
1 Gujarat 11.09
2 Maharashtra 7.02
3 Andhra Pradesh 6.64
*** INDIA 35.48

PremrajChavanAGRI
Irrigated cotton

PremrajChavanAGRI
PremrajChavanAGRI
 Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)
• Is the most important of
cash crop of country.
Accounting for 2% of total
crop area but over 7% of
total value of agriculture
production
• India is 2nd largest producer
of sugarcane
• India is largest consumer of
sugar
• Sugar industry is 2nd largest
in India 1st - textile

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)

• Sugarcane research institute

is situated at Coimbtrore
• Regional research station of
sugarcane is at Padegaon
(Maharashtra)
• 1st sugar factory in
Maharashtra was establish
at Belapur (Nagar) in 1920
• Asia’s 1st cooperative sugar
factory was establish at Loni
Pravara in 1950
PremrajChavanAGRI
 Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)
• It is a tropical plant Varieties :
• Temp. = 20-260c • Co-86032 (Nira)
• Rainfall = 150 cm with long • Co 94012 (Phule Savitri)
rainy season • VSI-08005 (co-0310 m & co
• Yield = 70.17 tones / ha. 86011 f )
• Vasantdada sugar institute is • Phule 265
situated at Pune • VSI (Sharad 1)
• Saccharum officinarum is • Mahalaxmi (for Jaggery)
also called as noble cane.
• Approx. 10% o weight of
sugarcane can be converted
into sugar.

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)

Production - INDIA

Sr. No. State Production

(MT)
1 Uttar Pradesh 138.48
2 Maharashtra 81.87
3 Karnataka 41.90
*** INDIA 359.33
PremrajChavanAGRI
PremrajChavanAGRI
PremrajChavanAGRI
 Tobacco (Nicotiana spp)

• India is 2nd largest tobacco

producer
• Temp. = 15-380 c
• Temp. required for seed
germination is 18-220c
• Rainfall = 50 cm, well
distributed
• Yield = 1559 kg / ha.
• Uttar Pradesh has
maximum yield

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Tobacco (Nicotiana spp)
• In India 2 main varieties are
grown
a) Nicotiana tobacco provides
about 90% production and
occupies 10% area.
It is mainly grown for Cigarette,
Cigar, Cheroot, bidi
b) Nicotiana rustica covers 90%
area and 10% production
Used for Hookah, Chewing
PremrajChavanAGRI
• Areas of production :
a) Bidi tobacco = Gujarat,
Karnataka, Maharashtra,
Andhra Pradesh
b) Hookah = Uttar Pradesh,
West Bengal, Gujarat, Odisha,
Bihar
c) Chewing tobacco = Bihar,
West Bengal, Odisha, Tamil
Nadu, Maharashtra
d) Snuff tobacco = Tamilnadu,
Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Uttar
Pradesh, Gujarat
 Tobacco (Nicotiana spp)
Production - INDIA
Sr. No. State Production
(MT)

1 Andhra Pradesh 276

2 Gujarat 240
3 Karnataka 90
7 Maharashtra 2
*** INDIA 735.04

PremrajChavanAGRI
PremrajChavanAGRI
 Jute (Corchorus capsularis)
• India accounts for 66% of
world Jute production
• India stands 2nd in world
Jute production
• Largest area & production is
in West Bengal (80%)
• Highest yield in West Bengal
& Assam
• Indian government has
started Jute technology
mission in 2006
• Indian government has
established Jute
corporation in 1971
PremrajChavanAGRI
 Jute (Corchorus capsularis)
• It is a tropical crop require in
hot and humid climate
• Yields are generally higher if
sown in winter
• Temp. = 24-350c
• Rainfall = 125-200 cm
• Yield = 2349 kg / ha.
• Govt. in 2019 made it
compulsory to use jute bags
for 100% food grains packaging
& 20% for sugar packaging
• Sonali an alternative to plastic
made from jute by Bangladesh

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Jute ICARE
• With this innovative
concept government of
India is trying to reach
upto 1 lakh jute producing
farmers for advanced jute
production techniques.
• Government has started a
‘ Jute design cell ‘ at
Gandhinagar , gujrat.
• Jute SMART is a E-
government digital
platform for purchasing
the jute bags.

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Jute (Corchorus capsularis)
Production - INDIA
Sr. No. State Production
(MT)

1 West Bengal 8.92

2 Bihar 1.50
3 Assam 0.80
*** INDIA 11.45

PremrajChavanAGRI
PremrajChavanAGRI
 Tea (Camellia thea)
• India is 2nd largest producer of
Tea
• India is largest consumer of
tea
• It a labour intensive tropical &
subtropical crop
• Women constitute 50% of total
workforce
• Tea research association is at
Tocklai (Assam)
• Tea cultivation sector is
opened for FDI via 100% govt.
route

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Tea (Camellia thea)
• Temp. = 24-300c
• Shade loving plants grown
faster under light shade
• Rainfall = 150-250 cm
distributed throughout
the year
• Varieties = Bohea
(Chinese) and Assamica
• Yield = 1700 kg / ha.

PremrajChavanAGRI
• most popular brands in
the world are –
• 1) small leaved china tea
• 2) large leaved Assam tea
• 3) intermediate size
combodian tea
• Recently darjeeling green
tea and white tea were
accorded with GI tags
• India ranks
• 1st – tea consumption
• 2nd – tea production
• 4th – tea export

PremrajChavanAGRI
PremrajChavanAGRI
 Coffee (Coffea spp)

• Indigenous to Ethopia
• Temp. = 16-280c
• Rainfall = 150-250 cm
• Well drained friable loam
along hill slops (600-1500 m.
height)
• India is 7th largest producer
in Coffee
• 99% of the total production
comes from Karnataka,
Kerala, Tamilnadu

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Coffee (Coffea spp)

• Main varieties are Coffee

arabica and Coffee
robusta
• Arabica is more popular
occupying 60% area
• Its main varieties are
Coorgs, Chicks, Kents,
Bourbon, Blue mountain
• Robusta occupy 60% area
& gives higher yields

PremrajChavanAGRI
PremrajChavanAGRI
 Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis)
• India is 4th largest natural
rubber producer next to
Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia
• Requires hot & humid
climates
• Temp. = 25-350c
• Rainfall = 300 cm
• Yield = 630-1891 kg/ ha.
• Kerala rank 1st in / ha. Yield
(1891 kg)
• Kerala has monopoly in the
rubber production (90%)
PremrajChavanAGRI
 IMPORTANT DISEASES OF SOME CROPS
Very imp

CROP DISEASE
JOWAR ERGOT, GRAIN MOULD, SMUT
BAJRA Downy mildew,ergot Tambera

MAIZE Leaf blight

RICE Blast,tungro
WHEAT Rust,
RED GRAM Wilt,root rot
GROUNDNUT Tikka,
SOYBEAN Collar rot,bud necrosis
SUNFLOWER Bud necrosis
SUGARCANE Red rot, grassy shoot
COTTON Dahiya,wilt, anthracnose, lalya
PremrajChavanAGRI
Jowar ergot

PremrajChavanAGRI
Bajra downy mildew bajra ergot

PremrajChavanAGRI
Maize leaf blight rice blast

PremrajChavanAGRI
Wheat rust

PremrajChavanAGRI
Gram wilt gram root rot

PremrajChavanAGRI
Soybean collar rot bud nerosis

PremrajChavanAGRI
Sunflower bud necrosis grassy shoot

PremrajChavanAGRI
Cotton wilt lalya

PremrajChavanAGRI
Groundnut tikka

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Spices
• India is the 2nd largest
producer of pepper
• India is the largest producer of
ginger, cardamom, areca nut
• India is the 3rd largest
producer next to Philippines
and Indonesia Total spices
• Kerala leads the production of
pepper cardamom, Ginger,
areca nut and coconut
• Indian domestic market of
spices cost nearly Rs. 40000
crores.
PremrajChavanAGRI
In MH - sangli - for turmeric
• Andhra Pradesh is largest
producer of chilies and
turmeric
• India is the largest producer,
processor, consumer and
exporter of cashew nut in the
world
• Kerala, Tamilnadu, Karnataka
and Andhra Pradesh are the
first four leading state in
coconut production.
• India has exported spices
costing nearly Rs. 3 billion
Dollers
PremrajChavanAGRI
 See from atlas

HW

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Horticulture Crops
• India is the 2nd largest producer of fruits and vegetables After china
• India leads the world in production of mango, banana,
sapota and acid lime and has recorded highest productivity in
grape
• Mango, citrus and banana rank first, second and third
respectively in area in India
• Mango covers about 39% of area and accounts for 23% of
total production in India
• Banana ranks first in fruits production followed by Mango
• India is next only to China in area and production of
vegetables contributing 13% of world production

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Horticulture Crops Very imp

• India occupies first rank, second rank, and third rank in the
production of cauliflower, onion & cabbage respectively
• Saffron mission has been launched in J & K to boost the
production of saffron with an allocation of Rs. 50 crore during
2011-12 Karewa

• National horticulture mission was started in 10th five year plan

during 2005-06 with centre state share of 85:15
• Mission crop integrated development of horticulture was started
by merging NHM & NBM in 2014-15 National bamboo mission
• national horticultural board (NHB) was set up by govt. of India in
the year 1984
• Maharashtra board of horticulture and medicinal plant was
establish in 2005
• Fruits and vegetables are called as protective foods

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Imp

Important varieties of some fruit crops

Also of rice

• Mango = • Custard apple = balanagar,

keshar,ratna,hapus,Sindhupaya
ri,vanraj,suvarna, phule
abhiruchi (pickles)
• Banana = dwarf Coffee tobacco
Cavendish,basrai,robusta, lal
velci, safed velchi, shreemanti,
red banana
• Grapes = Thompson
seedless,sharad seedless,
ganesh, sonaka, manik
chaman, red globe
• Pomegranate = ganesh,
bhagwa,phule anardana,alandi
mehaboobnagar, Washington,
phulr purandar
• Fig = poona fig, dinkar, phule
rajewadi
• Guava = sardar
• Chikku = kalipatti, cricketball
• coconut = banwali,west coast
tall, pratap
• Strawberry= sweet charley,
camroza, selva, chandler
• Papaya = Washington,pusa
nanha, pusa giant

PremrajChavanAGRI
Horticulture Crops

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Horticulture-Maharashtra Imp

Sr.No. Fruits Area (ha.) Production (Ton)

1 Banana Jalgaon Jalgaon
2 Mango Ratnagiri Jalana
3 Grapes Nashik Sangli
GI tag

4 Pomegranate Solapur Nashik

5 Citrus Amravati Washim
6 Mosambi Jalana Jalana
7 Lemon Solapur Ahmednagar
8 Guava Nashik Ahmednagar
9 Papaya Solapur Washim
*** All fruits Nashik
PremrajChavanAGRI Jalgaon
 Important agricultural institutions
Sr. No. Name of Institute Head quarter
1 National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management Malegaon Tal - baramati
dist -pune
2 Central Rice Research Institutes Cuttack Odisha

3 Indian Institute of Pulses Research Kanpur

4 Indian Institute of Tobacco Research Rajahmundry Telangana

5 G. B. Pant Agricultural University (1st in India) Pant Nagar

6 Sugarcane breeding Institute Coimbatore TN

7 Central Institute of Cotton Research Nagpur

8 Central Research Institute of Jute Barrackpore WB

9 Indian Institute of Spices Research Calicut

10 Central Institute of dry Land Agricultural Research Hyderabad
11 Central Institute of Marine Fishery Research Kochi
12 Central Institute of Inland Fishery Research Barrackpore
PremrajChavanAGRI
 Important agricultural institutions
sr.no Institution Head quarter
13 Central soil salinity research institute Karnal Harayana
14 Indian agricultural statistics research institute New delhi
15 Indian institute of horticultural research bengalore
16 Indian institute of soil sciences Bhopal
17 Indian institute of vegetable research Varanasi
18 National institute of research on jute Kolkata
19 National inst.of agril. economics and policy research New delhi
20 Central institute for women in agriculture Bhubaneshwar
21 National organic farming research institute Sikkim
22 International crop research inst. For semiarid tropics Hyderabad
23 International food policy research institute Washington DC
24 International institute for tropical agriculture Ibadan ,nigeria
25 International water management institute colombo
26 Food and agricultural organisation
PremrajChavanAGRI Rome
 National Research Centre
Sr. No. Name of Institute Head quarter

1 NRC, Citrus Nagpur

2 NRC, Grapes Pune

3 NRC, Spices Ajmer

4 NRC, Pomegranate Solapur

5 NRC, Meat Hyderabad

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Directorates Of
Sr. No. Directorate of Head quarter

1 Maize Research New Delhi

2 Rice Research Hyderabad
3 Wheat Research Karnal
4 Oil Seed Research Hyderabad
5 Sorghum Research Hyderabad
6 Groundnut Research Juna Garh
7 Onion Garlic Research Pune
8 Mushroom Research Solan

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Very very imp
Agricultural Universities in Maharashtra
Sr. Agricultural University Establishme Vice Chancellor Main Research
No. nt
1 Mahatma Phule Krushi 1968 Dr. K. P. Sugar,
Vidyapeeth, Rahuri Vishwanatha Sorghum
2 Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh 1969 Dr. R. G. Dani Cotton, Wheat
Krushi Vidyapeeth, Akola
3 Vasantrao Naik Longest CM 1972 Dr. B. Wheat,
of MH
Marathwada Krushi Venkapushwarul Sorghum
Vidyapeeth, Parbhani u
4 Dr. Balasaheb Sawant 1972 Dr. A. Tapas Horticulture
Konkan Krushi Bhattacharya
Vidyapeeth, Dapoli
5 Maharashtra Animal & 2000 Dr. A. K. Mishra Animal & Fish
Fishery Science
University, Nagpur
PremrajChavanAGRI
 First Green Revolution
• It is said to be started in 1965 • It focused on
• To face the problem of food scar a) High yielding varieties
cities India had imported a large b) Use of chemical fertilizers Had adverse
quantity of 18000 tons Mexican c) Irrigations affects
dwarf wheat (Lermarojo 64 A
and Sonora 64) varieties d) Chemical pesticides
• India become self sufficient in e) Storage, Marketing &
food production in 1980’s Distribution
Indian council for agriculture research
f) To reduce in decrease of
• with the key efforts of ICAR in agricultural production and
first green revolution in the fields productivity
of research and technological g) To meet need of food grain of
development, the foodgrain growing population
production in India has increased h) To meet growing need of raw
5 times between 1951-2014 material needed for
industrialisation

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Varieties selected for first green
revolution
• Wheat • Rice

• 1) sonoro 64 • ADT 27
• 2) lerma rojo 64 A • Mahsuri
• 3) lerma rojo 64 • IR-8
• 4)kalyan sona • IR-36
• 5) P.V. 18 • IR-72
• JAYA

PremrajChavanAGRI
HIGH YIELDING VARIETIES PROGRAMME
(1966)

• Motive was to develop high yielding varieties of

cereals such as rice,wheat,jowar,bajra,maize.
• It has a major role in the success of first green
revolution
• It was confined only to above 5 major cereals.

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Second Green Revolution
• It is said to be started after Focus on
2004
a) Rainbow revolution
• Due to excessive use of
chemical fertilizers and b) Organic fertilizers
irrigation in 1st green
c) Food safety & security
revolution the land has
tended to become infertile d) GM crops Genetically modified

• It resulted into the e) Efficient irrigation

degradation of environment
and caused harmful effects f) Green agriculture
on human

PremrajChavanAGRI
 National agriculture policy 2000
• Declared on 28th july 2000
• It aimed at fighting the
• >> international crisis due to liberalistion,
• >> to make India self sufficient in foodgrain
production to increase agricultural export.

PremrajChavanAGRI
 National agriculture policy 2000
• Important points-
• 1) to maintain agricultural growth rate at 4% in
upcoming 2 decades.
• 2) unification of land holdings
• 3) Provide crop insurance to farmers
• 4) enhance land reforms to provide lands to poor
• 5) to attract private investment in field of agriculture
• 6) food and nutritional security
• 7) technological,environmental,economical &
sustainable development
PremrajChavanAGRI
 National farmers policy, 2007
• Aims of national farmers policy –
• 1) to increase the net income of farmers
• 2) conservation of land,water,biodiversity,genetic
sources for production-profit-stability
• 3) quantitative increase in seeds,
irrigation,power,machinary,fertilisers and loan
availability
• 4) to implement the price and trade policy to
increase the farmers income
• 5) to develop the social security system for farmers

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Revolutions
1) Blue = Fish production 8) Round = Potato
2) Brown = Cocoa 9) Silver Fiber = Cotton
production
3) Golden Fiber = Jute 10) Silver = Egg & Poultry
production 11) White = Milk
4) Golden = Horticulture & 12) Yellow = Oil seed
Honey(bee keeping)
5) Grey = Fertilizers 13) Ever Green = over all
agriculture
6) Pink = Onion & Prawn
7) Red = Meat & Tomato
Black revolution- petroleum
PremrajChavanAGRI
 No man made inputs

Sustainable Agriculture
Particular Sustainable Agriculture Modern Agriculture
Plant nutrients Farmyard manure, Green Chemical fertilizers
manure, crop rotation, bio
fertilizers
Pest control Cultural method, Crop Toxic chemicals
rotation, Biological methods
Inputs Renewable and High productivity & low
biodegradable diverse chemicals
Ecology Stable Fragile
Quality of foods Safe Toxic residue
materials

PremrajChavanAGRI
 COMPONENTS OF SUSTAINABLE
AGRICULTURE

• A) sustainable utilisation of landwater resources

and biodiversity
• B) integrated nutrient management
• C) integrated plant protection
• D) enhancing sustainability of dry land and
irrigated agriculture

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Livestock - India
• The livestock sector is one
of the important sector in
Indian economy as well as in
Indian Agriculture
• It contributes 4.11% to
India’s total GDP
• The total livestock
population of India was
recorded to be 535.78
millions in 20th livestock
census 2019
• It was 4.6 % increase in
livestock population than
previous census
PremrajChavanAGRI
 Livestock - India
• Around world about 20.5 million people depend
upon livestock for their livelihood
• It contributed 16% to the income of small farm
households as against an average of 14% for all
rural households
• Livestock provide livelihood to two-third of rural
community
• It provides employement to about 8.8% of indian
population
PremrajChavanAGRI
 LIVESTOCK
• States with highest no. of livestock
1) uttar pradesh
2) rajasthan
3) madhya pradesh
** States with highest no. of poultry animals
1) andhra pradesh
2) tamilnadu
3) maharshtra

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Livestock - India
• Livestock census is
undertaken at an interval of
5 years in India
• India is maintaining 10.71%
of the world’s livestock
• India ranks 1st in milk
production in the world
with per capita availability
of milk 355 gm
• About 80% of milk produced
in the country is in
unorganized sector
PremrajChavanAGRI
 Livestock India
• India having largest livestock population in the world ,
contains 17% of the total livestock population
• compared to other countries , the share of livestock in
countries national income is less.
• India has the largest no, of cattle in the world
• Indian cow is called as tea-cup-cow because of its low
average yield of milk
• about 50 % of worlds total population of buffaloes is in
India
• buffaloes account for about 50% of milk production in India

PremrajChavanAGRI
 20th livestock census
• Published by the ministry fisheries ,livestock every
five year since 1919
• It was carried during october 2018
• Online and digital methodology was first time
used during this census
• It was carried in 6.6 lakh villages and 89 thousand
urban divisions
• It is carried out by central ministry for fisheries ,
livestock & dairy
PremrajChavanAGRI
PremrajChavanAGRI
 20th livestock census Max increase in poultry
Max decrease in pigs

Animals 2019 2012 Increase %

(millions) (millions)
Cattles 192.49 190.90 0.83
Buffalo 109.85 108.70 1.00
Goats 148.88 135.17 10.10
Sheeps 74.26 65.06 14.10
Pigs 9.06 10.29 -12.03
Poultry 851.81 729.2 16.80
Total 535.78 512.6 4.60
PremrajChavanAGRI
 Livestock census – key points
• The livestock population has inceased by 4.6%
• The increase is highest in west bengal (23%) followed by
Telangana (22%)
• The cattle population is increased by 0.8% and recorded
highest in cross breed cattles
• The highest decrease in cows population is recorded in Uttar
Pradesh
• Cross breed cattles contributed 28% of India’s total milk
production
• The number of indigenous cattle breeds is decreased by 6%

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Share of important species
Imp

No animals Share %
1 cattle 35.94
2 Goats 27.80
3 Buffaloes 20.45
4 Sheeps 13.78
5 Pigs 1.69
6 Others 0.23
PremrajChavanAGRI
Share of important species
share

cattles
goats
buffaloes
sheeps
pigs
others

PremrajChavanAGRI
 States with highest livestock
No State Population Increase %
(millions)
1 Uttar pradesh 67.8 -1.35
2 Rajasthan 56.8 -1.66
3 Madhya pradesh 40.6 11.81
4 West bengal 37.4 23.32
5 Bihar 36.5 10.67
7 Maharshtra 33 1.61

PremrajChavanAGRI
 States with highest cattle
No State Population Increase %
(millions)
1 West bengal 19 15.18
2 Uttar pradesh 18.8 -3.93
3 Madhya pradesh 18.7 -4.42
4 Bihar 15.3 25.18
5 maharshtra 13.9 -10.7

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Recent figures
Topper’s
No Category Leading state (in Maharashtra
nos.) stands (..th )
1 Poultry Tamilnadu 5
2 Cattles West bengal 5
3 Buffaloes Uttar pradesh 7
4 Sheeps Telangana 7
5 Goats Rajsthan 6
6 Piggery Assam -
7 Camel Rajsthan -
8 Ponies (horses) Uttar pradesh 6
PremrajChavanAGRI
 Livestock – INDIA - MAHARSHTRA
NO CATEGORY INDIA’S MAHARSHTRA’S
RANK RANK
1 Total livestock 1 7
2 Poultry 7 5
3 Cattles 2 5
4 Buffaloes 1 7
5 Goats 2 6
6 sheeps 3 7
PremrajChavanAGRI
 Milk production in India
Sr. State Production (‘000 tones)
No.
1 Uttar Pradesh 25198
2 Rajasthan 16934
3 Gujarat 11691
4 Madhya Pradesh 10779
5 Maharashtra 9542
*** INDIA 146314

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Important breeds of Animals
Only milk
Milch breeds Buffalo breeds
Gir, Sindhi, Red Sindhi, Murrah, Bhadavari,
Sahiwal, Tharparkar, Deoni Jafrabadi, Surati, Mehsana,
Draught breeds agriculture Nagpuri, Nilirani
Nagori, Malvi, Khillari, Siri, Goat breeds
Amrit Mahal Angora, Pashmina,
Dual purpose breeds Milk + agriculture Jamunapuri, Beetal,
Tharparkar, Hariyana, Marwari
Mewati, Kankrej, Rath, Horses breeds
Nimari, Dangi, Marwari, Kathiyawari,
Manipuri, Bhutani, Spiti

PremrajChavanAGRI
Locality of Indigenous cow breeds
No Breed Locality
1 Gir Kathiawar (gujrat)
2 Sahiwal Punjab, hariana, UP,MP
3 Red sindhi Sindh & karachi
4 Thaparkar Sindh, jaisalmer, jodhpur
5 Hariana Hissar, karnal
6 ogole Ongole Andhra pradesh, guntur
PremrajChavanAGRI
 Locality of exotic cow breeds
No breed Habitat
1 Holstein friesen holland
2 Jersey Jersey island (english
channel)
3 Brown swiss Switzerland
4 Ayrshire Scotland
5 Red dane Denmark
PremrajChavanAGRI
Locality of buffalow breeds
No Breed Habitat
1 Murrah Rohtak, karnal, hissar
2 Jaffrabadi Gir forest, junagarh
3 Bhadwari Agra, gwalior, etawah
4 Surti Anand, baroda
5 Nili ravi Firozpur (punjab)
6 Mehsana Mehsana (gujrat)
7 nagpuri Nagpur , wardha
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gir sindhi

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Sahiwal khillari

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Tharparkar dangi

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Murrah bhadavari

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Surati jafrabadi
Highest milk giving buffalo

PremrajChavanAGRI
Niliravi buffalow

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Angora Pashmina

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 Livestock – Maharashtra
No category Nos. (lakhs) % increase / % with total
decrease livestock
Imp Imp

1 Cattles 139.25 -10.06 42.18

2 Goats 106.04 +25.71 32.12

3 Buffaloes 56.03 +0.16 16.97

4 Sheeps 26.80 +3.88 8.11

5 Piggery 1.61 -50.46 0.49

*** Total livestock 330.13 +1.61 100

*
6 poultry 742.98 -4.49 -
PremrajChavanAGRI
 Milk production in Maharashtra
Sr. District Production (‘000 tones)
No.
1 Ahmednagar 1480.7
2 Pune 1110.4
3 Kolhapur 672.7
4 Satara 564.1
5 Solapur 527.8
*** Maharashtra 9542

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Egg Production in India
• Total Eggs produced in
India during 2014-15 were
78.43 billions
• India ranks 3rd in World
egg production
• Telangana has the highest
egg production followed
by Tamilnadu & Andhra
Pradesh

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Egg production in India
Sr. State Production (billions)
No.
1 Telangana 18.61
2 Tamilnadu 15.9
3 Andhra Pradesh 13.09
4 Maharashtra 5.07
5 West Bengal 4.8
*** India 78.43

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Wool Production in India
Sr. No. State Production
(‘000 KG)
1 Rajasthan 14463

2 Karnataka 8821

3 J&K 8371

4 Andhra Pradesh 5222

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Meat Production in India
Sr. No. State Production
(‘000 tons)
1 Uttar Pradesh 1397

2 West Bengal 657

3 Maharashtra 631

4 Andhra Pradesh 528

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Very imp
Role of livestock in Indian Economy
• India ranks 1st in no. of
buffaloes (56.1%)
• India ranks 2nd in no. of
cows (12.9%)
• India ranks 2nd in no. of
goats
• India ranks 3rd in no. of
sheeps
• India has 15% of world’s
total cattle population
PremrajChavanAGRI
• Animal husbandry plays
an important role in rural
economy supplementing
family income
• Cattle & Buffaloes supply
motive power for almost
all agriculture operations
• Animals are resources of
farmyard manure
Fishery

courtsey – gayake sir

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Major fish

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Methods of fish cultivation

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Methods of fish catching

From sea river etc

Artificial ponds

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Types of fish

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PremrajChavanAGRI
Prawn

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Types of fish farming

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 Fishery – India
• Fish catch in India is of 2
types – Marine and Island
• India is 2nd largest
producer of fish in world
(5.5%) after China
• It accounts for about one
per cent of the total
agricultural production in
India.
PremrajChavanAGRI
• About 75% of marine fish
landings are on the west
coast and only 25% in the
east coast.
• Important fish caught
along the coast are shark,
sardine, herring, Mumbai
duck, fly fish ribbon fish
and Mackerrel.
 Fishery – India
• Andhra pradesh is the largest
producer of fish in India and is
the largest producer of inland
fish (31%) also.
• Kerala has about 85% of India's
total processing facilities &
processes the largest amount of
fish in the country.
• India exports about 8% of the
total fish production.
• Sri Lanka alone purchases 80%
of fish & fish products.
• Sasson Dock in Mumbai is a
major fishing harbor. PremrajChavanAGRI
• There are six major fishing
harbours and 38 minor fishing
harbours.
• The major harbours are-Cochin,
Chennai. Vishakhapatnam, Roy
Chowk, Paradip and Sasson
dock.
• The Central Institute of
Fisheries, Nautical and
Engineering Training is at Kochi.
• The Central Institute of Coastal
Engineering for Fisheries is in
the Bengaluru.
 Particular fish’s share

Sr. Fish type Percent

No. share

1 Mackerrel 33

2 Herring 15

3 Prawn 9

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Fish Production in India
Sr. State Marine Inland Total
No. Fishery Fishery (‘000 tons)
1 Andhra Pradesh 475.4 1503.17 1978.57

2 West Bengal 178.8 1436.46 1617.31

3 Gujarat 692 84 771

*** India 3502.07 6929.2 10431

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Marine fishery - India
No state Production % share in
(lakh Indias
tonnes) production
1 Gujrat 7.06 19.70

2 Andhra pradesh 5.17 14.42

3 maharshtra 4.71 13.14

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Inland fishery - India
No State Production % share in
(lakh Indias
tonnes) production
1 Andhra pradesh 18.15 25.14
2 West bengal 14.55 20.17
3 Uttar pradesh 5.37 7.44

PremrajChavanAGRI
 Thank You
PremrajChavanAGRI