inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba

10
ra aris Sefaseba
• Sefasebis istoria
• formaluri Sefasebis
ZiriTadi niSnebi

inteleqtis Sefaseba
• inteleqtis testebis
istoriuli safuZvlebi
• IQ testebi
fsiqologia XXi saukeneSi:
Sefaseba internebtiT

inteleqtis Teoriebi
• inteleqtis fsiqomet-
riuli Teoria
• sternbergis inteleqtis
triarqiuli Teoria
• gardneris mravlobiTi
inteleqti da emociuri
inteleqti
inteleqtis politika
• jgufuri Sedarebebis
istoria
• memkvidreobiToba da IQ
• garemo da IQ
• kultura da IQ testebis
validoba
SemoqmedebiToba
• kreatulobis Sefaseba
da kavSiri inteleqtTan
• gansakuTrebuli
kreatuloba da
SeSliloba
Sefaseba da sazogadoeba
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
• ZiriTadi cnebebi 359
 a dre, naklebad rTul droSi, imi-
saTvis, rom xeloba geswavlaT
da saqmianoba dagewyoT, ucvleli
gza Segirdidan ostatamde unda gagevloT. Tqven
bunebrivi procesis Sedegad gaxdebodiT sando
xelosani da ar dagWirdebodaT nerviuloba
imis gamo, rom gamxdariyaviT `serTificirebuli~
da ori nomeri fanqriT SemogexazaT pasuxebi
`WeSmaritia~ an `mcdaria~ fsiqologiuri tes-
tis punqtze _ `me upiratesobas vaniWeb maRal
qalebs~. ara, mWedeli imitom iyo mWedeli, rom
ubralod mWedeli iyo; meduqne vaWrobda, Tvle-
bis ostati ki Tvlebs Wedavda. dRevandel,
superracionalur da postindustriul samya-
roSi Cven ricxvebs ufro vendobiT, vidre gamoc-
dilebas, amitom nebismier Semosavlian sferoSi
muSaobisaTvis _ iqneba es iuristi Tu interieris
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
nawarmoebSi, `Tqven aRarasodes mouvliT
ZaRlebs am qalaqSi~, eseisti henri alfordi
(Henry Alford, 1993) zogierT im testsa da gamocdas
aRwers, romelic man Semosavliani samsaxuris
Zebnisas gaiara. nebismierisaTvis, visac didi
gza gauvlia samsaxuris ZiebaSi, misTvis kargad
nacnobi iqneba alfordis mier aRwerili iumo-
ristuli SemTxvevebi. damqiraveblebi TiToeuli
kandidatis `SesaZleblobis~ gansasazRvrad
sxvadasxva tests iyeneben. zogjer Zalian Znelia
testsa da samuSaos Soris kavSiris danaxva,
Tumca, TiTqmis yovelTvis arseboben eqspertebi,
romlebic arwmuneben kompanias, rom testi zomavs
relevantur gansxvavebebs kandidatebs Soris.
Tu Tqven aSS-Si gaizardeT, savaraudoa, rom
Tqveni `SesaZleblobebi~ bevrad ufro adre
gazomiliyo, vidre samsaxurs daiwyebdiT _
360
dizaineri, Tqven SeiZleba testis Sesruleba
dagavalon.
imis dadgenis mizniT, Tu zustad ras moiTxo-
ven damqiraveblebi da profesiuli organiza-
ciebi TavianTi TanamSromlebisa da wevrebisgan
da, sxvaTa Soris, imis dasadgenad, Tu ra saxis
samuSaos Seveferebi me yvelaze metad, ocda-
TerTmeti samsaxurebrivi Tu praqtikuli testi
gaviare. testebis klasifikacia metad mraval-
ferovani iyo _ barmenebisaTvis, safosto manqanis
meqanikosebisaTvis, radiodiqtorebisaTvis, samog-
zauro agentebisaTvis, geologebisaTvis, sagareo
uwyebaTa moxeleTaTvis da federaluri gamoZi-
ebis biuros agentebisaTvis.
Cemi Sedegebi yovelTvis ar iyo damaimedebeli.
me Tavi gavarTvi mxolod sam tests.
umetes skolebSi maswavleblebi da administra-
torebi Tqveni cxovrebis adreul periodSi
cdiloben Tqveni inteleqtis gazomvas. yvelaze
xSirad mizani imis gansazRvraa, Tu saklaso
davalebebi ramdenad Seesabameba moswavleebis
inteleqtualur SesaZleblobebs, rac maT
garkveul moTxovnebs uyenebs, Tumca, rogorc
Tqven, albaT, ukve SeniSneT, adamianis cxovrebaze
inteleqtis testirebis gavlena saklaso oTaxis
farglebs scildeba.
am TavSi inteleqtis Sefasebis safuZvlebsa
da gamoyenebas SeviswavliT. mimovixilavT im
wvlils, romelic fsiqologebma inteleqtis
sferoSi individualuri gansxvavebebis gagebaSi
Seitanes. aseve, vimsjelebT azrTa im sxvada-
sxvaobaze, romelic aucileblad aRmocendeba,
rodesac adamianebi am gansxvavebebis axsnas
iwyeben. Cveni yuradRebis centrSi iqneba, Tu
rogor muSaobs inteleqtis testebi, ra xdis
nebismier tests vargisad da ratom aris, rom
isini yovelTvis ar asruleben im saqmes,
romlisTvisac arian gankuTvnilni. dabolos,
davasrulebT piradi CanaweriT, romelSic
ganvixilavT fsiqologiuri Sefasebis rols
sazogadoebaSi.
Cvens fsiqologiuri Sefasebis zogadi gamo-
yenebis mokle mimoxilviT daviwyebT.

ra aris Sefaseba

fsiqologiuri Sefaseba gulisxmobs indi-

vidTa unarebis, qcevebisa da pirovnuli
maxasiaTeblebis Sesafaseblad zustad dadge-
nili procedurebis gamoyenebas. fsiqologiuri
Sefaseba xSirad ganixileba, rogorc indivi-
dualuri gansxvavebebis gazomva, radgan Sefa-
sebaTa umravlesoba adgens, Tu riTi gansxvav-
deba, an emsgavseba individi sxvebs mocemuli
niSnis mixedviT. fsiqologiuri testirebis
ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis detalur ganxilvamde
mokled mimovixiloT Sefasebis istoria. es
istoriuli eqskursi dagexmarebaT, gaigoT
Sefasebis rogorc sargebeli, ise SezRudvebi;
aseve, xels SegiwyobT, SeafasoT am sakiTxis
irgvliv arsebuli zogierTi dava.
Sefasebis istoria
SefasebisTvis gankuTvnili formaluri
testebisa da meTodikebis ganviTareba SedarebiT
axali saqmea dasavlur fsiqologiaSi, romelic
farTo asparezze mxolod 1990-iani wlebis
dasawyisSi gamovida. Tumca, didi xniT adre,
vidre dasavluri fsiqologia daiwyebda adamian-
Ta Sesafasebeli testebis gamogonebas, Sefasebis
testebi saxelmwifo samoqalaqo samsaxurSi
daqiravebuli moxeleebis kompetenturobis
gamosavlenad gamoiyeneboda iseT sferoebSi,
rogoricaa iurisprudencia, samxedro saqme,
agronomia (an sasoflo-sameurneo saqme) da
geografia. mingis dinastiis periodSi (Cv. w.
aR-iT 1368-1664ww.) saxelmwifo moxeleebis SerCeva
samsafexuriani obieqturi SerCevis proceduraSi
miRebuli Sdegebis safuZvelze xdeboda. pirvel
etapze gamocdebi adgilobriv doneze tardeboda.
im adamianebis 4%, romlebic warmatebiT abareb-
dnen gamocdebs, gamocdis meore etapze gadadiod-
nen, anu cxra dRisa da Ramis ganmavlobaSi
werdnen narkvevebs klasikur nawarmoebebze.
mxolod 5%-s imaTgan, vinc abarebda am gamocdas,
ufleba eZleoda, gasuliyo testirebis saboloo
etapze, romelic qveynis dedaqalaqSi tardeboda.
1800-iani wlebis dasawyisSi CineTSi arsebu-
li SerCevis proceduras britaneli diploma-
tebi da misionerebi akvirdebodnen da aRwerdnen.
Zalian male britaneTSi, mogvianebiT ki ameri-
kaSi, saxelmwifi samoqalaqo samsaxuris per-
sonalis SerCevisaTvis danergil iqna Cinuri
ra aris Sefaseba

meTodebi ukve arsebobda antikur CineTSi.

sistemis modificirebuli versiebi (Wiggins,1973).
faqtobrivad, CineTSi 4000 wlis win gamoiye-
inteleqtis testirebis ganviTarebis istoria-
neboda sakmaod daxvewili programa saxelmwifo Si erT-erTi mTavari adgili uWiravs inglisel
samoqalaqo samsaxurSi misaRebi moxeleebis
testirebisaTvis. saxelmwifo moxeleebs Tavian-
fsiqologiuri Sefaseba (Psychological assessment)
Ti kompetenturobis gamovlena yovel mesame
_ individTa unarebis, qcevisa da pirovnuli
wels moeTxovebodaT zepir gamocdaze. ori
maxasiaTeblebis Sesafasebelad arsebuli gan-
aTasi wlis Semdeg, hanis dinastiis dros, weriTi sazRvruli procedurebi. 361
 aristokrats, ser frensis galtons (Sir Francis
Galton). misi wigni `geniosobis memkvidreobiToba~
1869 wels gamoqveynda, romelmac mniSvnelovani
gavlena moaxdina testirebis meTodebis,
Teoriebisa da praqtikis Semdgom ganviTarebaze.
galtoni, romelic Carlz darvinis naTesavi
iyo, adamianis qcevis Seswavlisas misi evoluci-
is Teoriis gamoyenebas cdilobda. mas aintere-
sebda, Tu rogor da ratom gansxvavdebian
adamianebi erTmaneTisagan maTTvis damaxasiaTe-
beli unarebis mixedviT; agreTve, akvirvebda
is, rom zogierTi adamiani niWieri da warmate-
buli iyo, rogorc TviTon, xolo zogierTi ki
_ ara.
galtoni iyo pirveli, romelmac wamoayena
oTxi mniSvnelovani idea inteleqtis Sefasebis
Sesaxeb. pirvelis mixedviT inteleqtis mixedviT
gansxvaveba raodenobrivia da inteleqtis
xarisxis terminebiT aRiwereba. sxva sityvebiT
rom vTqvaT, maT Soris gansxvavebis dasafiqsireb-
lad raodenobrivi mniSvnelobebi SeiZleba
mieniWos adamianebis inteleqtis doneebs. meore,
adamianebs Soris inteleqtis mixedviT gansxva-
vebebi zaris formis mruds, anu normalur
ganawilebas qmnis. zaris formis mrudze adamian-
Ta umravlesobis maCvenebeli ganawilebis Sua
nawilSi grovdeba da mxolod mcire nawilia
moTavsebuli ganawilebis ukidures _ geniosobis
da mentaluri deficitis aRmniSvnel _ werti-
lebTan axlos (zaris formis mruds mogvianebiT
davubrundebiT). mesame, inteleqtis, anu goneb-
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
rivi unarebis gazomva SesaZlebelia obieqturi
testebiT, romelTa TiToeul kiTxvas mxolod
erTi swori pasuxi aqvs. meoTxe, testis ori
jgufis maCveneblebs Soris arsebuli mimarTebis
zustad gansazRvra SeiZleba statistikuri
proceduriT, romelsac galtonma korelacia
uwoda da romelic dResdReobiT korelaciis
saxeliTaa cnobili.
samwuxarod, galtonis mravali idea mniSvne-
lovani kamaTis sagnad iqca. magaliTad, mas
miaCnda, rom geniosoba memkvidreobiT gadaece-
moda. misi azriT, talanti, an `sidiade~
formaluri Sefaseba (Formal assessment) _ sis-
tematuri procedurebi da gazomvebi, romelic
gavarjiSebuli profesionalebis mier gamoiyene-
ba individebis funqcionirebis, unarebis, qce-
vebis (Cvevebis) an fsiqikuri mdgomareobis Sesas-
362
wavlad.
memkvidreobiTia, xolo aRzrdas minimaluri
gavlena aqvs inteleqtze. misi azriT, inteleqti
darviniseul saxeobaTa SeguebasTan da, garkveul-
wilad, moralur RirebulebebTan aris dakavSi-
rebuli. galtoni cdilobda sazogadoebrivi
politika genetikurad `uaresi~ (inferioruli)
da `saukeTeso~ (superioruli) adamianis cnebaze
daefuZnebina. man Camoayaliba evgenikuri moZ-
raoba, romelic, evoluciuri Teoriis gamoye-
nebiT, adamianTa modgmis gaumjobesebas uWerda
mxars da dadebiTad iyo ganwyobili biolo-
giurad superioruli adamianebis gamravlebisa
da inferioruli adamianebis mxridan STamomav-
lobaze uaris Tqmisadmi. galtoni werda: `arse-
bobs mosazreba, xSir SemTxvevaSi sakmaod
usafuZvlo, inferioruli rasis TandaTanobiT
gadaSendebis ideis gaumarTleblobis Sesaxeb~
(Galton, 1883/1907, gv. 200).
es sakamaTo mosazrebebi mogvianebiT im
adamianebmac gamoTqves, romlebic Tvlidnen,
rom inteleqtualuri (superioruli) rasa
naklebad inteleqtualebis (inferiorebis) xarj-
ze unda gamravldes. am ideebis damcvelTa Soris
iyvnen amerikeli fsiqologebi godardi (Goddard)
da termeni (Terman), romelTa Teoriebsac
mogvianebiT ganvixilavT. aseve, visaubrebT
nacisti diqtatoris, adolf hitleris Teoriis
Sesaxebac. garda amisa, am TavSi vnaxavT, rom es
elitaruli ideebi dResac aqtualuria.
ser frensis galtonma safuZveli Cauyara
inteleqtis Tanamedrove Sefasebas. axla ganvi-
xiloT formaluri SefasebisaTvis damaxasia-
Tebeli Taviseburebebi.
formaluri Sefasebis
ZiriTadi niSnebi
formaluri Sefasebis procedura, romelic
gulisxmobs individebis klasifikacias, an maT
SerCevas, sam moTxovnas unda akmayofilebdes.
Sefasebis instrumenti unda iyos (1) sando, (2)
validuri da (3) standartizirebuli. Tu
Sefasebis instrumenti am moTxovnebs ar akma-
yofilebs, maSin miRebuli Sedegebi sando ar
iqneba. miuxedavad imisa, rom winamdebare Tavi
inteleqtis Sefasebas Seexeba, formaluri
Sefasebis qvemoT aRwerili procedura yvela
saxis fsiqologiuri testirebis dros gamoi-

yeneba. imisaTvis, rom am principebis farTo
gamoyeneba gasagebi gaxdes, ganvixilavT magali-
Tebs rogorc inteleqtis testirebidan, ise _
fsiqologiuri Sefasebis sxva sferoebidan.
sandooba
sandooba gviCvenebs, esa Tu is Sefasebis
instrumenti ramdenad iZleva sando monacemebs.
Tu diliT abazanaSi samjer aiwonebiT da
sasawori samjerve sxvadasxva Sedegs giCvenebT,
ifiqrebT, rom is ar muSaobs. Tqven SegiZliaT
TqvaT, rom is ar aris sando, vinaidan ver
iRebT myar maCvenebels; Tu awonvebs Soris
kargad danayrdebiT, maSin, bunebrivia, aRar
geqnebaT molodini imisa, rom saswori erTsa
da imave wonas aCvenebs. gazomvis meTodebi
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba CaiTvalos
sandod an arasandod, Tu ucvleli darCeba
gasazomi sidide.
testis sandoobis dasadgenad aucilebelia
test-retestuli sandoobis gansazRvra. es aris
korelacia zoma, romelic arsebobs erTsa da
imave cdis pirze, erTi da igive testis sxvadasxva
dros Catarebis Sedegad miRebul maCveneblebs
Soris. sruliad sando testis korelaciis
koeficientia +1.00, rac niSnavs imas, rom orive
SemTxvevaSi erTnair maCveneblebs viRebT. Tu
cdis pirebma pirveli testirebisas miiRes
yvelaze maRali, an dabali qulebi, maSin igives
miiReben meore testirebis Sedegadac. sruliad
arasando testis maCveneblebs Soris korelaciis
koeficienti 0.00-is tolia, rac niSnavs imas,
rom aranairi urTierTkavSiri ar arsebobs
pirveli da meore testirebis maCveneblebs
Soris. aseT SemTxvevaSi, Tu cdis pirma
pirvelad umaRlesi qulebi miiRo, meored
SeiZleba sruliad gansxvavebuli Sedegi aCvenos.
korelaciis koeficientis zrdasTan (idealur
+1.00-Tan miaxloebasTan) erTad testis sandoobac
izrdeba.
sandoobis Sefasebis kidev ori gza arsebobs.
pirveli, erTi da imave testis nacvlad cdis
pirs testis urTierTSemcvlel, paralelur
formebs aZleven. paraleluri formebis gamoye-
neba amcirebs amocanebis damaxsovrebis gavlenis
SesaZleblobasa da individis survils, Tanamim-
devruli Candes erTi testidan meoreze gadas-
vlisas. sandoobis meore sazomi Sinagani SeTan-
xmebulobaa, romelic erTi da igive testis
pasuxebis Sesabamisobas gulisxmobs. magaliTad,
SegviZlia erTmaneTs SevadaroT luwi da kenti
davalebebis Sesrulebis Sedegad miRebuli
qulebi. sando testis TiToeuli nawilisaTvis
erTnairi qulebi miiReba. am SemTxvevaSi SeiZ-
leba iTqvas, rom testi Sinagani SeTanxmebulo-
bis maRali doniT xasiTdeba, rac SuaSi gax-
leCvis sandoobis meTodiT miiRweva.
umetes SemTxvevaSi sando unda iyos ara
marto TavisdaTavad sazomi instrumenti, aramed
am instrumentis gamoyenebis meTodebic. davuSvaT,
sandooba (Reliability) _ xarisxi, romelic uzrun-
velyofs erTnair qulebs testis nebismier dros
gamoyenebisas, instrumentis mier qulebis sta-
bilurobas an konsistenturobas.
test-retestuli sandooba (Test-retest reliability) _
erTi da igive cdis pirze erTi da igive tes-
tis sxvadasxva dros Catarebis Sedegad miRebul
qulebs Soris arsebuli korelaciis sazomi.
paraleluri formebi (Parallel forms) _ testis
sxvadasxva versiis gamoyeneba testis sandoobis
Sesafaseblad; formebis Secvla amcirebs
pirdapiri gamoyenebis, damaxsovrebis efeqts
ra aris Sefaseba
an individis survils, gamoavlinos konsisten-
turoba erTi da igive amocanis mimarT.
Sinagani SeTanxmebuloba (Internal consistency) _
sandoobis sazomi. testis sxvadasxva nawilebis,
rogoricaa kenti da luwi punqtebi, Sesru-
lebaSi miRebuli qulebis msgavsebis xarisxi.
SuaSi gaxleCvis sandooba (Split-half consistency)
_ testis ekvivalenturi naxevrebis SesrulebaSi
miRebuli qulebis Sedareba.
363

mkvlevrebs saklaso oTaxSi bavSvebis dakvirveba
surdaT maTi agresiuli TamaSis donis Sesa-
faseblad. amisaTvis maT SeiZleba SeeqmnaT
kodirebuli sqema, romelic saTanado gansxva-
vebis dadgenis saSualebas miscemda. es sqema
maSin iqneboda sando, Tu igive bavSvebze sxvebi
awarmoebdnen dakvirvebas da igive Sefasebas
miscemdnen. swored amitom aucilebelia im
adamianebis momzadeba, romelTac SemdgomSi
fsiqologiuri Sefasebis ganxorcieleba mou-
wevT. isini aucileblad unda flobdnen saTana-
do formiT gansxvavebis dadgenis sistemebis
gamoyenebis unarebs.
validoba
testis validoba aris is, Tu ra xarisxiT
zomavs testi imas, risi gazomvac surs eqsperts.
inteleqtis validuri testi zomavs am maxasiaTe-
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
bels da Sesrulebis winaswarmetyvelebis
saSualebas iZleva im situaciebSi, romelSic
mniSvnelovan rols inteleqti asrulebs. krea-
tulobis validuri sazomiT miRebuli qulebi
realur kreatulobas gviCvenebs da ara xatvis
unars an guneba-ganwyobilebas. zogadad, vali-
validoba (Validity) – gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenad
zomavs testi imas, ris gasazomadac iyo mi-
wodebuli.
TvalsaCino validoba (Face validity) _ xarisxi,
Tu ramdenad aris testis amocanebi uSualod
dakavSirebuli gasazom cvladTan
validoba kriteriumis mixedviT (Criterion valigity)
_ xarisxi, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba gansazRv-
ruli kriteriumis mixedviT miRebuli testis
Sedegebi Sesafasebeli maxasiaTeblis zogierT
364 sxva kriteriums.
doba asaxavs testis mier im qcevebisa Tu
Sedegebis zusti prognozirebis SesaZleblobas,
romelic dakavSirebulia testis mizanTan, an
mis formasTan. arsebobs validobis sami Ziri-
Tadi tipi: TvalsaCino validoba, validoba
kriteriumis mixedviT da konstruqtuli va-
lidoba.
validobis pirveli tipi testis Sinaarss
eyrdnoba. Tu testis amocanebi uSualod ukav-
Sirdeba interesis sagans, maSin tests gaaCnia
TvalsaCino validoba. aseT testebSi Zalian
pirdapir da martivad aris mocemuli is kiTxvebi,
romlebic maT Semqmnelebs ainteresebdaT.
magaliTad, ramdenad aRelvebuli xarT? xarT
Tu ara kreatuli? adamianisgan, romelic
testirebaSi monawileobs, elian, rom is Zalze
zustad da patiosnad upasuxebs testSi dasmul
SekiTxvebs. samwuxarod, TvalsaCino validoba
xSirad ar aris sakmarisi zusti gazomvisTvis.
pirveli rigSi, adamianebi SeiZleba arazustad
aRiqvamdnen sakuTar Tavs, an SeiZleba ar icodnen,
sxvebTan Sedarebisas rogor Seafason sakuTari
Tavi. meore, rodesac testi sakmaod zustad
zomavs ama Tu im maxasiaTebels, is Semsru-
leblebs maTTvis sasurveli STabeWdilebis
moxdenis saSualebas aZlevs. ganvixiloT
fsiqikuri problemebis mqone hospitalizi-
rebuli pacientebis klasikuri SemTxveva, romel-
Tac ar surdaT klinikis nacnobi, mowesrigebuli
garemodan wasvla.
saidan
viciT
pacientebi manipulireben
fsiqiatrebis SefasebebiT
fsiqiatriuli klinikis personali
SizofreniiT didi xnis ganmavlobaSi
daavadebul pacientebs ekiTxeboda,
ramdenad mZime iyo maTi mdgomareoba.
rodesac maT ekiTxebodnen, iyvnen Tu ara
isini imdenad kargad, rom saerTo palataSi
gadaeyvanaT, pacientebi, ZiriTadad,
dadebiT Sefasebas iZleodnen. Tumca,
rodesac interviu stacionaridan
gawerisTvis mzaobis Sefasebas isaxavda
miznad, maSin maTi pasuxi uaryofiTi iyo,

vinaidan maT ar surdaT wasvla. im
fsiqiatrebma, romlebic pacientebis
intervius Sedegebs ajamebdnen, araferi
icodnen intervius miznis eqsperimentuli
variaciis Sesaxeb, amitom im pacientebis
mdgomareobas ufro mZimed afasebdnen,
romlebic ufro negatiur Sefasebas
iZleodnen da amiT maT stacionaridan
gaSvebaze uars ambobdnen. amrigad,
pacientebma Sefasebis sasurveli Sedegi
miiRes. fsiqiatrebis Sefasebaze SeiZleba
im mosazrebamac imoqmeda, rom, Tu vinmes
fsiqiatriul klinikaSi surda darCena,
maSin misi mdgomareoba mZime unda yofiliyo
(Braginsky & Braginsky,1967).
am magaliTidan Cans, rom testis Semqmnele-
bi ar unda daeyrdnon mxolod TvalsaCino vali-
dobis mqone sazoms. axla ganvixiloT vali-
dobis sxva tipebi, romlebic SesaZlebels xdian
zogierTi SezRudvis daZlevas.
testis kriteriumis mixedviT validobis
(cnobilia, aseve, rogorc prognostuli vali-
doba) misaRwevad fsiqologebi erTmaneTs
adareben cdis pirebis mier erT testSi miRe-
bul qulebsa da sxva (imave parametrTan dakav-
Sirebuli) standartis an kriteriumis mixed-
viT miRebul qulebs. magaliTad, Tu testis
mizania kolejSi warmatebulobis prognozire-
ba, maSin kolejis miRebuli niSnebi Sesabamisi
kriteriumi iqneba. Tu testis qulebi kore-
lirebs kolejis niSnebTan, maSin testi vali-
duria kriteriumis mixedviT. testis avtorebis
ZiriTadi amocana Sesabamisi gazomvadi krite-
riumis povnaa. Tu erTxel ukve naCvenebia Se-
fasebis instrumentis kriteriumis mixedviT
validoba, maSin mkvlevrebi sandod miiCneven
mas da kidev gamoiyeneben Semdgomi prognozire-
bisaTvis. swored am logikiT iTxovs kolejis
mimRebi komisia SAT-is qulebs. warsulSi SAT-
is qulebi dadebiTad korelirebda kolejSi
swavlis zogierT aspeqtTan, amitom adminis-
tracias maTze dayrdnobiT kolejSi Tqveni
momavali karieris prognozireba SeeZlo.
pirobebi, romelSic testi validuria, Sei-
Zleba Zalze specifikuri iyos, amitom yovelTvis
saWiroa testis mimarT daisvas kiTxva: `risTvis
aris is mowodebuli, risTvisaa validuri?~ Tu
gvecodineba, kidev romel kriteriumebTan ko-
relirebs an ar korelirebs mocemuli testi,
maSin raime axlis danaxvas SevZlebT kriteri-
umebSi, maTi agebis koncefciebsa Tu adamianis
qcevis sirTuleSi. vTqvaT, qmniT tests samedi-
cino fakultetis studentebis stresTan gam-
klavebis unaris gasazomad; Semdeg aRmoaCenT,
rom am testSi miRebuli qulebi korelirebs
studentebis mier mecadineobis procesSi war-
moqmnili stresuli situaciebis daZlevis un-
arTan. amasTan, varaudobdiT, rom testi, aseve,
korelaciaSi iqneba im stresuli situaciebis
daZlevis unarTan, romelTa gadalaxvac uwevT
studentebs gadaudebeli samedicino daxmareb-
is samsaxurSi muSaobisas, Tumca es varaudi ar
dagidasturdaT. vinaidan nawilobriv ganisa-
zRvra testis validoba, raRac axalic SeityveT
Tqven testis Sesaxeb: (a) ra pirobebSia is vali-
duri da (b) misi agebis koncefciis Sesaxeb _
sxvadasxva kategoriis stresors gansxvavebul
Sedegebamde mivyavarT. amis Semdeg testis ko-
reqtirebas akeTebT ise, rom masSi iTvaliswinebT
gadaudebeli samedicino daxmarebis samsaxur-
Si muSaobisTvis specifikur stresorebs.
dafiqrdiT im kavSiris Sesaxeb, romelic
sandoobasa da validobas Soris arsebobs. san-
dooba izomeba imiT, Tu ramdenad korelirebs
testi sakuTar TavTan (sxvadasxva dros gamoye-
nebisas), xolo validoba _ imiT, Tu ra xarisx-
iT korelirebs testi raime garegan faqtorTan
(sxva testi, qceviTi kriteriumi an eqspertis
Sefaseba). Cveulebriv, Tu testi ar aris sando,
is arc validuria, radgan Tu testi ver
winaswarmetyvelebs sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb, is
ver iwinaswarmetyvelebs verafers sxvas. magali-
Tad, Tu Tqven klasSi erT dRes agresiulobis
testi Catarda da miRebuli qulebi ar aRmoCn-
da korelaciaSi meore dRes Catarebuli parale-
luri formis qulebTan (arasandoobis magali-
Ti), naklebad savaraudoa, rom romelime dRes
miRebuli Sedegebis mixedviT iTqvas, Tu rome-
ra aris Sefaseba
li studenti Cxubobda an kamaTobda yvelaze
xSirad gasul kviras. bolos da bolos am ori
testis qulebze dayrdnobiT erTnair winaswar-
metyvelebasac ki ver gavakeTebdiT! meores mxriv,
savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom testi iyos sando,
magram _ aravaliduri. magaliTad, Tu inteleq-
tis sazomad mozrdili adamianis simaRlis
gamoyenebas gadavwyvetT, albaT, iolad mixvdeb- 365

iT, ratom SeiZleba, rom es sazomi iyos sando,
magram aravaliduri.
normebi da standartizacia
amrigad, gvaqvs sando da validuri testi,
magram sxvadasxva testis Sedegebis interpre-
taciisaTvis isev gvWirdeba normebi. magaliTad,
depresiulobis xarisxis gamovlenisTvis mowo-
debul testSi 18 qula miiReT. rogorc fiqrobT,
ras niSnavs es? ramdenad depresiuli xarT _
msubuqad, saSualod Tu saerTod ar xarT
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
depresiuli? miRebuli Sedegis mniSvnelobis
gasagebad, is sxva studentebis tipur qulebs,
anu statistikur normebs unda Sedardes. tes-
tis normebi saWiroa imisaTvis, rom gaigoT,
Cveulebriv, ra diapazonSi nawildeba Tqveni
asakisa da sqesis studentebis mier miRebuli
qulebi da rogoria maTi gasaSualoebuli qula.
es Seqmnis konteqts, romelSic SesaZlebeli
normebi (Norms) _ standartizirebulia indi-
videbis didi jgufebis gazomvis safuZvelze.
normebi saWiroa imisaTvis, rom SevadaroT
individisa da ama Tu im gansazRvruli jgufis
normebi.
standartizacia (Stanradtization) – testirebis
erTnairi procedurebis nakrebi TiToeuli cdis
pirisaTvis, iqneba es interviu, eqsperimenti
Tu monacemebis registracia.
366
iqneba Tqveni depresiulobis xarisxis inter-
pretireba.
Tu Tqven unarebis testi gagikeTebiaT, tes-
tis normebsac naxavdiT. testis normebi
giCvenebT, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba Tqveni qulebi
sxvebis qulebs da gexmarebaT imis dadgenaSi,
Tu ramdenad axlosaa Tqveni Sedegi normatiuli
populaciis SedegTan. individis qulebis
interpretaciisaTvis yvelaze gamosadegia
jgufis normebis codna, rodesac Sesadarebeli
jgufi testirebuli individebis iseTi ZiriTadi
TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba, rogoricaa: asaki,
socialuri klasi, kultura da gamocdileba.
imisaTvis, rom normebs azri hqondes, saWiroa,
rom erTi da igive testi yvela cdis pirma
erTnair, standartizirebul pirobebSi Seas-
rulos. standartizacia aris testirebis
meTodikis erTnairad, erTnair pirobebSi
gamoyeneba yvela cdis piris mimarT. stan-
dartizaciis aucilebloba Zalze TvalsaCinoa,
magram praqtikaSi misi dacva yovelTvis ar
xerxdeba. zogs meti dro eZleva, zogs _ ufro
naTeli da detaluri instruqcia; zogs aqvs
SekiTxvis dasmis ufleba anda metad motivi-
rebulebi arian davalebis ukeT SesrulebisTvis.
ganvixiloT erT-erTi Cvenganis gamocdileba:
ielis universitetis magistraturaSi
swavlisas saSualo skolis moswavleebSi
gamocdebTan dakavSirebuli SfoTvis donis
gasazomad skalas viyenebdi. testirebis
dawyebamde erT-erTma maswavlebelma Tavis
moswavleebs uTxra: `Tqven es mSvenieri
mamakaci axal TamaSs geTamaSebaT, romelic
kiTxvebis dasmas gulisxmobs. es TamaSi
Cven gagvamxiarulebs~. meore maswavlebelma
ki Tavis moswavleebs ase mimarTa: `ielis
universitetidan mosuli es fsiqologi
apirebs testis Catarebas im mizniT, rom
gaigos, Tu ras fiqrobT. imedi maqvs, kargad
SeasrulebT da aCvenebT, Tu ramdenad
kargia Cveni klasi~ (Zimbardo, personal com-
munication, 1958).
SeZlebdiT am ori klasis bavSvebis qulebis
pirdapir Sedarebas, romelic erTi testiT iqna
miRebuli? am kiTxvaze pasuxi uaryofiTia, vina-
idan testi ar gamoiyenes standartizirebuli
formiT. am SemTxvevaSi meore klasis bavSvebis
qulebi gamocdebTan dakavSirebuli SfoTvis
testSi ufro maRali iyo (albaT, es sruliad
inteleqtis Sefaseba
ar gikvirT). rodesac Sefasebis procedurebSi
naTlad ar aris mocemuli miTiTebebi testis
ramdenad gonieri xarT Tqven an Tqveni
Catarebisa da miRebuli qulebis daTvlis gza,
megobrebi? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema inteleqtis
maSin gaZneldeba testis Sedegebis mniSvnelo-
gansazRvriT unda daiwyoT. es advili amocana
bebis interpretacia an imaze saubari, Tu ra
ar aris, magram inteleqtis mkvlevarTa 52-kaciani
mimarTebaSia es Sedegebi nebismier normatiuli
jgufi mainc SeTanxmda aseT zogad gansazRvre-
SedegebTan.
baze: `inteleqti aris Zalze zogadi gonebrivi
axla ganvixileT zogierTi im sakiTxTagani,
SesaZlebloba, romelic, sxva komponentebTan
romelic aRelvebT mkvlevrebs, rodesac isini
erTad, moicavs logikuri msjelobis, dagegmvis,
qmnian tests da cdiloben gansazRvron sinam-
problemaTa gadaWris, abstraqtuli azrovnebis,
dvileSi zomavs Tu ara testi imas, risi gazom-
rTuli ideebis wvdomis, swrafad daswavlisa
vac surT. isini darwmunebulebi unda iyvnen
da gamocdilebis miRebis unars~ (Gottfredson,1997a,
testis sandoobasa da validobaSi; MmaT, aseve,
gv.13). SesaZleblobebis am farTo speqtrs Tu
unda daadginon testirebis standartuli
gaviTvaliswinebT, maSinve naTeli gaxdeba, ratom
pirobebi, mxolod amis Sedegad miRebul normebs
aris inteleqtis gazomva kamaTis sagani. is, Tu
aqvs azri. nebismieri testis qulebi unda
rogor axdenen Teoretikosebi inteleqtis da
Sefasdes sandoobisa da validobis terminebiT.
umaRlesi fsiqikuri funqciebis konceptuali-
aseve, unda Sefasdes Sesrulebis normebi da
zebas, mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs im xerxs,
standartizaciis pirobebi, romelSic testi
riTac isini mis gazomvas cdiloben (Sternberg,
Catarda.
1994). zogierT fsiqologs miaCnia, rom adamianis
Aaxla mzad varT, rom davubrundeT inteleq-
inteleqti SeiZleba raodenobrivad ganisa-
tis gazomvas.
zRvros da dayvanil iqnes erT garkveul qulaze;
sxvebi amtkiceben, rom inteleqti mravali
komponentisgan Sedgeba, romelic cal-calke
Sejameba unda gaizomos; arian iseTebic, romlebic
amboben, rom sinamdvileSi arsebobs inteleqtis
fsiqologiuri Sefaseba fokusirebulia in-
ramdenime gansxvavebuli saxe, rac gamocdilebis
dividualur gansxvavebebze, aseve, imis Seswav-
sxvadasxva sferos Seesabameba.
laze, Tu riTi gansxvavdeba an hgavs erTi indi-
am qveTavSi aRvwerT, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba
vidi sxvebs. Sefasebis formebi antikur CineTSi
inteleqtis testebi inteleqtis sxvadasxva
Seiqmna. dasavlur samyaroSi pirvelad frensis
koncefciebs. daviwyoT istoriuli konteqstis
galtonma Seqmna da gamoiyena Teoria inteleqtis
ganxilviT, romelSic aRmocenda inteleqtisadmi
testirebis Sesaxeb. samwuxarod, masve ekuTvnis
da misi gazomvisadmi interesi.
miTi biologiurad `saukeTeso~ (superioruli)
da `uaresi~ (inferioruli) adamianebis Sesaxeb.
testebi gamoyenebadia, Tu: (a) isini validuria, inteleqtis testebis
anu sxvadasxva dros am testis Sesrulebisas istoriuli safuZvlebi
inteleqtis Sefaseba

erTi da igive adamiani erTsa da imave qulebs

iRebs da (b) iZleva sando, zust informacias
im konstruqtis Sesaxeb, ris gasazomadac Seiqmna.
aseve, mniSvnelovania, rom testis Catarebis
procedura iyos standartizirebuli da mi-
Rebuli qulebi Sedardes Sesabamisi populaciis
normas.
1905 wels gamoqveynda inteleqtis sakvlevi
pirveli qmediTi testi. alfred bine (Alfred
Binet) gamoexmaura safrangeTis saxalxo ganaT-
lebis ministris mowodebas, SeeqmnaT ufro efeq-
inteleqti (Intelligence) _ gamocdilebidan sar-
geblis miRebisa da garemos Sesaxeb mocemuli
informaciis farglebis garRvevis zogadi
unari.
367
 turi saswavlo meTodebi ganviTarebaSi Sefer-
xebebis mqone bavSvebisaTvis. bine da misi kolega
Teofil simoni (Theophil Simon) fiqrobdnen, rom
saswavlo programis Sesadgenad aucilebeli
iyo bavSvebis inteleqtualuri unaris gazomva.
man scada inteleqtis obieqturi testis
SemuSaveba, romelsac gamoiyenebdnen ganviTa-
rebaSi Seferxebebis mqone bavSvebis klasi-
ficirebisaTvis da normaluri moswavleebisgan
maT gamosarCevad. igi imedovnebda, rom amgvari
testis arseboba saSualebas miscemda skolas,
naklebad dayrdnoboda maswavlebelTa mier
moswavleTa sakmaod subieqtur da xSirad
tendenciur Sefasebebs.
inteleqtualuri aqtivobis raodenobrivi
maCveneblis gamosaTvlelad anu gasazomad binem
Seadgina asakze orientirebuli amocanebi, anu
testuri davalebebi, romelTa mixedviTac
SesaZlebeli iqneboda didi raodenobiT
bavSvebis pasuxebs urTierTSedareba. testSi
Sesatani davalebebis SerCeva ise xdeboda, rom
SesaZlebeli yofiliyo TiToeul maTganze gace-
muli pasuxis obieqturad sworad an arasworad
miCneva; davalebebi Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT
mravalferovani da bavSvebis saarsebo pirobebis
Taviseburebebis gavlenisgan maqsimalurad
Tavisufali unda yofiliyo da davalebis
Sesrulebisas unda Sefasebuliyo ara masalis
meqanikuri daxsomebis, aramed _ msjelobisa da
daskvnebis gakeTebis unari (Binet, 1911).
testireba sxvadasxva asakis bavSvebs Cautar-
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
daT da dadginda TiToeuli asakis normalurad
ganviTarebuli bavSvebisTvis tipuri saSualo
qula. Semdeg TiToeuli konkretuli bavSvis
Sesruleba Seadares am asakis sxva bavSvebis
saSualo maCvenebels. testis Sedegebi gamoisaxa
saSualo asakis terminebiT, sadac normalurad
ganviTarebuli bavSvebi konkretul qulas
iRebdnen. am sazoms gonebrivi asaki ewoda.
magaliTad, rodesac bavSvis mier miRebuli qula
utoldeba xuTi wlis bavSvTa jgufis saSualo
gonebrivi asaki (Mental age) _ bines inteleqtis
sazomis mixedviT aris asaki, romelSic bavSvis
inteleqtualuri aqtioba im saSualo asakiT
gamoixateba, romelSic normaluri ganviTarebis
bavSvebi gansazRvrul qulas iReben.
qronologiuri asaki (Chronological age) _ in-
dividis dabadebidan gasuli Tveebisa da wlebis
368 raodenoba.
qulas, am bavSvis gonebrivi asaki iqneba 5,
ganurCevlad imisa, Tu rogoria misi qronolo-
giuri asaki, anu dabadebidan gasuli wlebis
raodenoba.
bines midgoma oTxi mniSvnelovani niSan-
TvisebiT xasiaTdeba. pirveli, man am testis
qulebi gaiazra, rogorc inteleqtis mimdinare
ganviTarebulobis Sefaseba da ara rogorc
Sinagani inteleqtis sazomi; meore, mas testis
qulebis im bavSvebis gamosavlenad gamoyeneba
surda, romlebic specialur daxmarebas saWiro-
eben da ara maTi stigmatizaciisTvis.; mesame,
igi xazs usvamda, rom varjiSsa da ganviTarebis
pirobebs SeuZlia inteleqtze zemoqmedeba da
ganviTarebaSi Seferxebebis mqone bavSvebis
inteleqtis im sferoebis dadgenas cdilobda,
romlebSic specialuri ganaTlebis daxmarebiT
gaumjobesdeboda am bavSvebis SesaZleblobebi.
dabolos, man testi empiriulad aago _ Seagrova
monacemebi, rom enaxa ramdenad validuri iyo
Seqmnili testi da ar ucdia misi dakavSireba
inteleqtis romelime konkretul TeoriasTan.
inteleqtis testis SemuSavebaSi bines war-
matebam didi gavlena moaxdina SeerTebul
StatebSi, sadac istoriuli movlenebisa da
socialur-politikuri Zalebis unikalurma kom-
binaciam ganapiroba interesi gonebrivi unarebis
gazomvisadmi. XX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis
SeerTebul StatebSi sicocxle Cqefda da
duRda. globaluri ekonomikuri, socialuri
da politikuri viTarebebis gamo qveyanaSi
milionobiT emigranti Sedioda. sayovelTao
ganaTlebis axalma kanonma skolebi moswavle-
ebiT aavso. emigranti mozrdilebisa da skolis
moswavleebis identificirebis, dokumentirebisa
da klasificirebisTvis saWiro iyo Sefasebis
meTodikebi (Chapman,1988). pirveli msoflio omis
dawyebis Semdeg milionobiT moxalise gaemarTa
gamwvevi punqtebisaken. rekrutirebis samsaxuris
TanamSromlebs uamravi msurvelidan unda
amoerCiaT isini, vinc swrafad SeZlebda axali
masalis aTvisebas da vinc specialuri sameTauro
kursebis gavlis Semdeg warmatebiT gaarTmevda
Tavs meTauris samuSaos. amisaTvis inteleqtua-
luri unarebis axali, araverbaluri, jgufuri
testebi 1.7 milionze met axalwveulTan gamoi-
yenes. gamoCenil fsiqologTa jgufi, romelSic
Sediodnen luis termeni (Lewis Terman), eduard
Torndaiki (Edward Thorndik) da robert ierksi
 (Robert Yerkis), gamoexmaurnen omis wlebis sagan-
gebo viTarebas da es testebi sul raRac erT
TveSi Seqmnes (Lennon,1985).
am farTomasStabiani testirebis programis
Sedegad amerikis sazogadoebisaTvis misaRebi
gaxda azri, rom inteleqtis testebs SeuZliaT
adamianTa diferencireba liderobis unarisa
da sxva socialurad mniSvnelovani maxasiaTeb-
lebis mixedviT, ramac xeli Seuwyo maT farTo
gamoyenebas skolebsa da sawarmoebSi. Sefaseba
ganixileboda, rogorc qaotur sazogadoebaSi
wesrigis Setanis saSualeba. aseve, es iyo sakmaod
iafi, demokratiuli xerxi im adamianTa gamodife-
rencirebisa, visac ganaTlebidan da samxedro
meTaurTa treningidan garkveuli codnis miReba
SeeZlo. inteleqtis farTomasStabiani testi-
rebis gamoyenebis gasaioleblad mkvlevrebi
Zalas ar iSurebdnen da farTo gamoyenebis
mqone testur procedurebs qmnidnen.
IQ testebi
miuxedavad imisa, rom binem inteleqtis stan-
dartizebuli gazomva safrangeTSi daiwyo, sul
× bavSvebisa da Zalze gonieri zrdasrulebis IQ-
male am saqmeSi wamyvani poziciebi aSS-is
fsiqologebma daikaves. maT SeimuSaves, agreTve,
IQ, anu inteleqtis koeficienti. IQ inteleqtis
ricxobrivi, standartizebuli sazomia. amJamad
farTod gamoiyeneba individualuri gamoyene-
bisTvis mowodebuli IQ-testis ori jgufi:
stenford-binesa (Stanford-Binet) da veqsleris
skalebi (Wechsler).
stenford-bines inteleqtis skala
luis termenma (Lewis Terman), stenfordis
universitetis sajaro skolis yofilma adminis-
tratorma, Rirseulad daafasa inteleqtis
gazomvis bineseuli meTodis mniSvneloba.
aTasobiT bavSvisaTvis am testis miwodebiT
man moaxdina bines testis adaptireba aSS-is
skolis moswavleebisaTvis, standartizeba gau-
keTa testis gamoyenebas da SeimuSava asakobrivi
normebi. 1916 wels man gamoaqveyna bines testis
stenfordiseuli revizirebuli varianti,
romelic, Cveulebriv, moixsenieba, rogorc sten-
ford-bines inteleqtis skala (Terman, 1916).
am axali testiT termenma safuZveli moamzada
iseTi cnebisTvis, rogoricaa inteleqtis
koeficienti, anu IQ (termini, romelic 1914
wels Sternma Semoitana). IQ aris gonebrivi
asakis Sefardeba qronologiur asakTan, gamrav-
lebuli 100-ze:
IQ = gonebrivi asaki ÷ qronologiuri
asaki 100
bavSvs, romlis qronologiuri asaki 8 welia
da romlis testis qulebma aCvena gonebrivi
asaki 10 weli, IQ 125 (10:8×100=125) eqneba, xolo
igive qronologiuri asakis bavSvs, romelmac
testi 6 wlis bavSvis doneze Seasrula, IQ 75
(6:8×100=75) eqneba; individebs, romlebmac
Seasrules Tavisi asakisaTvis Sesabamisi
gonebrivi testi, IQ 100 eqnebaT. amrigad, 100
qula saSualo IQ-ad iqna miCneuli.Q
stenford-bines axali testi male gadaiqca
klinikuri fsiqologiis, fsiqoTerapiis da
saswavlo konsultirebis standartul instru-
mentad. es testi Seicavs mTel rig subtestebs,
romelic konkretul gonebriv asakzea mor-
gebuli da romelTac mcire reviziaTa Cau-
tardaT 1937, 1960 da 1972 wlebSi, raTa
miRweuliyo sami mizani: _ (1) mcirewlovani
is gasazomad gafarToebuliyo testis diapazoni;
(2) ganaxlebuliyo leqsikuri maragis punqtebi,
romelTa sirTule sazogadoebaSi momxdar
cvlilebaTa kvaldakval icvleba; (3) ganaxle-
buliyo normebisa da asakis Sesabamisi saSualo
qulebi (Terman&Merril,1937,1960,1972.). stenford-
bines testis ukanaskneli, me-4 gamocema (Torndike
et al.,1986) testis validobis gaumjobesebis mizans
emsaxureba, romelTac uzrunvelyofs IQ-s zust
gazomvas rogorc Sesrulebis normaluri rangis
mqone individebisaTvis, ise, `fsiqikuri funqcio-
nirebis problemebis mqone~, an niWieri indivi-
debisaTvis (Laurent et al.,1992).
miaqcieT yuradReba, rom IQ qulebi ukve aRar
inteleqtis Sefaseba
miiReba gonebrivi asakis qronologiur asakze
gayofiT. Tu tests dRes CaitarebT, Tqveni qulebi
inteleqtis koeficienti (IQ) (Intelligence quotient)
_ indeqsi, romelic miRebulia inteleqtis
standartizebuli testebidan; pirvelad IQ
gamoiTvleboda individis gonebrivi asakis
qronologiur asakze gayofiT da Semdeg 100-ze
gamravlebiT; amJamad pirdapir gamoiTvleba,
rogorc IQ testis qula.
369
 Sejamdeba da pirdapir moxdeba maTi Sedareba
Tqveni asakis sxva adamianTa qulebTan. 100-is
toli IQ aris `saSualo~ da gviCvenebs, rom
Tqveni asakis adamianTa 50% ufro dabal qulebs
agrovebs (ix. sur. 10.1). 90-sa da 110-s Soris
moTavsebuli qulebi `normaa~, xolo maTze meti
(120 da zemoT) _ `umaRlesi~. rodesac 18 wlamde
asakis individebi agroveben validur IQ qulebs
70-dan 75-mde, an ufro qvemoT, isini gonebrivi
CamorCenilobis erT-erT kriteriums Seesaba-
mebian, magram, rogorc 10.1 cxrilSia naCvenebi,
gonebrivad CamorCenilebad rom CaiTvalon,
individebma cxovrebiseul amocanebTan dakavSi-
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
rebuli adaptaciuri Cvevebis SeZenis SezRu-
duli unaric unda gamoavlinon (American Asso-
ciation on Mental Retardation AAMR,1992). adreul
wlebSi IQ qulebi msubuqi, zomieri, Zlieri da
Rrma gonebrivi CamorCenilobis klasificirebi-
saTvis gamoiyeneboda (ix. sur. 10.1.), magram,
adaptaciur Cvevebze Tanamedrove Sexedulebam
eqspertebs am terminologiis uaryofa ukarnaxa
iseTi ufro zusti aRwerebis sasargeblod,
rogoricaa `gonebrivi CamorCenilobis mqone
pirovneba, romelic eqstensiur mxardaWeras
saWiroebs socialuri unarebisa da sakuTari
gonebrivi CamorCeniloba (Mental retardation) _
rodesac individebis IQ qulebi meryeobs 70-
75-mde intervalSi an masze naklebia, aseve,
rodesac SezRudulia cxovrebiseuli amoca-
nebis gadasaWreli adaptaciuri Cvevebis Se-
370 muSavebis unari.
Tavis marTvis sferoebSi~, an `gonebrivi CamorCe-
nilobis mqone pirovneba, romelic komunik-
aciasa da socialur CvevebSi mcire mxardaWeras
saWiroebs~ (American Association on Mental Retarda-
tion AAMR,1992. gv.34).
veqsleris inteleqtis skala
david veqsleri (David Wechsler), romelic niu
iorkis belviu hospitalSi muSaobda, Tvlida,
rom mozrdilTa inteleqtis gazomvis procedura
naklebad unda yofiliyo verbalur debulebebze
damokidebuli. 1939 wels man gamoaqveyna veqsler-
belvius inteleqtis skala, romelSic verba-
luri subtestebi kombinirebuli iyo araverba-
lur, anu praqtikuli Sesrulebis subtestebTan.
amrigad, mTliani IQ qulebis garda, adamianebs
damatebiT miecaT maTi verbaluri da araverba-
luri IQ-is damoukidebeli Sefasebebi. 1955 wels,
mcireodeni cvlilebebis Semdeg, tests Seecvala
saxelwodeba da `veqsleris inteleqtis skala
mozrdilTaTvis~ _ WAIS ewoda, xolo dResdRe-
obiT misi gadasinjuli versia cnobilia, ro-
gorc _ WAIS-R (Wechsler, 1981).
WAIS-R-Si eqvsi verbaluri subtestia: infor-
mirebuloba, leqsikuri maragi, gageba, ariTmeti-
kuli unarebi, msgavsebebi (gansazRvra, Tu ratom
aris ori sagani msgavsi) da ricxvebis rigi
(eqsperimentatoris mier warmoTqmul ricxvTa
seriis gameoreba). es testebi aris rogorc
werilobiTi, ise _ zepiri. praqtikuli Sesru-
 cxrili
10.1
gonebrivi CamorCenilovbis diagnozi
gonebrivi CamorCenilobis diagnozis dasma SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu:
• individis IQ aris daaxloebiT 70-75 an ufro dabali;
• dasturdeba mniSvnelovani unarSezRuduloba 2, an meti saadaptacio unaris sferoSi; es sferoebia:
komunikacia _ lingvisturi da aralingvisturi (magaliTad, saxis gamometyveleba) saSualebebiT
informaciis gagebisa da gamoxatvis unarTan dakavSirebuli Cvevebi;
Tavis movla _ tualetis, kvebis, Cacmis, higienis da garegnobaze zrunvis Cvevebi;
saojaxo yofa _ saxlSi funqcionirebis Cvevebi, rogoric aris saojaxo meurneobis gaZRola da
yoveldRiuri saqmianobis dagegmva;
socialuri _ sxva adamianebTan socialuri urTierTobis unarebi;
komunaluri resursebiT sargebloba _ komunaluri resursebiT sargeblobis unari, rogoric aris
sasursaTo maRaziaSi sayidlebze siaruli da sazogadoebrivi transportis gamoyeneba;
sakuTari Tavis marTva _ gadawyvetilebis miRebisa da daxmarebis moZiebasTan dakavSirebuli unar-
Cvevebi;
janmrTeloba da usafrTxoeba _ sakuTari janmrTelobisa da usafrTxoebis SenarCunebasTan dakav-
Sirebuli Cvevebi;
funqcionaluri mimarTulebis codna _ akademiuri sagnebis aTvisebasTan dakavSirebuli unarebi
(rogoric aris kiTxva da maTematika), rasac wvlili Seaqvs damoukidebeli cxovrebisas miznis ganxor-
cielebaSi;
Tavisufali dro (mocaleoba) _ Tavisufali drois gamoyenebisa da dasvenebis interesebTan
dakavSirebuli unar-Cvevebi;
samuSao _ nawilobrivi an sruli datvirTviT muSaobasTan dakavSirebuli unarebi.
• CamorCeniloba vlindeba 18 wlamde asakSi.

wyaro: American Association on Mental Retardation AAMR, 1992,p24,40-41.

lebis xuTi subtesti moicavs masaliT mani-
pulirebas, praqtikulad ar aris sityvebi. maga-
liTad, kuburebis awyobis testSi individs
baraTebze gamosaxuli nimuSis gameoreba evaleba,
risTvisac igi kuburebis ferad mxareebs usa-
dagebs erTmaneTs. cifrebi-simboloebis testSi
mocemulia gasaRebi, romelic 9 simbolos 9
cifrs usadagebs da amocana meore gverdze
moTavsebuli simboloebisaTvis Sesabamisi
cifrebis miweraSi mdgomareobs. praqtikuli
Sesrulebis danarCen testebSi Sedis suraTebis
dalageba, suraTebis dasruleba da obieqtis
ageba. Tu CaitarebT WAIS-R-s, TerTmetive
veqsleris skolamdeli da dawyebiTi klasebis
bavSvebis inteleqtis skala _ gadasinjulia
(WPPSI-R, Wechsler, 1989) 4-dan 6.5 wlis bav-
SvebisaTvis. orive testis bolo reviziebma
masala ufro feradovani, Tanamedrove da bav-
SvebisaTvis sasiamovno gaxada. orive testma
daamtkica, rom sando da validur sazoms
warmoadgens (Little,1992; Sattler& Atkinson,1993).
WAIS-R, WISC-III da WPPSI-R qmnian inteleqtis
testebis ojaxs, romelic gvaZlevs verbalur
IQ-s, Sesrulebis IQ-s da sruli skalis IQ-s yovel
asakobriv doneze. garda amisa, isini gvawvdian
subtestebis Sedarebad qulebs, rac saSualebas
inteleqtis Sefaseba

subtesti unda SeasruloT da sami saxis qula
_ verbaluri IQ, Sesrulebis IQ da mTliani,
anu sruli skalis IQ _ miiRoT. 10.2 cxrilSi
mocemulia magaliTebi imisa, Tu ra tipis
kiTxvebs SexvdebiT WAIS-R-Si. WAIS-R gankuT-
vnilia 18 da meti wlis adamianebisaTvis, magram
msgavsi testebi SemuSavebulia bavSvebisaTvisac
(sur. 10.2). veqsleris inteleqtis skala bavSve-
bisaTvis _ mesame gamocema (WISC-III; Wechsler,
1991) morgebulia 6-dan 17 wlamde bavSvebze da
aZlevs mkvlevrebs Tvali gaadevnon ufro
specifikuri inteleqtualuri unarebis droSi
ganviTarebas. amis gamo veqsleris skalebi
gansakuTrebiT Rirebulia, rodesac erTi da
igive individi testirebas gansxvavebul asakSi
gadis, magaliTad, rodesac mimdinareobs gan-
sxvavebuli saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo progra-
mebis Sedegad bavSvis mier miRweuli warmatebis
monitoringi.
371
 cxrili
10.2
WAIS-R testis analogiuri sakiTxebi
da problemebi
verbaluri subtesti
informirebuloba vin dawera `didi geTsbi~?
gageba ras niSnavs, roca
adamianebi amboben: `feri
fersa - madli RmerTsa~.
ariTmetika Tu kinos bileTSi 8.5
dolari gadaixade da
batibutSi - 2.5 dolari,
maSin ocdolarianidan
xurda ramdeni unda
dagibrunon?
msgavseba riTi hgavs erTmaneTs
TviTmfrinavi da wyalqveSa
navi?
ricxvTa rigi gaimeore Semdegi ricxvebi:
3 2 7 5 9
leqsikur maragi ras niSnavs `paeqroba~?

Sesrulebis subtesti
ricxobrivi simbolo eqsperimentatori cdis pirs
awvdis gasaRebs, romelic
ricxvebs (magaliTad, 1, 2, 3)
simboloebs (magaliTad, Ö,
È , ) uTanadebs. cdis piri
suraTi
10.2
sqemis Sesavsebad iyenebs
gasaRebs, romelzec mxolod
ricxvebi an simboloebia
mocemuli.
suraTis dasruleba cdis piri aTvalierebs
suraTs da ambobs, ra aklia
mas (magaliTad, cxeni
fafaris gareSe)
kuburebis nimuSi cdis piri iyenebs kuburebs,
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba

rom gamomcdelis mier tebiT daxmarebas saWiroebdnen. binem wamoayena

mowodebuli nimuSi
gaimeoros. winadadeba, rom TiToeuli bavSvi klasi-
suraTebis dalageba cdis piri alagebs muyaos ficirebuli yofiliyo misi gonebrivi asakis
suraTebis serias iseTi
mixedviT. IQ qulebi gamoiTvleba, rogorc
TanmimdevrobiT, TiTqos
moTxrobas hyveba; funqcia _ gonebrivi asaki gayofili qronolo-
obieqtis ageba giur asakze. luis termenma da david veqslerma
eqsperimentatori awvdis
cdis pirs muyaos firfi-
IQ-s axali gasazomi instrumentebi SeimuSaves.
tebis nawilebs, romelic
cdis pirma ise unda daa-
lagos, rom nacnobi sagnis
suraTi miiRos. inteleqtis Teoriebi

Sejameba Cven ganvixileT inteleqtis gazomvis zogi-

inteleqtis Tanamedrove testireba saTaves
iRebs alfred bines mcdelobidan, romelsac
is iseTi moswavleebis gamosavlenad axor-
372
cielebda, romlebic skolaSi swavlisas dama-
erTi xerxi. amJamad Tqven ukve SegiZliaT hkiTxoT
sakuTar Tavs: daadgens Tu ara es testebi
yovelive imas, rasac sityva inteleqti gulis-
xmobs? daadgens Tu ara es testebi yvela im
unars, rac, Tqveni azriT, Tqvenive inteleqts
 fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi

Sefaseba internetiT

inteleqtis Sesaxeb Tavis
wakiTxvis Semdeg studentebs
xSirad uCndebaT interesi
imisa, Tu Tavad rogor gaar-
Tmeven Tavs IQ testebs. Cvens
droSi sakamaod advilia
ewvioT romelime veb-gverds,
amoirCioT testi da miiRoT
garkveuli qulebi. niSnavs Tu
ara rames miRebuli qulebi?
am kiTxvas pasuxs im zogierTi
cnebis mimoxilviT gavcemT,
romelsac am TavSi gaecaniT.
analizisaTvis monacemebi
dagvWirda da Cvens megobars,
romelsac pirobiTad poin-
deqsters vuwodebT, CvenTvis
internetSi mudmivad arsebuli
ramdenime IQ-testis gakeTeba
vTxoveT. mis mier gaxsnil
pirvelive veb-gverdze oTxi
sxvadasxva testi ido, ramac
sandoobis Sefasebis SesaZ-
lebloba mogvca. gavixsenoT,
rom sandooba konsistentiu-
robas exeba: gvaZlevs Tu ara
msgavs qulebs is testebi,
romlebic iTvleba rom, faq-
tobrivad, erTsa da imave rames
zomavs. poindeqsterma Semdegi
qulebi miiRo: 116, 117, 129 da
130. Tu 10.1 suraTs davubrun-
debiT, vnaxavT, rom misi qu-
lebi saSualoze maRalia (ra
kargia poindeqsterisaTis!),
magram miRebuli qulebidan
ori mas `sakmaod normaluris~
kategoriaSi aTavsebs, ori ki _
sazRvris marjvniv, `maRalin-
teleqtualebSi~. aqedan gamom-
dinare, SeiZleba vivaraudoT,
rom testis Sedegebi ar aris
gansakuTrebiT sando.
Tu testebi ar aris sando,
isini verc validuri iqneba. da-
vuSvaT, rom Cven SemTxvevaSi
testebi sando iyo. ganvixiloT
yvela SemTxveva, rodesac da-
veWvdebodiT maT validobaSi:
poindeqsteris qulebi gamoTv-
lili iyo misi Sedegis (20 ki-
Txvaze miRebuli swori pasuxe-
bis raodenoba) im individebis
SedegebTan SedarebiT, vinc masze
adre iyo am saitze da Seasrula
is testebi. qulebis 10.1 suraTze
mocemuli zaris formis ganawi-
lebaze gadataniT veb-gverdi IQ-
s afasebs. ra problemasTan
gvaqvs aq saqme? pirveli, Cven ar
gvaqvs safuZveli gvjerodes, rom
veb-gverdze Sesul adamianTa
saSualo IQ (gazomili tradi-
ciuli, sando arainternetuli
testiT) 100-is (wesiT, rogorc
unda iyos) toli iqneba. iqneb
adgili hqonda TviTSerCevas im
adamianebis mxridan, vinc veb-
gverdze mocemuli testi Seas-
rula? meore, Cven araviTari
safuZveli ar gvaqvs vivaraudoT,
rom testi yvelam erTnair stan-
dartul pirobebSi gaakeTa.
magaliTad, testSi Sedis
kiTxvebi, romlebic leqsikur
marags saWiroebs. rogor
SeiZleba viyoT darwmunebuli,
rom vinmem Tavisi qulebis
gazrdis mizniT Cveulebrivi
an eleqtronuli leqsikoniT
ar isargebla (`Sexede dediko,
yovelTvis vambobdi, rom
geniosi var!~)?
interneti TqvenTvis uz-
runvelyofs rogorc IQ-is,
ise sxva unarebisa da pirov-
nuli konstruqtis Sefasebis
uamrav SesaZleblobas. Tqven
unda gamoiyenoT am TavSi
miRebuli codna imisTvis, rom
frTxilad SeafasoT interne-
tiT miRebuli qulebis sando-
oba da validoba.
amasobaSi, poindeqsteri
internetSi mocemuli IQ-
testebis daJinebul momxmareb-
lad gadaiqca. `evropul IQ-
testebze~ misma saukeTeso
qulam 159-s miaRwia. igi ir-
wmuneba, rom 159 qula IQ-is
validuri sazomia. Tqvenc
darwunebuli xarT amaSi?
veb-gverdebi:
 www.2h.com/Tests/iq.phtml _
veb-gverdi, sadac didi rao-
denobiT testebia mocemuli;
 www.majon.com/iq.html --_
mravali testi erT saitze.
inteleqtis Teoriebi

Seadgens? am sakiTxebis gaazrebaSi rom dagexma-

roT, inteleqtis Teoriebs ganvixilavT. TiToe-
uli Teoriis gacnobisas hkiTxeT sakuTar Tavs:
moxerxebulad igrZnobdnen Tu ara Tavs misi
momxreebi, Tu maTi inteleqtis gasazomad IQ-s
gamoiyenebdnen.
inteleqtis fsiqometruli
Teoriebi
inteleqtis fsiqometruli Teoriebi, Ziri-
Tadad, imave filosofiur velSi warmoiSva, ro-
melmac IQ testebs misca dasabami. fsiqometria
373
 fsiqologiis dargia, romelic fsiqikuri funq-
ciebis testirebas emsaxureba. mis mraval aspeqts
Sorisaa pirovnebis diagnostikuri Sefaseba,
inteleqtis Sefaseba da ganwyobebis gazomva.
amrigad, fsiqometruli midgomebi mWidro
kavSirSia testirebis meTodebTan. es Teoriebi
ikvlevs statistikur mimarTebebs unarebis
gansxvavebul sazomebs Soris, magaliTad, WAIS-
R-is 11 subtests Soris da Semdeg am mimarTebaTa
safuZvelze adamianis inteleqtis Sesaxeb
daskvnebi gamoaqvs. teqnikas, romelic amisaTvis
yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba, faqtoruli analizi
ewodeba. es aris statistikuri procedura,
romelic parametrebis, klasterebisa da faqto-
rebis ufro mcire raodenobis identificirebas
axdens damoukidebel cvladTa ufro didi
erTobliobis SigniT. faqtoruli analizis
mizani sakvlevi koncefciis ZiriTadi fsiqolo-
giuri parametrebis dadgenaa. cxadia, statis-
tikuri procedura mxolod statistikur
mudmivebs adgens; am mudmivebis axsna da maTi
dasabuTeba ukve fsiqologebis saqmea.
Carlz spirmenma (Charles Spearman) pirvelma
gamoiyena faqtoruli analizi inteleqtis kvle-
vis sferoSi, rac sakmaod STambeWdavi iyo. man
aRmoaCina, rom individTa mier inteleqtis
sxvadasxvagvari testebis Sesrulebis Sedegad
miRebuli qulebi kargad korelirebs erTmaneT-
Tan. aqedan gamomdinare, man daaskvna, rom
arsebobs zogadi inteleqtis faqtori, anu
faqtori g, romelic gonebrivi aqtiobis ganxor-
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
cielebas udevs safuZvlad (Spearman,1927). yoveli
calkeuli sfero, aseve, dakavSirebulia Tavis
fsiqometria (Psychometrics) _ fsiqologiis dar-
gi, romelic gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis testi-
rebaSi specializirdeba.
g _ spirmenis mixedviT, zogadi inteleqtis
faqtori, romelic safuZvlad udevs yovelgvar
inteleqtualur aqtiobas.
kristalizebuli inteleqti (Cristallized intelli-
gence) _ inteleqtis komponenti, romelSic
Sedis pirovnebis mier SeZenili codna da am
codnis gazrda-gamoyenebis unari; izomeba leq-
sikuri maragis, ariTmetikuli da zogadi infor-
mirebulobis testebiT.
fluiduri inteleqti (Fluid intelligence) _ inte-
leqtis komponenti, romelic moicavs rTuli
mimarTebebis danaxvisa da problemebis gadaWris
374
unars.
specifikur unarTan, rasac spirmenma s uwoda.
magaliTad, leqsikur da ariTmetikul testSi
miRebuli Sedegebi damokidebulia rogorc
zogad inteleqtze, ise am sferosaTvis damaxasia-
Tebel specifikur unarebze.
raimond ketelma (Raymond Cattel, 1963) faqto-
ruli analizis ufro mowinave teqnikis gamoyene-
biT daadgina, rom zogadi inteleqti SeiZleba
daiyos or, SedarebiT damoukidebel komponentad,
romelsac man kristalizebuli da fluiduri
inteleqti uwoda. kristalizebuli inteleqti
moicavs individis mier ukve aTvisebul codnas
da am codnis gazrda-gamoyenebis unars; is
izomeba leqsikuri, ariTmetikuli da zogadi
informirebulobis testebiT. fluiduri inte-
leqti rTuli mimarTebebis xedvisa da prob-
lemebis gadaWris unaria; is izomeba kuburebis
nimuSisa da sivrcobrivi vizualizaciis teste-
biT, romlebSic problemis gadasaWrelad saWiro
fonuri informacia daskvniT miiReba. Tval-
saCino kristalizebuli inteleqti saSualebas
gaZlevT, kargad gaarTvaT Tavi cxovrebis
mimdinare, konkretul gamowvevebs; fluiduri
inteleqti ki gexmarebaT, ieriSi miitanoT axal,
abstraqtul problemebze.
joi pol gilfordma (J.P.Guilford, 1961) faqto-
ruli analizi inteleqtTan dakavSirebuli
mravali amocanis moTxovnaTa Sesaswavlad gamo-
iyena. inteleqtis struqturis miseul modelSi
gamoyofilia inteleqtualuri amocanebis sami
niSan-Tviseba: Sinaarsi, anu informaciis tipi;
produqti, anu forma, romliTac informacia
aris warmodgenili da operacia _ Sesrulebuli
gonebrivi moqmedebebis tipi.
rogorc 10.3 suraTi gviCvenebs, am modelSi
mocemulia xuTi saxis Sinaarsi: mxedvelobiTi,
smeniTi, simboluri, semantikuri da qceviTi;
eqvsi saxis produqti: erTeulebi, klasebi,
mimarTebebi, sistemebi, transformaciebi da
implikaciebi; xuTi saxis operacia: Sefaseba,
konvergentuli produqcia, divergentuli pro-
duqcia, mexsiereba da Semecneba. inteleqtis
mier Sesrulebuli TiToeuli amocana SeiZleba
ganisazRvros masSi Cadebuli Sinaarsis, pro-
duqtebis da operaciebis mixedviT. garda amisa,
gilfordi fiqrobs, rom yoveli kombinacia
Sinaarsi-produqti-operacia (yoveli mcire kubi
modelSi) gansxvavebul gonebriv unars warmoad-
gens. magaliTad, rogorc naCvenebia 10.2 suraTze,

leqsikuri testi adgens semantikuri Sinaarsis
mqone erTeulebis Semecnebis unars, xolo
sacekvao nomris daswavla qceviTi sistemebis
mexsierebas saWiroebs.
es Teoriuli modeli qimiur elementTa perio-
duli sistemis analogiuria. amgvari sistematu-
ri sqemis meSveobiT inteleqtis faqtorebi,
qimiuri elementebis msgavsad, SesaZlebelia maT
aRmoCenamde iqnen postulirebuli. 1961 wels,
rodesac gilfordma es modeli warmoadgina,
cnobili iyo daaxloebiT 40 inteleqtualuri
unari. mas Semdeg mkvlevrebma 100-ze meti unari
aRweres, rac gilfordis inteleqtis koncefciis
prognostikur unarze metyvelebs (Guilford, 1985).
gilfordis Semdeg mravalma fsiqologma
gaafarTova inteleqtis koncefcia imisaTvis,
rom maT Teoriebs ufro meti ram moecva, vidre
tradiciuli IQ testebis mixedviT gamovlenili
SesaZleblobebia. amJamad ganvixilavT or
Teorias, romelic scildeba IQ-is farglebs.
sternbergis inteleqtis
triarqiuli Teoria
robert sternbergic (Robert Sternberg, 1985, 1988)
xazs usvams problemebis gadaWraSi kognituri
procesebis mniSvnelobas, rogorc misi ufro
zogadi inteleqtis Teoriis nawils. sternbergi
suraTi
10.3
inteleqtis struqtura
inteleqtis struqtuis am modelSi j. p. gil-
fordi (J. P. Guilford) gamoyofs inteleqtualuri
amocanebis sam maxasiaTebels _ Sinaarss, anu
informaciis tips; produqts, anu formas
romliTac warmodgenilia informacia da
operacias, anu ganxorcielebuli gonebrivi
aqtivobis tips. inteleqtis mier Sesrulebuli
TiToeuli amocana SeiZleba dadgindes masSi
CarTuli Sinaarsis, produqtebis da opera-
ciebis mixedviT. magaliTad, leqsikuri testi
adgens semantikuri Sinaarsis mqone erTeu-
lebis Semecnebis unars.
ayalibebs triarqiul _ samnawilian _ Teo-
rias.Dmis mier mowodebuli inteleqtis sami
saxe _ komponenturi, empiriuli da konteqstu-
aluri _ efeqturi Sesrulebis daxasiaTebis
gansxvavebul xerxebs warmoadgens.
komponenturi inteleqti ganisazRvreba kom-
ponentebis, anu saazrovno procesebis meSve-
obiT, romlebic safuZvlad udevs azrovnebas
da problemebis gadawyvetas. sternbergi asa-
xelebs sami tipis komponents, romelTac cen-
traluri mniSvneloba aqvT informaciis gadamu-
SavebaSi: (1) codnis SeZenis komponentebi axali
faqtebis dasaswavlad; (2) Sesrulebis komponen-
tebi problemis gadaWris strategiebisa da
teqnikisaTvis; (3) metakognituri komponentebi
strategiebis SerCevisa da warmatebisaken moma-
vali procesis monitoringisaTvis. axla Tqveni
komponenturi inteleqtis asamoqmedeblad
gvsurs, rom scadoT 10.3- cxrilSi mocemuli
inteleqtis Teoriebi
savarjiSos Sesruleba.
rogor amoxseniT anagramebi? anagramebis
amosaxsnelad, ZiriTadad, Sesrulebis kompone-
ntebis da metakognituri komponentebis gamo-
yeneba dagWirdebaT. Sesrulebis komponentebi
is komponentebia, romelTa saSualebiTac
gonebaSi asoebiT manipulireba SegiZliaT;
metakognituri komponentebi gadawyvetilebis
mosaZebni strategiebis arsebobis saSualebas
375
 rom adamianTa jgufi avariis Semdeg mZime
cxrili
10.3 mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. Tqven unda endoT
jgufis im wevris gonierebas, romelic yvelaze
komponenturi inteleqtis gamoyenebis swrafad SeZlebs Sinisken mimavali gzis moZeb-
unari nas. sxva viTarebaSi Tqven gonierad unda miiC-
qvemoT mocemulia anagramebi, areuli sityvebis sia. nioT im adamianis qceva, romelsac rutinuli
rac SeiZleba swrafad moZebneT TiToeuli anagramis
amoxsna (Sternberg,1986).
amocanebis avtomaturi Sesruleba SeuZlia. Tu,
magaliTad, adamianTa jgufi yoveldRiurad erTsa
1. H-U-L-A-G __________
da imave amocanebs asrulebs, Tqvenze yvelaze
2. P-T-T-M-E __________
did STabeWdilebas is adamiani moaxdens, ro-
3. T-R-H-O-S __________
melic amocanebis warmatebiT Sesrulebas `axali
4. T-N-K-H-G-I __________
ideebis umciresi raodenobiT~ moaxerxebs.
5. T-E-W-I-R __________
konteqstualuri inteleqti nebismier tipis
6. L-L-A-O-W __________
saqmis praqtikul mogvarebaSi vlindeba. is axal
7. R-I-D-E-V __________
da gansxvavebul viTarebebTan (konteqstebTan)
8. O-C-C-H-U __________
adaptirebis, Sesatyvisi situaciebis SerCevisa
9. T-E-N-R-E __________
da Tqveni moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisi efeqturi
10. C-I-B-A-S __________
garemos Seqmnis unars gulisxmobs. konteqstu-
amoxsna mocemulia am Tavis bolos. aluri inteleqti isaa, rasac adamianebi `gaqe-
qilobas~ da `saqmis alRos~ uwodeben. gamokv-
iZleva. ganvixiloT anagrama T-R-H-O-S. rogor levebma aCvena, rom adamianebs SeiZleba hqondeT
gardaqmniT mas SHORT-ad? dasawyisisTvis sau- maRali konteqstualuri inteleqti maRali IQ-s
keTeso strategia iqneba TanxmovanTa SeTan- gareSe.
xmebebis mosinjva, romlebic xSiria inglisur
enaSi, rogoricaa S-H da T-H. strategiebis
SerCeva metakognitur komponentebs saWiroebs, saidan
maTi ganxorcieleba ki _ Sesrulebis komponen- viciT
tebs. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom kargi strategia
zogjer ar amarTlebs. ganvixiloT anagrama T- konteqstualuri inteleqti ipodromze
N-K-H-G-I. bevr adamians uWirs am anagramis
IQ-sa da winaRobebiT rbolaSi cxenebis
amoxsna, radgan K-N ar aris is kombinacia,
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba

warmatebas Soris mimarTebis dasadgenad

romliTac inglisuri sityvebi xSirad iwyeba,
mkvlevrebma ipodromis mudmivi klientebi
xolo T-H _ xSiria.YTqvenc xom didxans cdi-
SearCies. 30-kaciani jgufi daiyo eqsper-
lobdiT am anagramis iseT sityvad gardaqmnas,
tebad da araeqspertebad, maTi winaswar-
romelic T-H-iT iwyeba?
metyvelebis safuZvelze, Tu romel cxenebs
sxvadasxva amocanis Semadgenel komponentebad
eqneboda gamarjvebis saukeTeso Sansi.
daSliT mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT, zustad gansa-
miuxedavad imisa, rom orive jgufis IQ
zRvron procesebi, romlebic gansxvavebuli IQ-
saSualo 100-is farglebSi iyo da TiTqmis
is mqone individebis mier testSi miRebul
araviTari korelacia ar arsebobda IQ-sa
Sedegebs Soris sxvaobas ganapirobeben. maga-
da eqspertobas Soris, eqspertebma Sem-
liTad, mkvlevrebma SeiZleba aRmoaCinon, rom
TxvevaTa 93%-Si sworad daasaxeles pirvel
maRali IQ-is mqone moswavleTa metakognituri
adgilze gasuli cxeni, araeqspertebma ki
komponenti maT garkveuli tipis problemis
_ SemTxvevaTa mxolod 33%-Si. mkvlevrebma
gadasaWrelad gansxvavebuli strategiebis
isic aCvenes, rom eqspertebi TavianT zust
SerCevas karnaxobs, dabali IQ-is mqone Tana-
Sefasebebs im xerxiT asrulebdnen, romelic
tolebisgan gansxvavebiT.
rTul statistikur procedurebs waagavda
empiriuli inteleqti gulisxmobs adamianis
(Ceci & Liker, 1986).
unars, gaumklavdes or ukiduresobas _ axal da
376 rutinul problemebs. warmoidgineT, magaliTad,
 vinaidan TiToeuli cxeni, mTeli rigi para-
metrebis mixedviT (Cveuli siswrafe, miRebuli
prizebi, sarbeni asparezis mdgomareoba, mxedris
unarianoba da a.S.), cvladebis gansxvavebul
kombinacias warmoadgens, eqspertebis warmateba
msgavsi situaciebis ubralo gameorebas ver
miewereba; ufro savaraudoa, rom maT ganuvi-
TardaT STambeWdavi unarebi, romelic maT
garemos specifikurad esadageba.
sternbergis triarqiul TeoriaSi aRiare-
bulia, rom IQ qulebi inteleqtualur qcevas
ver asaxaven srulad da nacadia imaze metis
gakeTeba, vidre individebisTvis maRali da
dabali IQ-is iarliyebis miniWebaa.YdavuSvaT,
mkvlevrebma gaiges, rom `aragonier~ adamianebs
garkveuli amocanebi imitom uZneldebaT, rom
ver axerxeben mTeli relevanturi informaciis
kodirebas. aseTi adamianebi SeZleben `gonivrul~
Sesrulebas, Tuki am konkretul komponents
gaivarjiSeben. amrigad, savsebiT SesaZlebelia
komponenturi inteleqtis gaZliereba. stern-
bergs, agreTve, miaCnia, rom adamianebs SeuZliaT
empiriuli da konteqstualuri inteleqtis
gaumjobeseba (Sternberg, 1986). Tu Sesatyvisad
gaigeben qcevis safuZvlad mdebare komponentur
process, mkvlevrebi SeZleben iseTi teqnikebis
emociuri inteleqti (Emotional intelligence) _ inte-
leqtis tipi, romelSic Sedis Semdegi unarebi:
emociaTa zusti da Sesatyvisi aRqma, gageba da
gamoxatva; azrovnebis gasaioleblad emociebis
gamoyeneba; emociis gageba da analizi; emociuri
codnis efeqturad gamoyeneba da sakuTari
emociebis regulireba rogorc emociuri, ise _
inteleqtualuri zrdis xelSesawyobad.
Seqmnas, romelTa meSveobiTac TiToeuli
adamianis Sedegi SeiZleba `gonivrulad gamo-
iyurebodes~.
gardneris mravlobiTi
inteleqti da emociuri
inteleqti
hovard gardnerma (Howard Gardnner, 1983,1999)
SemogvTavaza Teoria, romelSic inteleqtis
cnebis Sinaarsi scildeba IQ testebSi gaTva-
liswinebul unarebs. gardneri gamoyofs in-
teleqtis mraval saxeobas, romelic adamianis
gamocdilebis farTo speqtrs moicavs. TiToeul
am unars gansxvavebuli Rirebuleba eniWeba
adamianTa sazogadoebebSi imis mixedviT, Tu
ras miiCnevs saWirod, sasargeblod da faseulad
mocemuli sazogadoeba. rogorc 10.4 cxrilSia
naCvenebi, igi inteleqtis rva saxes gamoyofs.
gardneri amtkicebs, rom dasavluri sazo-
gadoeba wina planze ayenebs pirveli ori saxis
inteleqts, xolo aradasavlur sazogadoebaSi
xSirad sxva saxeebia Rirebuli. magaliTad,
mikroneziaSi, karolinis kunZulze, mezRvaurs
inteleqtis Teoriebi
unda SeeZlos did manZilebze zRvaosnoba rukis
gareSe, mxolod sivrcobrivi inteleqtisa da
sxeulebrivi kinesTetikuri inteleqtis gamo-
yenebiT. es unarebi am sazogadoebaSi ufro
fasobs, vidre valdebulebis dokumentis Sedgena.
balis kunZulze, sadac artistuli warmodgena
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawilia, talantebi
da musikaluri inteleqti, romelic rTuli
sacekvao ileTebis koordinirebaSi monawileobs,
gansakuTrebiT dafasebulia. interpersonalur 377
 cxrili
10.4
gardneris inteleqtis rva saxe
inteleqti saboloo statusi ZiriTadi komponentebi
logikur- mecnieri logikuri da ricxobrivi paternebisadmi
maTematikuri maTematikosi mgrZnobeloba da maTi garCevis unari, msje-
lobis grZeli jaWvis agebis unari.
lingvisturi poeti sityvaTa bgerebis, riTmebisa da mniSvnelo-
Jurnalisti bebisadmi mgrZnobeloba; enis gansxvavebuli
funqciebisadmi mgrZnobeloba.

sabunebismetyvelo biologi mgrZnobeloba cxovelTa saxeobebs Siris

bunebrivi garemos gansxvavebebisadmi; cocxal arsebebTan
mkvlevari saTuTad mopyrobis unari.

musikaluri kompozitori ritmis, simaRlis da tembris Seqmnisa da

mevioline dafasebis unari; musikaluri gamomsa-
xvelobebis formebis codna

sivrcobrivi navigatori vizualur-sivrcobrivi samyaros zustad

moqandake aRqmis da sakuTari sawyisi aRqmebis
transformirebis unari.

sxeulebriv- sakuTari sxeulebrivi moZraobebis marTvis

mocekvave
kinesTetikuri da obieqtebTan marjved urTierTobis unari.
aTleti
pirovnebaTSorisi sxva adamianTa guneba-ganwyobilebis, tempera-
fsiqoTerapevti
mentis, motivebis da survilebis garCevisa da
saqonlis gasaRebis
maTze Sesatyvisi reagirebis unarebi.
muSaki
Sidapirovnuli sakuTari grZnobebis misawvdomoba da maT
sakuTari Tavis
Soris sxvaobis povnis unari da maT Sesaty-
detalurad mcodne
visad qcevis warmarTva; sakuTari Zlieri da
pirovneba
susti mxareebis, survilebisa da gonebrivi
SesaZleblobebis codna.

inteleqts ufro wamyvani adgili uWiravs Tadi komponentis mqone inteleqti (Mayer &
koleqtivistur sazogadoebaSi, rogoricaa ia- Salovely, 1007; Mayer et al., 2000). es komponentebia:
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba

ponia, sadac aqcentirebulia TanamSromloba

da komunaluri cxovreba, vidre iseT individua-
listur sazogadoebaSi, rogoricaa aSS (Tri-
andis,1990).
inteleqtis am saxeobaTa Sesafaseblad qaRal-
disa da fanqris testebi _ martivi raodenobrivi
sazomebi _ arasakmarisia. inteleqtis gardne-
riseuli Teoria moiTxovs, rom mas daakvirdnen
da Seafason mTel rig cxovrebiseul situaciebSi
da, aseve, cxovrebiseul mcire epizodebSi,
romelic inteleqtis tradiciul testebSia
mocemuli.
bolo wlebSi mkvlevrebma inteleqtis iseTi
tipis kvleva daiwyes, rogoricaa emociuri
inteleqti, romelic gardneriseul interper-
sonaluri da intrapersonaluri inteleqtis
cnebebs ukavSirdeba (ix. cxrili 10.4). emociuri
inteleqti ganisazRvreba, rogorc oTxi Ziri-
378
emociebis zustad da Sesatyvisad aRqmis,
Sefasebis da gamoxatvis unari;
azrovnebis gasaioleblad emociebis gamo-
yenebis unari;
emociebis gagebisa d analizis, agreTve,
emociuri codnis efeqturad gamoyenebis unari;
emociuri da inteleqtualuri zrdis xelSe-
sawyobad sakuTari emociebis regulirebis unari.
am gansazRvrebaSi asaxulia axali Tvalsaz-
risi emociebis pozitiuri rolis Sesaxeb inte-
leqtis funqcionirebasTan mimarTebaSi _ emo-
ciebs SeuZliaT azrovneba ufro gonieri gaxa-
don, adamianebs SeuZliaT gonierad gaiazron
sakuTari da sxvaTa emociebi.
ganvixiloT situacia, rodesac maswavlebeli
Tqvens klass usvams SekiTxvas: `ra erqva stam-
buls Zvelad~? miuxedavad imisa, rom tomi xedavs,
pamelam xeli aiwia, igi adgilidan wamoiZaxebs
pasuxs _ `konstantinopoli~. Tqven gesmiT, rom
pamela gabrazebulia, radgan tomma mas `dideba
waarTva~. Tqven SeiZleba TvlideT, rom toms
aqvs maRali IQ, magram ara EQ _ IQ-is emociuri
oreuli (Goleman,1995). Cven mier pamelas grZno-
bebis gageba _ EQ-is erT-erTi magaliTia. mkvlev-
rebi Seudgnen sazomi instrumentebis Seqmnas,
romlebic, maTi rwmeniT, EQ-is sando da
validuri sazomebi iqneba.
saidan
viciT
EQ-is gazomva
503 mozrdilisa da 229 mozardisagan
Semdgarma SerCevam Seavso `mravalfaq-
toriani emociuri inteleqtis skala~,
romelic individebisagan emociur prob-
lemaTa seriis gadaWris iseTi variantebis
warmodgenas moiTxovs, rogoricaa mo-
cemuli situaciiT aRZruli emociebis
dadgena. monawileTa pasuxebi Sefasda
rogorc eqspertTa msjelobebTan, ise yvela
im adamianis erTsulovan msjelobebTan
mimarTebaSi, romlebmac skala Seavses. EQ-
is qulebi mxolod zomier korelaciaSi
iyo IQ-is qulebTan rogorc mozrdilebTan,
ise _ mozardebTan. es adasturebs, rom EQ
zomavs IQ-is tradiciuli sazomebisgan
gansxvavebul unarebs. mozrdilebi ufro
maRal qulebs iReben, vidre mozardebi,
rac metyvelebs imaze, rom EQ mniS-
vnelovani garemoseuli komponentia. dabo-
los, emociuri inteleqtis am axal ska-
laze qalebs emociebis aRqmaSi gacilebiT
didi upiratesoba hqondaT, vidre mamakacebs
(Mayer et al., 1999).
Tqveni azriT, ratom unda hqondeT qalebs
mamakacebze ufro maRali EQ? xom ar fiqrobT,
rom amas buneba (qalis evoluciuri momzadeba
garkveuli rolebisaTvis) an aRzrda (qalTa
socializacia metad emociur arsebebad) ganagebs
(Brody,1997; Eisenberg et al., Lafrance&Banaji,1992)?
inteleqtis testirebis da inteleqtis Teo-
riebis mimoxilvam safuZveli moamzada im sazo-
gadoebrivi viTarebebis ganxilvisaTvis, rac
inteleqtis Temas esoden sadaos xdis.
Sejameba
Carlz spirmens miaCnda, rom inteleqti
Sedgeba zogadi unarisagan, romelsac man uwoda
g da sxvadasxva sferos Sesabamisad specifikuri
unarebisagan, romlic aRniSna s-iT. sxva
fsiqometrikosma mkvlevrebma inteleqtis sxva
mdgenelebis kvleva scades.
sternbergma gamoTqva varaudi, rom adamianebs
sami saxis inteleqti aqvT: komponenturi,
empiriuli da konteqstualuri. gardnerma gaa-
farTova inteleqtis gansazRvreba da masSi rva
tipis inteleqti gaaerTiana, romlebic IQ-is
tradiciuli testebiT gamovlenil unarebs
scildeba. emociuri inteleqti asaxavs indivi-
dis unars, efeqturad gamoiyenos da gaigos
emociebi.
inteleqtis politika
Cven vnaxeT, rom inteleqtis Tanamedrove
koncefciebi ewinaaRmdegeba IQ-is testSi
miRebul qulebsa da pirovnebis inteleqts
Soris arsebul mWidro kavSirs, magram dasavlur
sazogadoebaSi IQ testebi mainc rCeba inte-
leqtis yvelaze gavrcelebul sazomad. IQ
testirebis gavrcelebulobisa da IQ qulebis
xelmisawvdomobis gamo advilia sxvadasxva
jgufebis Sedareba maTi `saSualo~ IQ-is
mixedviT. aSS-Si aseTi eTnikuri da rasobrivi
jgufuri Sedarebebi xSirad gamoiyeneboda,
rogorc umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebis Tan-
inteleqtis politika
Sobili genetikuri arasrulfasovnebis damadas-
turebeli sabuTi. Cven mokled mimovixilavT
IQ testebis qulaTa gamoyenebis praqtikas
zogierTi jgufis gonebrivi arasrulfasovnebis
maCveneblad. Semdeg ganvixilavT sakiTxs _ buneba
Tu aRzrda, anu ra aris inteleqtSi da inteleq-
tis testebis SesrulebaSi bunebiT moniWebuli
da ra _ aRzrdis Sedegi. Tqven naxavT, rom
fsiqologiaSi es politikurad yvelaze cvale-
EQ – IQ-s oreuli _ emociuri inteleqti.
379
 badi sakiTxia, vinaidan saemigracio kvotebis,
ganaTlebis resursebisa da sxva sakiTxebi
SeiZleba aigos imaze, Tu rogor aris inter-
pretirebuli jgufuri IQ-is monacemebi.
jgufuri Sedarebebis istoria
1990-iani wlebis daswyisSi fsiqologi henri
godardi (Henry Goddard) amtkicebda, rom yvela
emigrants unda Cautardes gonebrivi unarebis
testireba da maT, visac `fsiqikuri defeqti~
aRmoaCndeba, `SerCeviT aekrZalos qveyanaSi
Semosvla~. amgvar Sexedulebebs Tavisi wvlilis
Setana SeeZlo emigrantTa zogierTi jgufis
qveyanaSi SeSvebisadmi mtruli nacionaluri
damokidebulebis SeqmnaSi (Cronbach,1975;
McPherson,1985; Sokal,1987). marTlac, 1924 wels
kongresma miiRo aqti, romelic zRudavda
emigracias da emigrantebisaTvis awesebda
inteleqtis testebis gavlas niu iorkis
navsadgurSive, an elisis kunZulze moxved-
risTanave. ebrael, italiel, rus da sxva
erovnebis emigrantTa didi nawili IQ testebis
safuZvelze klasificirebul iqna, rogorc
`Wkuasusti~. zogierTma fsiqologma es sta-
tistikuri monacemebi imis sabuTad miiCnia, rom
emigrantebi samxreTi da aRmosavleTi evropidan
genetikurad ufro dabal safexurze imyofebod-
nen, vidre CrdiloeT da dasavleTevropuli
warmomavlobis emigrantebi (Ruch,1937). Tumca,
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
es `arasrulfasovani~ jgufebi yvelaze cudad
380
icnobdnen dominantur enas da kulturas,
romelsac eyrdnoba IQ testebi, radganac axali
Casulebi iyvnen (ramdenime aTeuli wlis Semdeg
IQ testebSi gamovlenili es jgufuri sxvaobebi
mTlianad gaqra, magram Teoria inteleqtis
sferoSi rasobrivi sxvaobebis Sesaxeb ganag-
rZobda arsebobas).
godardi da sxvebi (1917) dabali IQ-is eTnikur
warmomavlobasTan ubralo dakavSirebaze Sors
wavidnen. dabal IQ-Tan dakavSirebul uaryofiT
Tvisebebs maT moraluri uRirsoba, fsiqikuri
defeqturoba da amoraluri socialuri qceva
daumates. maTi Tvalsazrisis dasabuTeba cudi
reputaciis mqone ori ojaxis _ jukis ojaxisa
da kilikakis ojaxis _ klinikuri Seswavlidan
momdinareobda. am ojaxis ramdenime Taobis
Seswavla TiTqosda aCvenebda, rom ojaxur
genebSi daTesili cudi Tesli uciloblad
defeqtur STamomavlobas mogvcemda. godardma
igive daaskvna kilikakTa ojaxis klinikuri Ses-
wavlidanac. maT ojaxur xes hqonda erTi `kargi
Teslis~ da meore `cudi Teslis~ mxareebi (am
gamokvlevaSi ojaxs saxeli godardma Searqva,
rac berZnulad karg-cuds niSnavs). martin ki-
likaks, revoluciuri omis jariskacs, ara-
kanonieri vaJi hyavda qalTan, romelic aRweris
Tanaxmad, gonebrivad CamorCenili iyo. maTma
kavSirma, saboloo jamSi, 480 STamomavali mogvca.
godardma aqedan 143 `defeqturad~, 46 ki _
`normalurad~ miiCnia. ojaxis danarCeni wevrebi-
saTvis ki aRmoaCina, rom maTTvis Cveuli ram
iyo danaSauli, alkoholizmi, fsiqikuri aSli-
lobebi da kanondarRvevis SemTxvevebi. amis sa-
pirispirod, rodesac martin kilikakma meored
`karg qalTan~ iqorwina, am kavSirma mogvca 496
STamomavali, saidanac mxolod sami iqna
`defeqturad~ aRiarebuli. godardma isic naxa,
rom am maRalxarisxovani kavSiris mravali
STamomavali `gamoCenili adamiani~ gaxda (Godard,
1914). igi mivida im azramde, rom memkvidre-
obiTobam dadebiTi mxridan gansazRvra in-
teleqti, genialoba da gamoCeniloba, xolo
uaryofiTi mxridan _ delikventoba, alkoho-
lizmi, seqsualuri amoraloba, gonebrivi
CamorCeniloba da siRatakec ki (McPherson,1985).
saidan
viciT
genetikurad arasrulfasovani ojaxebi
ityobinebodnen, rom (dawyebuli 1875
wlidan) mokvleul iqna niu iorkis Statis
`jukis sisxlis~ mqone ojaxebis 2000-ze
meti wevri, radganac am ojaxs damyarebuli
hqonda gonebriv ganviTarebaSi CamorCen-
ilobis, kanondarRvevisa da danaSaulis
samarcxvino rekordi. am ojaxis 458 wevrma
ver SeZlo skolaSi swavla gonebrivi
unarebis arqonis gamo. 171 kriminaluri
warsulis adamiani aRmoCnda, xolo maTi
sanaTesaos aseulobiT wevri `glaxaki,
TavaSvebuli da meZavi~ iyo. daaskvnes, rom
memkvidreobiToba am saSineli ojaxis wevr-
Ta samarcxvino ganviTarebis wamyvani faq-
tori iyo.
genetikuri arasrulfasovnebis godardiseuli
argumenti Semdgom ganamtkicaFim faqtma, rom
pirveli msoflio omis dros armiaSi gamo-
yenebul inteleqtis testebSi afro-amerikelebi
da sxva rasobrivi umciresobebi nakleb qulebs
iRebdnen, vidre TeTrkaniani umravlesoba. luis
termenma, romelmac didad Seuwyo xeli aSS-Si
IQ testirebas, Zalze aramecnieruli komentari
gaukeTa monacemebs, romelic misive daxmarebiT
aSS-Si mcxovrebi rasobrivi umciresobebisgan
Segrovda:
`maTi siClunge, rogorc Cans, rasobr-
ivia... amJamad ar Cans raime SesaZlebloba,
davarwmunoT…sazogadoeba, rom maT ar unda
mieceT reproduqciis ufleba, Tumca, ev-
genikis TvalsazrisiT, maTi araCveuleb-
rivad swrafi gamravlebis gamo, isini seri-
ozul problemas qmnian (Terman,1916, gv. 91-
92).
saxelebi Seicvala, magram problema igive
darCa. dResac SeerTebul StatebSi afro-
amerikelebi da laTinosebi standartizebul
inteleqtis testebSi, saSualod, ufro dabal
qulebs iReben, vidre azieli amerikelebi da
TeTrkanianebi. cxadia, yvela jgufSi arian
individebi, romelTa IQ qulebi umaRles (da
udables) poluss Seesabameba. rogoraa SesaZ-
lebeli IQ-is qulebSi aseTi jgufuri gan-
sxvavebebis interpretireba? SeerTebul StatebSi
da did britaneTSi arsebuli tradiciis
mixedviT, es gansxvavebebi genetikur arasrul-
fasovnebas (bunebas) miewereba. mas Semdeg, rac
IQ-is maCveneblebSi genetikuri gansxvavebebis
realurobaze vimsjelebT, ganvixilavT meore
SesaZleblobas, romlis mixedviT, garemo
pirobebis nairgvaroba (aRzrda) mniSvnelovan
gavlenas axdens IQ-ze. TiToeuli axsnis an maTi
kombinaciis dasabuTebas mniSvnelovani socia-
luri, ekonomikuri da politikuri Sedegebi
mohyveba.
memkvidreobiToba da IQ
rogor SeuZliaT mkvlevrebs inteleqtis
genetikuri gansazRvrulobis xarisxis dadgena?
am kiTxvaze nebismieri pasuxi mkvlevrebisgan
inteleqtis indeqsad garkveuli sazomis SerCevas
moiTxovs. amrigad, sakiTxi is ki araa, axdens
Tu ara memkvidreobiToba inteleqtze gavlenas,
aramed is, umetes SemTxvevaSi, msgavsia Tu ara
ojaxur xeTa SigniT IQ maCvenebeli. am konkretul
inteleqtis politika
kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad, mkvlevrebs sWirdebaT
saerTo genebisa da saerTo garemos gavlenaTa
erTmaneTisgan gancalkeveba. amisTvis mowode-
buli erT-erTi meTodia identuri (monozi-
goturi) da araidenturi (dizigoturi) tyupebis
da sxvadasxva donis genetikuri gadafarvis
naTesavTa funqcionirebis Sedareba. 10.3 suraTze
warmodgenilia individTa IQ-is qulaTa Soris
korelaciebi maTi genetikuri naTesaobis done-
381
 suraTi
10.4
memkvidreobiToba da IQ
am suraTze warmodgenilia korelaciebi erTad gazrdili (erTsa da imave garemoSi), identuri (monozigoturi)
da araidenturi (dizigoturi) tyupebis IQ qulaTa Soris. Sedarebis mizniT suraTze, agreTve, mocemulia
siblingebis (debisa da Zmebis) da biologiuri da arabiologiuri mSoblebisa da Svilebis monacemebi.
monacemebi aCvenebs orive faqtoris _ genetikuris (ricxvebi, romlebic weria `genetikuri naTesaobis~
qveS, azusteben genetikuri masalis gadafarvas) da garemos (ricxvebi, miwerili saerTo Sinauri garemos
qveS, aCveneben, garemo igive iyo [1] Tu gansxvavebuli [0]), mniSvnelobas. magaliTad, identuri tyupebi
aCveneben ufro maRal korelacias IQ-s Soris, vidre araidenturi tyupebi, anu saxezea genetikuri
gavlena, magram orive tipis tyupebi avlenen ufro maRal korelaciebs, rodesac isini erTad arian
gazrdili, anu saxezea garemos gavlena.

ebis mixedviT (Plomin & Petrill,1997). rogorc xedavT,

Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba

es maCvenebeli miiReba mocemuli populaciis

rac ufro didia genetikuri msgavseba, miT metia
IQ-is msgavseba (am monacemebSi yuradReba unda
miaqcioT imas, rom garemos zegavlena erTad
gazrdilTa IQ-is didi msgavsebis saxiTac
gamovlinda).
mkvlevrebi amgvar Sedegebs IQ-is memkvidre-
obiTobis Sesafaseblad iyeneben. romelime niSan-
Tvisebis, magaliTad, inteleqtis memkvidreobiT
gadacemis SesaZlebloba im niSan-Tvisebis tes-
turi qulebis variabilobis Sefardebas emyareba,
rac SeiZleba genetikur faqtorebs mieweros.
memkvidreobiTobis Sefaseba (Heritability estimate)
_ mocemuli Tvisebis an qcevis memkvidre-
obiTobis xarisxis statistikuri Sefaseba
dadgenili im individTa mixedviT, romlebic
icvlebian maTi genetikuri msgavsebis xarisxiT.
382
(magaliTad, kolejis studentebi, an fsiqikurad
daavadebuli adamianebi) yvela testuri qulis
variaciis gamoTvliTYda Semdeg imis dadgeniT,
Tu mTliani variaciidan ra wili aqvs genetikur,
anu memkvidreobiT faqtorebs. es genetikuri
gadafarvis sxvadasxva donis mqone adamianTa
SedarebiT keTdeba. mkvlevrebi, romlebmac IQ-
is memkvidreobiT gadacemis Sesaxeb Catarebuli
mravali gamokvleva Seiswavles, askvnian, rom
IQ qulebis variaciis daaxloebiT 50% geneti-
kuri nakrebiTaa gamowveuli (Grigorenko, 2000;
Neisser et al., 1996; Plomin & Petrill, 1997), magram yvelaze
saintereso, albaT, isaa, rom memkvidreoboTobis
wili imatebs cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi: memkvid-
reobiToba daaxloebiT 40%-s utoldeba 4-6 wlis
bavSvebTan, Tumca daaxloebiT 60%-mde izrdeba
adreul mozardobaSi da daaxloebiT 80%-s

aRwevs ufros mozrdilebTan! bevrs gaukvirda
es Sedegi, radgan, intuiturad, asakis matebasTan
erTad garemos sul ufro meti da ara naklebi
gavlena unda hqondes. intuiciasTan am Seusabamo
Sedegs mkvlevrebi aseT axsnas aZleven: `SesaZ-
lebelia, genetikuri dispoziciebi gvibiZgeben
im garemosken, romelic Cveni genetikuri
midrekilebebis aqcentirebas axdens da Sedegad
cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi momatebul memkvid-
rulobas viRebT~ (Plomin & Petrill,1997. gv. 51).A
kvlav davubrundeT im wertils _ testuri
qulebis sxvaobas afro-amerikelebsa da TeTr-
kanian amerikelebs Soris _ saidanac genetikuri
analizi winaaRmdegobrivi xdeba. miuxedavad
imisa, rom ramdenime aTeuli wlis winaT es
sxvaoba IQ-is 15 qulas Seadgenda, TeTrkanianTa
da SavkanianTa qulebi garkveuli drois Semdeg
erTmaneTs dauaxlovda. ase rom, Tanamedrove
indikatorebis mixedviT, sxvaoba 7-10 qulas Soris
Tavsdeba (Nisbett, 1995, 1998, Williams & Ceci, 1997),
Tumca, sxvaobis Semcireba garemos gavlenaze
miuTiTebs. es sxvaoba bevr adamians mainc
afiqrebinebs, rom rasebs Soris dauZleveli
genetikuri gansxvavebebi arsebobs (Hernnstein
&Murrey, 1994), magram, maSinac ki, Tu IQ memkvid-
reobiTia, asaxavs ki es sxvaoba dabalqulian
jgufSi Semaval individTa genetikur arasrul-
fasovnebas? pasuxi erTmniSvnelovania _ `ara!~
memkvidreobiToba erTi konkretuli jgufis
SigniT ganxorcielebul gazomvas efuZneba. is
ar gamodgeba jgufTaSorisi gansxvavebebis
interpretirebisTvis, ganurCevlad imisa, Tu
ramdenad didia maT Soris gansxvaveba obieqturi
testis monacemebis mixedviT. memkvidreobis
maCveneblebi individTa mocemuli populaciis
Sesaxeb mxolod gasaSualoebul warmodgenaTa
ricxvs ganekuTvneba. maSinac ki, roca iciT,
rom simaRle, magaliTad, memkvidreobiTobis
maRali maCvenebliT xasiaTdeba (daaxloebiT
90%), mainc ver gansazRvravT imas, Tu ramdenadaa
Tqveni simaRle genetikurad ganpirobebuli.
igive argumenti gamodgeba IQ-saTvis: -miuxedavad
inteleqtis memkvidreobiTobis maRali maCveneb-
lebisa, ver ganvsazRvravT konkretuli indi-
vidis IQ-Si, an jgufTaSoris saSualo IQ-Si
genetikis gavlenas. is faqti, rom IQ testSi
erTi rasobrivi Tu eTnikuri jgufi nakleb
qulebs iRebs, vidre meore, ar unda niSnavdes
imas, rom am jgufebs Soris gansxvaveba geneti-
kuri warmoSobisaa maSinac ki, rodesac memkvid-
reobiTobis maCvenebeli (romelic jgufSi iyo
dadgenili) IQ qulebisaTvis maRalia.
meore mizezi, Tu ratom ar SeiZleba geneti-
kuri nakrebi srulad iyos pasuxismgebeli jguf-
TaSoris sxvaobaze, am gansxvavebaTa SefardebiT
sidides exeba. saSualo gansxvavebis miuxedavad,
arsebobs mniSvnelovani Tanxvedra TiToeuli
jgufis qulebis ganawilebaSi: jgufebs Soris
gansxvaveba, TiToeul jgufSi individebis
qulebs Soris gansxvavebebTan SedarebiT, mcirea
(Loehlin, 2000; Suzuki&Valencia, 1997). zogadad,
gansxvavebebi sxvadasxva rasobrivi jgufis genur
nakrebSi umniSvneloa erTi da igive jgufis
wevrebs Soris arsebul genetikur gansxvavebeb-
Tan SedarebiT (Could, 1981; Zuckerman, 1990). metic,
inteleqtis politika
aSS-Si rasa xSirad ufro socialuri konstruq-
tia, vidre biologiuri. ganvixiloT golfis
SesaniSnavi axalgazrda moTamaSis taiger vudsis
(Tiger Woods) SemTxveva, romelsac xSirad af-
rikel amerikelad moixsenieben da amiT uares
pirobebSi ayeneben mas, Tumca, misi realuri
warmomavloba gacilebiT rTulia (misi winap-
rebi TeTrkaniani, Savkaniani, tai, Cineli da
adgilobrivi amerikelebi iyvnen). vudsi Sesa-
niSnavi magaliTia imisa, Tu ramdenad ar 383
 Seesatyviseba sazogadoebrivi Sexeduleba
biologiur realobas. aseT SemTxvevaSi arsebobs
seriozuli safrTxe, rom sxvadasxva sazoga-
doebrivad gamijnuli jgufebis gansxvavebebi
IQ-is mixedviT ganxilul iqnes, rogorc bio-
logiuri faqtorebiT ganpirobebuli gansxvave-
bebi (Suzuki & Valencia, 1997).
mkvlevrebma gamonaxes am Sexedulebis kvle-
vebis saSualebiT Semowmebis gzebi. eqsperimentSi
monawileobdnen Savkaniani amerikelebi, romel-
Tac TeTrkaniani amerikeli an evropeli mSob-
lebi hyavdaT. aSS-Si „Savi~ mosaxleobis 20-30%
Sefasebulia, rogorc evropuli warmomavlobis
mqone, rac Sereuli qorwinebis Sedegia. qmnis
Tu ara gansxvavebas IQ-Si is, Tu ramdenad aris
datvirTuli evropuli geniT `Savi~ individi?
im Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, romelic genebs
yovelives qvekuTxedad miiCnevs, es cvlis
viTarebas, Tumca, monacemebi gviCveneben, rom
memkvidreobiT miRebul evropeiodulobasa da
IQ-s Soris korelacia Zalze sustia (mraval-
ricxovan kvlevebSi es maCvenebeli mxolod 0.15-
s Seadgens). es samarTliania yvela SemTxvevaSi,
ganurCevlad imisa, Tu romeli maxasiaTebeli _
kanis feri Tu sisxlis jgufi _ gamoiyeneba
rasobrivi aRrevis maCveneblad. im germaneli
bavSvebis IQ maCveneblebis Sedarebam, romelTa
mamebi Savkaniani da TeTrkaniani samxedroebi
iyvnen, ar gamoavlina gansxvaveba maT Soris.
amasTanave, `Savkaniani-TeTrkaniani~ kavSiris
Sedegad gaCenil bavSvebs rva quliT maRali
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
Sedegi hqondaT im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac deda
iyo TeTrkaniani. am gansxvavebis savaraudo axsna
isaa, rom deda ufro metad monawileobs bavSvis
inteleqtualuri socializaciis procesSi, vidre
mama da, cxadia, es gansxvaveba ar unda mieweros
genetikur faqtors, radgan Svilis genetikuri
monacemebi orive mSoblis genetikiTaa
ganpirobebuli (Loehlin, 2000; Nisbert,1998).
genetika mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs indi-
vidis IQ-is formirebaSi, iseve rogorc mis bevr
sxva maxasiaTebelsa da unarze. miuxedavad amisa,
Cven vamtkicebT, rom rasobriv da eTnikur
jgufebs Soris IQ-is mixedviT arsebuli gan-
sxvavebebis memkvidreobiT axsna SeuZlebelia.
is aucilebeli, magram arasakmarisi pirobaa
amgvari maCveneblebis misaRebad. axla ganvi-
xiloT, Tu ra rols SeiZleba asrulebdes ga-
384
remo pirobebi IQ-is maCveneblebSi aseTi
wyvetebis arsebobaSi.
garemo da IQ
vinaidan memkvidreobiTobis maCveneblebi 1.0-
ze naklebia, vaskvniT, rom nebismieri individis
IQ-ze mxolod genetikuri memkvidreoba ar aris
pasuxismgebeli. garemo IQ-zec unda axdendes
gavlenas. rogor SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, gare-
mos romeli aspeqtia IQ-sTvis mniSvnelovani?
garemos romeli maxasiaTebeli moqmedebs IQ
testSi maRali qulebis miRebis SesaZleblobaze
(Beiser & Gotowiec, 2000; Ceci, 1999; Rowe, 1997; Suzuki &
Valencia, 1997.)? garemo warmoadgens stimulTa
rTul (kompleqsur) nakrebs, romelic icvleba
mravali ganzomilebis mixedviT rogorc fizi-
kuri, ise _ socialuri TvalsazrisiT da SeiZ-
leba gansxvavebulad aRiqmebodes adamianebis
mier. aucilebeli ar aris, rom erTi da igive
ojaxis bavSvebi erTnair kritikul (arsebiTi
mniSvnelobis mqone) fsiqologiur garemoSi
imyofebodnen. gaixseneT, rogor izrdebodiT
Tqven ojaxSi; Tu gyavT da-Zma, aqcevdnen Tu
ara maT erTnair yuradRebas mSoblebi? icvle-
boda Tu ara stresuli pirobebi droTa ganmav-
lobaSi? Seicvala Tu ara Tqveni ojaxis finan-
suri SesaZleblobebi? an xom ar Seicvala Tqveni
mSoblebis ojaxuri mdgomareoba? naTelia, rom
garemo bevri komponentisgan Sedgeba da es
komponentebi mudmivad urTierTqmedeben da
icvlebian droTa ganmavlobaSi. aqedan gamomdi-
nare, sakmaod rTulia fsiqologebisaTvis imis
gansazRvra, Tu sinamdvileSi ra saxis garemo
pirobebi _ zrunva, stresi, siRaribe, janmrTe-
loba, omi da a.S _ axdens gavlenas IQ-ze.
umravles SemTxvevaSi mkvlevarTa yuradRebis
centrSi iyo garemos ufro globaluri sazomebi,
iseTebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, ojaxis socio-
ekonomikuri statusi. erT-erT farTomasStabian
longitudur kvlevaSi, romelSic 26 000-ze meti
bavSvi Seiswavles, bavSvis IQ-is saukeTeso
winaswarmetyveli 4 wlis asakSi ojaxis socioeko-
nomikuri statusi da dedis ganaTlebis done
iyo, rac erTnairad WeSmariti aRmoCnda afri-
keli, amerikeli da kavkasieli bavSvebisaTvis
(Broman et al., 1975). analogiurad, 10.5 suraTze
naCvenebia socialuri klasis zogadi gavlena
IQ-ze.

suraTi
10.5
memkvidreobas, garemosa da IQ-s Soris
arsebuli urTierTdamokidebulebaa
grafikze asaxulia memkvidreobisa da garemos wvlili
IQ qulebSi. mamebs da vaJebs hqondaT erTnairi IQ-
ebi (memkvidreobiTobis gavlena), magram rogorc
mamebis, ise vaJebis IQ dakavSirebuli iyo socialur
klasTan (garemos gavlena).
ratom moqmedebs socialuri klasi IQ-ze?
simdidres, iseve rogorc siRatakes, SeuZlia
inteleqtualur funqcionirebaze sxvadsxvagvari
gavlenis moxdena. maTgan yvelaze aSkara jan-
mrTelobis da ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofis
pirobebia. orsulobis dros sustma janmrTe-
lobam da dabadebisas mcire wonam SeiZleba
mniSvnelovnad ganapirobos bavSvis daqveiTebuli
inteleqti. Ratak ojaxebSi dabadebuli bavSvebi
xSirad cudad ikvebebian, bevri maTgani skolaSi
mSieri midis, amitom naklebad axerxebs dava-
lebebze koncentracias. amasTanave, Raribi
ojaxebi ganicdian wignebis, Jurnal-gazeTebis,
kompiuterebis da sxva im nivTebis naklebobas,
romlebic xels uwyoben adamianis gonebriv
ganviTarebas. `orientacia gadarCenaze~ nakleb
drosa da energias utovebs Rarib mSoblebs,
gansakuTrebiT ki martoxelebs, rom iTamaSon
bavSvebTan da moaxdinon maTi inteleqtualuri
stimulacia, rac, Tavis mxriv, Zalze uaryofiTad
moqmedebs bavSvebis mier iseTi davalebebis
Sesrulebaze, rogoricaa standartuli IQ
testebi.
dabolos, gaWirvebaSi mcxovrebi adamianebi
garkveul daRs atareben Cvens sazogadoebaSi
iseve, rogorc msoflios umravles qveyanaSi,
rasobrivad iseT homogenur sazogadoebaSic ki,
rogoric iaponiaa. magaliTad, burakaminis _ am
sazogadoebis yvelaze dabali kastis wevris _
IQ, sxva iaponelebTan SedarebiT, 15 quliT
dabalia (Ogbu, 1987). im jgufis socialurma
daRma, romelsac individi miekuTvneba, SeiZleba
uaryofiTad imoqmedos mis TviTdarwmunebu-
lobaze da araxelsayreli gavlena moaxdinos
testis Sedegebsa da saskolo miRwevebze, amitom
bavSvebis xelsayrel pirobebSi gazrdis Sem-
TxvevaSi TvalsaCino unda iyos garemos uSualo
gavlena IQ-ze.
inteleqtis politika
385
 suraTi
10.6

naSvilebi bavSvebis IQ qulebi

saSualo klasis TeTrkaniani ojaxebis mier naS-
vileb Savkanian da Sereuli rasis bavSvebs hqon-
daT saSualoze maRali IQ, radgan bavSvebi arian
im jgufebis wevrebi, romlebisTvisac damaxasiaTe-
belia saSualoze dabali Sedegebi. miRebuli mo-
nacemebi aCveneben garemo pirobebis gavlenas IQ-
ze.

saidan Start~ federalurma mTavrobam pirvelad 1965 wels

daafinansa. is gankuTvnili iyo `mcire SesaZ-
viciT
leblobebis mqone ojaxebis bavSvebis fizikuri
garemos gavlena IQ-ze janmrTelobis, ganviTarebis, socialuri,
saganmanaTleblo da emociuri mdgomareobis
mkvlevrebi swavlobdnen bavSvebis or
gasaumjobeseblad; garda amisa, specialuri
jgufs, romlebic naSvilebi iyvnen 2 wlis
mxardamWeri samsaxurebis saSualebiT zrdida
asakSi saSualo klasis TeTrkaniani mSob-
ojaxebis SesaZleblobas, ezrunaT sakuTar
lebis mier (Moore, 1986). erTi jgufis
Svilebze~ (Kassebaum, 1994, gv. 123). Head Start prog-
bavSvebis (9 bavSvi) orive biologiuri
ramis arsi iyo ara bavSvebis gadayvana privile-
mSobeli Savkaniani iyo, xolo meore jgu-
girebul pirobebSi, aramed im pirobebis gaum-
fis bavSvebs (14 bavSvi) erTi biologiuri
jobeseba, romelSic isini daibadnen da izrde-
mSobeli Savkaniani hyavdaT, meore ki _
bodnen. aRniSnuli programis mixedviT, bavSvebi
TeTrkaniani. 7-dan 10 wlamde asakSi
iReben specialur skolamdel ganaTlebas,
veqsleris inteleqtis skalis gamoyenebiT
yoveldRe normalurad ikvebebian, maTi mSoblebi
afasebdnen TiToeuli bavSvis IQ-s.
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba

iReben janmrTelobasTan da bavSvis aRzrdasTan

im bavSvebis saSualo IQ, romlebsac
orive mSobeli Savkaniani hyavdaT, 108.7
iyo, xolo Sereuli bavSvebis IQ _ 107.2.
rogorc naCvenebia 10.6 suraTze, es maCveneb-
lebi saSualoze maRalia afrikeli ameri-
kelebisaTvis (Lynn,1996).
unda aRiniSnos, rom individualur gansxvave-
bas qmnis ara rasa, aramed ekonomikuri, jan-
mrTelobis da ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofis
resursebi, romelic, rogorc Cven sazogadoebaSi,
ise bevr sxva qveyanaSi, dakavSirebulia rasobriv
mikuTvnebulobasTan.
praqtikulad, ukanaskneli 30 wlis ganmavlo-
baSi mkvlevrebi am Sedegis saxelmwifoebriv
doneze ganzogadebas cdiloben. programa `Head
386
dakavSirebul rCevebs. am programis efeqturobis
pirveli Sefasebebi fokusirebuli iyo inteleq-
tis testebis da miRwevis sxva sazomebis mixed-
viT miRebuli Sedegebis gaumjobesebaze. faqtob-
rivad, programaSi CarTvidan sul ramdenime
kviris Semdeg bavSvebis IQ 10 quliT gaizarda.
samwuxarod, programis datovebis Semdeg, maTi
IQ maCveneblebi isev mcirdeboda (Barnett, 1998;
Zigler&Muenchow, 1992; Zigler&Styfco, 1994). am
modelidan SesaZlebelia ori daskvnis gamotana:
IQ-ze SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos garemom, magram
xelsayreli garemo pirobebi unda iyos xan-
grZlivi. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, Head Start prog-
ramis SedarebiT gviandelma Sefasebebma
gadalaxa Tavdapirveli viwro interesi mxolod
IQ-is mimarT.
 empiriuli literaturidan... viRebT
rogorc karg, ise _ cud ambebs. cudi
ambavi isaa, rom arc HHead Start-s da arc
nebismier sxva skolamdel programas ar
SeuZlia bavSvebis dacva siRatakis daman-
greveli zemoqmedebisagan. adreul inter-
vencias ubralod ar SeuZlia cxovrebis
cudi pirobebis, aradamakmayifolebeli
kvebisa da jandacvis, uaryofiTi roluri
modelebisa da dabali donis skolebis
daZleva. dadebiTi mxare ki isaa, rom pro-
gramebs SeuZlia bavSvebis momzadeba
skolisaTvis da, Sesabamisad, amiT exmare-
ba maT daZlevisa da adaptaciis unarebis
ganviTarebaSi, rac SesaZleblobas mis-
cems maT, cxovrebaSi miaRwion saukeTe-
sos Tu ara, ukeTes Sedegebs mainc
(Zigler&Styfco,1994, gv.129).
Tu Cven gamoviyenebT inteleqtis ufro farTo
gansazRvrebas, romelic scildeba ubralod
verbalur da araverbalur davalebebs inte-
leqtis testebSi, garemo faqtorebis gavlena
ufro naTeli gaxdeba. xelsayreli, mxardamWeri
garemo mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs warmatebebs
inteleqtualur, saskolo miRwevebsa da situa-
ciur adaptaciaSi.
kultura da IQ testebis
validoba
adamianebi, albaT, naklebad izrunebdnen IQ
qulebze, rom ar iTvaliwinebdnen Semdeg sasar-
geblo prognozs: mravalricxovanma kvlevebma
aCvena, rom IQ qulebs sakmaod validurad
SeuZliaT iseTi sakiTxebis prognozireba, ro-
goricaa saskolo niSnebi, profesiuli sta-
tusi da sakuTari Tavis warmoCenis xarisxi
mraval sxvadasxva samuSaoze (Brody, 1997b;
Gottfredson, 1997b). am Sedegebidan gamomdinare, IQ
testebi validurad zomavs inteleqtualur
SesaZleblobebs, romlebic Zalian mniSvne-
lovania individis mier sxvadasxva saxis warmate-
bis miRwevisTvis; es ki, Tavis mxriv, metad
Rirebulia dasavluri kulturebisaTvis _ IQ-
is saSualebiT gazomili inteleqti uSualo
gavlenas axdens warmatebaze. gansxvavebebma IQ-
Si, aseve, SeiZleba imoqmedos akademiur mos-
wrebasa da samuSaos Sesrulebis xarisxze
arapirdapiri gziT, Secvalos ra individis
motivebi da rwmenebi. isini, visac maRali IQ
aqvT, ufro metad mosalodnelia, rom warma-
tebulni iyvnen skolaSi, gaxdnen swavlisadmi
ufro motivirebulni, orientirebulni miRweva-
ze da optimisturad uyuron sakuTar SesaZleblo-
bebs, rom Tavs gaarTmeven nebismier siZneles.
aseve, bavSvebs, romelTac dabali IQ aqvT,
SeiZleba `Tan sdevdes~ dabali donis skolebi
da programebi, ramac, SeiZleba, garkveulwilad,
imoqmedos maT TviTdarwmunebulobaze studento-
bis periodSic ki. amgvarad, IQ-ma SeiZleba
ganicados garemos gavlena, magram, amave dros,
IQ-s, Tavis mxriv, SeuZlia axali garemo piro-
bebis _ rogorc ukeTesis, ise uaresis _ Seqmna.
amgvarad, IQ-Sefaseba SeiZleba sabediswero
gaxdes bavSvisaTvis da gansazRvros misi bedi
inteleqtSi bavSvis ZiriTadi genetikuri una-
rebis wvlilis miuxedavad.
miuxedavad imisa, rom dadasturda IQ testebis
validoba maTi ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT gamoye-
nebisaTvis, bevri damkvirvebeli jer kidev
eWvqveS ayenebs maT validobas sxvadasxva
kulturuli da rasobrivi jgufebis Sedarebisas
(Greenfield, 1997; Samuda, 1998; Serpell, 2000). testebis
da testirebis mravali forma SeiZleba ar
Tanxvdebodes inteleqtis kulturul gagebas,
an saTanado qcevas. ganvixiloT klasSi uar-
yofiTi Sefasebis erTi magaliTi:
rodesac laTinoamerikeli warmoSobis
emigranti mSoblebis bavSvebi amerikul
skolaSi wavidnen, isini gagebaze ufro
metad iyvnen orientirebulni, vidre _
laparakze; maswavleblis avtoritetis
pativiscemaze, vidre _ sakuTari azrebis
gamoxatvaze, rasac maTi uaryofiTi akade-
miuri Sefaseba mohyva. maSasadame, erT
kulturaSi Rirebuli komunikaciis for-
inteleqtis politika
ma _ pativiscemiT mosmena _ gaxda uary-
ofiTi Sefasebis safuZveli iseTi sko-
lis pirobebSi, sadac TviTdajerebuli,
mtkice laparaki komunikaciis Rirebul
formad aris miCneuli.
am emigrantma bavSvebma unda iswavlon, Tu
rogor moiqcnen amerikul skolaSi ise, rom
daarwmunon maswavleblebi TavianT gonierebaSi.
erT-erTi standartuli piroba imisa, rom IQ
testebs sifrTxiliT ekidebian, maTi tendenci- 387
 urobaa, romelic mimarTulia sxvadasxva
studentebs. rogorc 10.7 suraTis A nawilze
kulturis wevrebis winaaRmdeg, an sasargeblod.
xedavT, miRebulma Sedegebma es prognozi
kritikosebi aRniSnaven, rom jgufebs Soris
daadastura. rodesac Savkaniani studentebi
gansxvavebebs IQ qulebSi iwvevs sistematuri
darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom testSi miRebu-
mikerZoeba testis kiTxvebSi, rac maT ara-
li qulebis mixedviT vinmes maTi inteleq-
validursa da usamarTlos xdis umciresobebTan
tis Sesaxeb SeeZlo emsjela, isini dava-
mimarTebaSi. maSinac ki, rodesac testebis
lebebs uaresad asrulebdnen (Steel &
Sedgenisas gaTvaliswinebulia kulturuli
Aronson, 1995). stereotipuli muqariT
faqtori, masSi mainc gvxvdeba rasobrivi
gamowveuli logika muSaobs nebismier
xarvezebi (Neisser et al., 1996). faqtobrivad, es
jgufSi, romlis mimarTac arsebobs ara-
sakiTxi SeiZleba testis konteqsts ufro
srulfasovnebis stereotipi. magaliTad,
ukavSirdebodes, vidre testis Sinaarss. klaud
stereotipis mixedviT, qalebs, mamakacebTan
stili (Claude Steel, 1997; Steel & Aronson, 1995, 1998)
SedarebiT, maTematikis aTvisebis naklebi
aRniSnavda, rom adamianebis mier unarebis
unari aqvT. rogorc 10.7 suraTis B nawilze
testebis Sesrulebaze gavlenas axdens ste-
Cans, rTulma maTematikurma testma sqesis
reotipuli muqara (cnobili, agreTve, stereo-
mixedviT gansxvavebuli Sedegebi mxolod
tipuli mowyvladobis saxelwodebiT) _ safrTxe
maSin aCvena, rodesac studentebs eubne-
imisa, rom SeiZleba dadasturdes negatiuri
bodnen, rom aseTi gansxvavebebi SeiZleba
stereotipi garkveuli jgufis Sesaxeb. klaud
yofiliyo (Steel, 1997), anu testze muSaobis
stilis gamokvlevebis mixedviT, imis rwmenam,
dawyebamde. rodesac studentebi acno-
rom situaciaSi moqmedebs uaryofiTi stere-
bierebdnen TavianT sqesobriv ganxva-
otipi, SeiZleba gamoiwvios im cudi maCveneblis
vebulobas, studentebs eubnebodnen, rom
miReba, romelic stereotipSi moiazreboda.
warsulSi aseTma testma aCvena sqesis
mixedviT gansxvaveba. swored igive moxda
saidan am studentebis SemTxvevaSic.

viciT
stereotipuli muqaris moqmedeba
erT-erT kvlevaSi gamosaSvebi kursis
Savkaniani da TeTrkaniani studentebi
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom TiToeul am kvlevaSi
mniSvnelovania, Tu rogor afasebs situacias
testis Semsrulebeli. mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac adamianebs sjeraT, rom situacia exeba
stereotips, magaliTad, rodesac miaCniaT, rom

cdilobdnen epasuxaT magistraturaSi

misaReb standartul testSi Semavali
kiTxvebis msgavsi Zalze rTuli kiTxve-
bisTvis, romlebic enis kargad codnas
moiTxovda. studentebis naxevars uTxres,
rom am kiTxvebze gacemuli pasuxebis
mixedviT imsjelebdnen maTi inteleqtua-
luri unarebis Sesaxeb, meore naxevarma
ki icoda, rom am eqsperimentiT amocanis
gadaWris procesSi CarTul fsiqologiur
faqtorebs ikvlevdnen. stereotipuli
muqaris Teoriis mixedviT, SedarebiT
dabali Sedegebi unda hqonodaT im stu-
dentebs, romelTac situaciam Seuqmna
stereotipuli muqara, anu pirveli jgufis
(maT icodnen, rom fasdeboda inte-
leqtualuri SesaZleblobebi) Savkanian
388
inteleqtis am testiT maTi stereotipulad
cudi Sedegebi gamovlindeba, maT mier davale-
bebis Sesruleba uaresdeba. SesaZlebelia Tu
ara IQ-is gazomva stereotipuli muqaris aRmoce-
nebis gareSe? Tu es SeuZlebelia, mkvlevrebi
verasodes SeZleben inteleqtualuri unarebis
adekvaturad Sefasebas.
dabolos, kidev erTi mosazreba inteleqti-
sa da kulturis Sesaxeb. zogadad, aSS-is kul-
tura individualuri gansxvavebebis axsnisas
tendenciuria da am gansxvavebebis genetikuri
faqtoriT axsnisken ixreba. harold stivenson-
ma da misma kolegebma (Harold Stevenson, 1993)
ramdenime weli dauTmes Cineli, iaponeli da
stereotipuli muqara (Stereotype threat) _ safrTxe
imisa, rom SeiZleba dadasturdes negatiuri
stereotipi garkveuli jgufis Sesaxeb.
suraTi
10.7
stereotipuli muqara
stereotipul muqaras adgili aqvs maSin, rodesac adamianebi Tvlian, rom negatiuri
stereotipebi marTebulia mimdinare testirebis pirobebSi. (A) erT kvlevaSi swavloben
stereotips: afro-amerikelebs dabali qulebi aqvT inteleqtis testebSi. cdis pirebis
_ Savkaniani da TeTri studentis _ naxevarma icoda, rom testi diagnostikuri iyo da
zomavda maT inteleqtualur SesaZleblobas. cdis pirebis meore naxevars ar hqonda es
informacia. jgufSi, romelmac icoda, rom testi diagnostikuri iyo, maTi Sesruleba
uaresdeboda (mosalodnel SesrulebaSi ukve arsebuli gansxvavebebis gamosaricxad
gamoiyeneboda cdis pirTa SAT qulebi). (B) meore kvlevaSi swavlobdnen stereotips:
qalebi dabal qulebs iReben matematikis gamocdebze. cdis pirebis _ qali da mamakaci
studentebis naxevars eubnebodnen, rom maTematikis testma wina SemTxvevaSi aCvena gen-
deruli gansxvavebebi SedegebSi. cdis pirebis meore naxevari aseT informacias ar
Rebulobda. rodesac qalebi fiqrobdnen, rom testma SeiZleba genderuli TvalsazrisiT
gansxvavebuli Sedegebi aCvenos, maSin maTi Sesruleba uaresdeboda.

amerikeli bavSvebis maTematikuri miRwevebis SeiZleba, rom am Sexedulebebma amerikelebi

kvlevas. 1980 wels azieli bavSvebi sagrZno-
blad jobnidnen TavianT amerikel Tanatolebs.
1990 wels es intervali SenarCunebuli iyo:
`Cineli bavSvebis mxolod 4.1%-s da iaponeli
bavSvebis 10.3%-s hqonda iseTive dabali qule-
bi, rogoric _ saSualo amerikel bavSvs~. niS-
navs Tu ara es imas, rom azieli bavSvebi gene-
tikuri upiratesobiT xasiaTdebian? faqtobri-
miiyvanos daskvnamde, rom azielebi genetikuri
upiratesobiT unda xasiaTdebodnen maTematikis
aTvisebaSi. vinaidan aseTi rwmena saxelmwifo
politikaze aisaxeba, magaliTad, ra Tanxaa
saWiro imisaTvis, rom amerikelebi daeuflon
maTematikas maSin, rodesac ar aqvT am sagnis
Seswavlis unari. Zalian mniSvnelovania zus-
ti mecnieruli monacemebis gaanalizeba, raTa
inteleqtis politika

vad, ufro mosalodneli iyo, rom adamianebi
aSS-Si am kiTxvas dadebiTad upasuxebdnen. rode-
sac stivensoni da misi kolegebi sTxovdnen
aziel da amerikel studentebs, maswavleblebs
da mSoblebs mieTiTebinaT, Tu ra ufro mniS-
vnelovani iyo maTTvis: `bejiTad mecadineoba~
Tu `Tandayolili goniereba~, azieli respon-
dentebi aqcents `bejiTad mecadineobaze~
akeTebdnen, amerikeli respondentebi ki _ `Tan-
dayolil gonierebaze~. axla xedavT, Tu rogor
ganisazRvros, risi Secvlaa SesaZlebeli goneb-
rivi SesaZleblobebis gamovlenaSi da risi _
ara.
Sejameba
godardma xeli Seuwyo zogierTi rasobrivi
da eTnikuri jgufebis genetikuri inferiulo-
bis aRiarebis warumatebeli tradiciis damkvi-
drebas. qcevis genetikurma analizma IQ-Si
389
 mravalricxovani genetikuri komponenti aCvena.
Tumca, IQ-is gazomvas xSirad politikuri elf-
eri dakravs, IQ-is mixedviT miRebuli raso-
brivi gansxvavebebis gamo. mkvlevrebma daadg-
ines garemos faqtorebi, romlebic mniSvnelo-
van gavlenas axdenen IQ-ze. miuxedavad imisa,
rom IQ-s sakmaod validurad SeuZlia iseTi
cxovrebiseuli Sedegebis prognozireba, rogor-
icaa warmatebebi skolasa da samsaxurSi, misi
gazomvebi SeiZleba aravaliduri iyos sxvadasxva
rasobrivi da kulturuli jgufebis SemTxveva-
Si. magaliTad, zogierTi jgufi inteleqtu-
aluri SesaZleblobebis gazomvisas stereotipu-
li muqaris zemoqmedebas ganicdis.
SemoqmedebiToba
sanam inteleqtisa da misi gazomvis Temas
davasrulebT, mivubrundeT iseT sakiTxs,
rogoricaa kreatuloba, anu SemoqmedebiToba.
kreatuloba aris iseTi ideebis generirebisa
da produqtebis Seqmnis unari, romlebic axali
da aqtualuria mocemul pirobebSi (Sternbeg &
Lubart, 1999). ganvixiloT borblis gamogonebis
magaliTi. es meqanizmi axali iyo, radgan ucnob
gamomgoneblamde aravis unaxavs, Tu ra sargeblis
miReba SeiZleboda gagorebuli sagnebisgan. es
gamogoneba pirobebis adekvaturi iyo, radgan
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
Zalze cxadi iyo misi gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba.
pirobebTan Sesatyvisobis gareSe, axali ideebi
xSirad ucnaurad da uadgilod aRiqmeba.
kreatulobas gonebrivi SesaZleblobebisadmi
miZRvnil TavSi ganvixilavT, vinaidan bevri
adamiani aRiarebs inteleqtsa da kreatulobas
Soris mWidro kavSiris arsebobas. am varaudis
dasamtkiceblad, upirveles yovlisa, Semoqmede-
biTi unarebis Sefaseba unda SegveZlos, xolo
Semdeg _ kreatulobasa da inteleqts Soris
kavSiris dadgena. amrigad, jer ganvixilavT
meTodebs, romelTa saSualebiT ideebi an pro-
kreatuloba (Creativity) – iseTi ideebis generi-
rebisa da produqtebis Seqmnis unari, romlebic
axali da aqtualuria mocemul pirobebSi.
divergentuli azrovneba (Divergent thinking) _
390
duqtebi fasdeba, rogorc SemoqmedebiTi da
SevamowmebT inteleqtTan maT kavSirs, Semdeg
ganvixilavT gansakuTrebuli (an uCveulo)
kreatulobis pirobebs da maT kavSirs SeSli-
lobasTan. vnaxavT, ra SeiZleba viswavloT
gansakuTrebuli SemoqmedebiTi unarebiT dajil-
doebuli adamianebisagan.
kreatulobis Sefaseba da
kavSiri inteleqtTan
rogor SeiZleba imis gansazRvra, adamianebi
(SedarebiT) kreatulebi arian Tu ara? bevri
midgoma divergentul azrovnebaze fokusirdeba,
romelic ganisazRvreba, rogorc problemis
sxvadasxvagvari uCveulo gadawyvetis unari.
kiTxvebi, romelebic zomaven divergentul
azrovnebas, saSualebas aZleven testis
Semsrulebels naTlad gamoavlinos sxarti da
moqnili azrovneba (Torrance, 1974; Wallah & Kogan,
1965):
daasaxeleT yvela sagani, romelic, Tqveni
azriT, oTxkuTxedia;
sami wuTis ganmavlobaSi daasaxeleT rac
SeiZleba meti TeTri feris, saWmelad vargisi
sagnebi;
daasaxeleT aguris gamoyenebis yvela
SesaZlo varianti, rac TavSi azrad mogivaT.
pasuxebi fasdeba iseTi ganzomilebebis mixed-
viT, rogoricaa (1) sisxarte _ gansxvavebuli
ideebis saerTo raodenoba; (2) unikaluroba _
im ideebis raodenoba, romelic Sesabamis
SerCevaSi aravis gamouTqvams da (3) uCveuloba
_ im ideebis raodenoba, romelic gamoTqva
mocemuli SerCevis, vTqvaT, 5%-ze naklebma
(Runco,1991).
rodesac kreatulobas am gziT afaseben,
SesaZlebelia miRebuli maCveneblis Sedareba
sxva sazomebTan da maT Soris kavSiris dadgena.
xSirad mkvlevrebi afasebdnen kavSirs divergen-
tuli azrovnebis sazomebsa da IQ-s Soris.
saxezea zogadi suraTi: or sazoms Soris ar-
sebobs susti an zomieri korelacia, rodesac
IQ aris 120 qulamde, 120 qulaze zemoT ki
korelacia mcirdeba (Sternberg & O’Hara, 1999).
ratom unda xdebodes ase? erT-erTi mkvlevari
fiqrobs rom `inteleqtis~ garkveuli done
suraTi
10.8
iZleva SemoqmedebiTobis amoqmedebis SesaZleb-
lobas, magram ar axdens mis stimulacias (Perkins,
1998, gv. 319). sxva sityvebiT, inteleqtis gansa-
zRvruli done saSualebas aZlevs pirovnebas,
iyos kreatuli, magram man SeiZleba ver gamoi-
yenos es SesaZlebloba.
SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis mkvlevrebi xSirad
aRniSnaven, rom divergentuli azrovnebis
testebi Zalian mWidrod ukavSirdeba inteleqtis
testirebis tradiciasa da TviTon IQ testebs
(ramac SeiZleba axsnas maRali korelacia 120
IQ-s farglebSi) (Lubart,1994). kriteriumiT _
kreatuli-arakreatuli _ adamianTa Sefasebis
gansxvavebul midgomas warmoadgens maT mier
gansazRvruli SemoqmedebiTi produqtis _
naxatis, leqsis an patara moTxrobis Seqmna.
eqspertebs SeuZliaT Seafason TiToeuli pro-
duqtis kreatulobis xarisxi. gamokvlevebma
aCvena, rom eqspertebi sakmaod erTsulovanni
arian produqtis kreatulobis Sefasebisas
(Amabile, 1983). maT SeiZleba sakmaod zustad
Seafason adamianebi naklebi an meti kreatulobis
mixedviT.
gansakuTrebuli kreatuloba
da SeSliloba
arseboben gansakuTrebuli adamianebi,
romlebic SemoqmedebiTobis etalonebs
warmoadgenen. vin gaxsendebaT, roca gTxoven
gansakuTrebiT SemoqmedebiTi adamianis dasaxe-
lebas? savaraudoa, rom Tqveni pasuxi, nawi-
lobriv, damokidebuli iqneba im sferoze,
romelSic moRvaweobT da, nawilobriv, Tqvens
prioritetebze. fsiqologebma SeiZleba daasaxe-
lon zigmund froidi; ferweriT, musikiT an
cekviT dainteresebulma adamianebma SeiZleba
daasaxelon pablo pikaso, igor stravinski an
marta grahami. SesaZlebelia Tu ara aseTi
individebis pirovnebebs Soris im saerTo
maxasiaTeblebis aRmoCena, romelic gansakuT-
rebuli SemoqmedebiTobis winaswarmetyvelebis
saSualebas mogvcems? hovard gardnerma (Howard
Gardner, 1993) airCia is individebi, romelTa
eqstraordinaruli unarebi Cven mier adre
ganxiluli inteleqtis rva tipis relevanturi
iyo. maT Soris iyvnen froidi, pikaso, stravinski
da grahami. gardneris analizma saSualeba misca
mas, Seeqmna tipuri Semoqmedis cxovrebiseuli
gamocdilebis portreti, romelsac man E.C.
uwoda.
E.C. aRebs problemuri sferosa da
SemoqmedebiToba
gansakuTrebuli interesebis samefos kars,
romelic mas gaukvalav gzaze ayenebs. es
aris uaRresad sapasuxismgeblo momenti.
am wuTidan E.C. izolirebulia Tanato-
lebisgan da, ZiriTadad, damoukideblad
unda imuSaos. is grZnobs, rom raRac
aRmoCenis zRvarze imyofeba, romelic jer
TviTonac ar aqvs gaazrebuli. am kritikul
391
 momentSi E.C. miiltvis rogorc kognituri,
vidre _ depresiul fazaSi (saSualod 2.7),
ise _ emociuri mxardaWerisken, amiT is
Tumca, es kavSiri gacilebiT susti iyo
Tavisi mdgomareobis SenarCunebas axerxebs.
nawarmoebebis xarisxis Sefasebisas. mania-
amgvari mxardaWeris gareSe igi SeiZleba
kalur periodSi Seqmnili nawarmoebebi
Zalisa da energiisagan daicalos (Gardner,
xarisxiT ar sjobnida depresiul periodSi
1993, gv. 361).
Seqmnil nawarmoebebs.

am pasaJis dasasrul gardneri moixseniebs veisbergis kvleva gvafiqrebinebs, rom SeS-

tipur SemoqmedTa erT-erT yvelaze zogad
stereotips _ maTi cxovreba esazRvreba, zogjer
ki gulisxmobs SeSlilobas. ideas imis Sesaxeb,
rom udidesi SemoqmedebiToba mWidrod ukav-
Sirdeba SeSlilobas, didi xnis istoria aqvs
da platonis saxels ukavSirdeba (Kessel, 1989).
SedarebiT Tanamedrove periodSi krepelini (1921)
aRniSnavda, rom `maniakalur-depresiuli sigiJiT
Sepyrobili~, anu bipolaruli aSlilobis mqone
individebi maniakalur fazaSi qmnian azris
Tavisuflad dinebis1 pirobebs, rac xels uwyobs
did SemoqmedebiTobas. rogorc me-15 TavSi
vnaxavT, mania xasiaTdeba xangrZlivi agznebis
periodebiT. adamians amaRlebuli ganwyobileba
aqvs da eqspansiuri qceviT, TavSeukaveblobiT
xasiaTdeba. arsebobs mosazreba, rom xelovnebisa
da humanitaruli mecnierebebis mravali
gamoCenili moRvawe swored guneba-ganwyobilebis
aseTi aSlilobiT xasiaTdeba (Keiger,1993), magram,
rogor unda gansazRvron mkvlevrebma, imoqmeda
Tu ara fsiqikurma daavadebam am individebis
azrovnebis realur procesze?
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
liloba (gamovlenili maniis saxiT) mniSv-
nelovnad zemoqmedebs motivaciaze. individi
imorCilebs maniis Semotevas da bevrs qmnis.
Tu pirovneba garkveuli talantiT gamoirCeva,
am periodSi Seqmnili zogierTi, magram ara
yvela, nawarmoebi brwyinvale iqneba, Tumca,
xarisxiT ar iqneba sxva periodebSi Seqmnil
nawarmoebebze ukeTesi. istoriuli SemTxvevebis
yuradRebiT Seswavlam, romelic Semoqmede-
biTobasa da SeSlilobas Soris arsebul gar-
kveuli xarisxis kavSirze metyvelebs, eqsperti
albert rotenbergi (Albert Rothengerg) miiyvana
daskvnamde, rom `mcdari da romantiulia Se-
xeduleba, romlis mixedviTac, TiTqos, adamianebi
TviTon unda daitanjon, rom SeZlon sxvebis
mwuxarebisa da tanjvis gageba~ (Rothenberg, 1990,
gv.164).
mas mere, rac adamianma miiRo informacia
gansakuTrebul kreatulobis Sesaxeb, ra SeiZ-

saidan
viciT
kreatuloba da mania
aRniSnul kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad
kreatulobis mkvlevarma robert veisbergma
(Robert Weisberg, 1994, 1996) Seiswavla kom-
pozitor robert Sumanis Semoqmedeba,
romelsac bipolaruli aSlilobis diag-
nozi hqonda. garkveuli monacemebi maniasa
da SemoqmedebiTobas Soris navaraudevi
kavSiris sasargeblod metyvelebs. Sumanma
gacilebiT meti nawarmoebi Seqmna mania-
kaluri fazis wlebSi (saSualod 12.3),

1
392 Free flowing though processes.
leba iswavlos man aqedan. Tqven SeiZleba
mibaZoT riskis gawevis models; uaRresad krea-
tuli adamianebi mzad arian dadgnen `gaukvalav
gzaze~. aseve, SegiZliaT gaiziaroT momzadebis
modeli. gansakuTrebuli kreatulobiT dajil-
doebuli adamianebi wlebs uTmoben im sferoSi
daxelovnebas, romelSic saukeTesoni iqnebian
(Weisberg,1986). SesaZlebelia gaiziaroT Sinagani
motivaciis modeli (Pattern of intrinsic motivation).
SemoqmedebiTi adamianebi gulmodgined asrule-
ben mocemul davalebebs, radgan siamovnebas da
kmayofilebas aniWebT is, rasac isini qmnian
(Collins & Amabile, 1999). Tu Tqvens cxovrebaSi
SeZlebT am sami modelis sakuTar Tavze
morgebas, maSin moaxerxebT Tqveni SemoqmedebiTi
unarebis metad gamovlenas.
axla ukve iciT is xerxebi, romelTa saSua-
lebiT fsiqologebi afaseben da xsnian indi-
vidualur gansxvavebebs, romelebic arseboben
inteleqtsa da kreatulobas Soris, Tumca,
ueWvelia, iciT, rom adamianis gasagebad gaci-
lebiT metia saWiro, vidre codna misi inteleq-
tualobisa da SemoqmedebiTobis xarisxis Se-
saxeb. Semdeg qveTavSi ganvixilavT im xerxebs,
romliTac fsiqologebi iReben informacias im
pirovnuli Tvisebebis diapazonis Sesaxeb, rom-
lebic TiToeuli individis unikalurobas Semfaseblebis subieqturi daskvnebis ufro
gansazRvravs. obieqturi sazomebiT SecvliT, romlebic
sakmaod zedmiwevniT, guldasmiTaa agebuli da
Riaa kritikuli SefasebisaTvis. swored am
mizanma misca dasabami alfred bines pionerul
Sejameba
Sromas. bines da sxvebs miaCndaT, rom testireba
kreatuloba divergentuli azrovnebis tes- xels Seuwyobda sazogadoebis demokratizacias
tebiT izomeba. zogierTi Sexedulebis sawinaaR- da Seamcirebda sqesis, rasis, erovnebis, privile-
mdegod, ar dadasturda mWidro kavSiri Semoq- giebis, an fizikuri garegnobis SemTxveviT
medebiTobasa da SeSlilobas Soris, Tumca, kriteriumebze dafuZnebul gadawyvetilebebs,
SemoqmedebiToba moiTxovs garkveuli riskis Tumca, am amaRlebuli miznebis miuxedavad,
gawevas, momzadebasa da motivacias.
Sefaseba da sazogadoeba

fsiqologiaSi ar arsebobs Sefasebaze ufro

Sefaseba da sazogadoeba
fsiqologiuri Sefasebis ZiriTadi mizani
adamianebis zustad Sefasebaa, rac eqspertebis
mier gakeTebul SeZlebisdagvarad uSecdobo
daskvebSi aisaxeba. am miznis miRweva SesaZlebe-
lia maswavleblebis, damqiraveblebis da sxva
sakamaTo sfero. polemika ZiriTad sam eTikur
sakiTxs exeba: (1) testze dafuZnebuli gadawyveti-
lebebis samarTlianobas, (2) ganaTlebis
Sesafasebeli testebis vargisianobasa da (3)
testis qulebis gamoyenebas individebis
garkveul kategoriebSi gaerTianebis mizniT.
testirebis procesis kritikosebi aRniSnaven,
rom zogierTebisTvis testirebis sazRauri, an
uaryofiTi Sedegebi ufro metia, vidre
sxvebisaTvis (Bond, 1995). sazRauri sakmaod
maRalia, magaliTad, rodesac testi, romelzec 393
 umciresobaTa jgufebma dabali qulebi miiRes,
ar aZlevs maT garkveul samuSaoebis Sesrulebis
uflebas. zogierT qalaqSi saxelmwifo samo-
qalaqo samsaxurSi damlageblad muSaobis
dasawyebad, msurvelma unda gaiaros verbaluri
testi da ara _ ufro adekvaturi fizikuri
unarebis testi. mkvlevar uiliam benksis (Will-
iam Banks) mixedviT, am strategiis mizani sxva-
dasxva umciresobebis samuSaoebze ardaSvebaa
(1990). zogjer umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebi
testSi cud Sedegebs iZleodnen, radgan maTi
Sedegebi arasaTanado normebis mixedviT fas-
deboda. garda amisa, erTi jgufis kandida-
tebisaTvis SemTxveviT dadgenili gamsvleli
qulebi SeiZleba sxvebis mimarT iqnes gamoyene-
buli SerCevis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRe-
bisas maSin, rodesac realurad ufro dabali
gamsvleli qula iqneboda samarTliani da, Sesa-
bamisad, samuSaoze daqiravebasTan dakavSirebiT
miRebuli gadawyvetileba swori iqneboda. aRsa-
niSnavia isic, rom testirebaze gadaWarbebuli
dayrdnoba kadrebis avtomatur SerCevas
ganapirobebs, Tumca, zogjer sazogadoeba SeiZ-
leba ufro mogebuli darCes, Tu samuSaos
aRwerilobebi adamianTa moTxovnilebebisa da
unarebis gaTvaliswinebiT modificirdeba.
meore eTikur sakiTxs warmoadgens is, rom
testireba ara mxolod studentebis Sefasebas
axdens, aramed ganaTlebis formirebaSic
garkveul rols asrulebs. saskolo sistemis
xarisxsa da maswavlebelTa efeqturobaze xSirad
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
msjeloben imaze dayrdnobiT, Tu ramdenad
warmatebiT asruleben maTi moswavleebi miRwevis
standartul testebs. TviT maswavlebelTa
xelfasebic ki SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos
testebis Sedegebze, ramac skolebSi xeli Seuwyo
TaRliTobasTan dakavSirebul skandalebs.
magaliTad potomakSi (Potomac, Maryland) dawyebiTi
skolis direqtori gadadga, rodesac gamoaSkarav-
da mtkicebulebebi imis Sesaxeb, rom testis
Sedegebis gaumjobesebis mizniT skolis mexuTe-
klaselebma iseTi saxis daxmareba miiRes, rogo-
ricaa damatebiTi dro da testis xelmeored
Sesruleba (Thomas & Wingert, 2000). es faqtebi
TviTon moswavleebma gamoavlines, romelTac
mSoblebs uTxres, rom skolaSi maT TaRliTuri
qcevis ganxorcieleba sTxoves. bavSvebi gaoce-
bulni iyvnen ufrosebis qceviT da mSoblebs
394 maTi qcevis axsnas sTxovdnen. bavSvebis amgvari
damokidebuleba miuTiTebs imaze, Tu ramdenad
saSiSi SeiZleba iyos, rodesac testis Sedegebi
ganaTlebaze ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba.
mesame eTikuri problema isaa, rom testis
Sedegebi SeiZleba Seucvlel iarliyad iqces.
adamianebi sakmaod xSirad aRiqvamen sakuTar
Tavs 110-is toli IQ-is mqone individebad, an B
qulis mimReb studentebad, TiTqos es maCveneb-
lebi, an qulebi maT Sublze aweriaT. amgvari
iarliyebi SeiZleba maTi winsvlis damabrko-
leblad iqces, radgan adamianebi ijereben, rom
maTi gonebrivi da pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebi
fiqsirebuli da ucvlelia; rom maT ar SeuZ-
liaT sakuTari SesaZleblobebis gaumjobeseba;
testSi miRebulma dabalma qulebma SeiZleba
uaryofiTad imoqmedos maT motivaciaze da
Seasustos TviTefeqturobis gancda. garkveuli
jgufebis arasrulfasovnad miCneva IQ monace-
mebis mixdeviT testirebis kidev erTi uaryofiTi
Sedegia. isini, vinc ase sajarod arian `daRdas-
mulebi~, ijereben imas, rasac `eqspertebi~
amboben maT Sesaxeb. amitom skola da ganaTleba
ar miaCniaT maTi cxovrebis gaumjobesebis
saSualebad.
testebis Sedegebisadmi xelSeuxebeli sta-
tusis miniWebis aseTi tendencia vrceldeba
rogorc sazogadoebriv, ise _ pirovnul doneze.
rodesac testis Sedegebi individis pirovnuli
Tvisebebis, mdgomareobebis, araadaptirebulobis,
konfliqtisa da paTologiis iarliyad iqceva,
adamianebi gansakuTrebuli bavSvebis `aranor-
malurobaze~ ufro iwyeben fiqrs, vidre ganaT-
lebis sistemaze, romelic saWiroebs programebis
imgvar modificirebas, rom TiToeul moswavleze
morgebuli iyos. iarliyebs wina planze devian-
turi pirovnenebi ufro gamoyavs, vidre maTi
garemos disfunqciuri aspeqtebi. iseT indivi-
dualistur sazogadoebebSi, rogoric, maga-
liTad, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebia, adamia-
nebis umravlesoba mzad aris adamianis warmateba
da warumatebloba arasworad miaweros mas da,
amave dros, saTanadod ar Seafasos garemo
pirobebis zegavlena. Cven vkicxavT adamians
warumateblobisaTvis da amiT sazogadoebis
danaSauls vamsubuqebT. Cven vaqebT pirovnebas
warmatebisaTvis da amitomac ar vaRiarebT
sxvadasxva sazogadoebriv gavlenas, romelmac
SesaZlebeli gaxada misi warmateba. Cven unda
vaRiaroT, Tu rogorebi arian adamianebi amJamad,
rac imis Sedegia, Tu sad imyofebodnen, sad
Camoyalibdnen da ra mimdinare situacia axdens
gavlenas maT qcevaze.
es Tavi gvinda fil zimbardos piradi we-
riliT davasruloT, romelic SeiZleba STago-
nebis wyarod iqces im studentebisaTvis,
romlebic kargad ver arTmeven Tavs obieqtur
testebs:
miuxedavad Cemi, rogorc profesionali
fsiqologis, warmatebuli karierisa, Cem
mier mravali wlis win gakeTebulma tes-
tebma sul sxva ram iwinaswarmetyvela.
miuxedavad imisa, rom warCinebuli kursdam-
Tavrebuli viyavi, romelmac umaRlesi
akademiuri moswrebiT (Summa Cum Laude)
davamTavre, erTaderTi Sefaseba (niSani)
C miviRe fsiqologiis SesavalSi, sadac
gamocda mxolod mravaljeradi arCevanis
testiT Catarda. Tavdapirvelad uari
miTxres ielis universitetSi staJirebaze.,
Semdeg rezervSi Camricxes da bolos
uxalisod mimiRes. es, nawilobriv, gamowve-
uli iyo imiT, rom Cemi maTematikis qulebi
fsiqologiis fakultetis mier dawesebul
zRvarze naklebi iyo, magram mogvianebiT
aRmovaCine, rom es nawilobriv gamowveuli
iyo imiTac, rom profesor-maswavleblebma
Cemi pasuxebisa da sxva mtkicebulebebis
mixedviT, romelic naxes Cems gancxadebasa
da testebSi, ivaraudes, rom zangi viyavi.
am monacemebma uaryofiTad imoqmeda maT
daskvnebze Cemi SesaZleblobis _ mimeRwia
warmatebisaTvis fsiqologiaSi _ Sesaxeb.
sabednierod, zogierTi maTgani mzad iyo
CemTvis Sansis mosacemad, rodesac maT
mier dafinansebuli kandidati (gordon
boueri, amJamad cnobili fsiqologi)
sxvagan wavida staJirebaze.
warmatebebi karierasa da cxovrebaSi
gacilebiT mets moiTxovs, vidre mxolod
standartizebuli testebiT gazomili
unarebi, SesaZleblobebi da maxasiaTeb-
lebia. miuxedavad imisa, rom testebs
SeuZliaT imis prognozireba, Tu saSualod
ramdenad kargi Sedegi eqnebaT adamianebs,
nebismieri mocemuli individis SemTxvevaSi
SeiZleba adgili hqondes Secdomas.
adamianebma SeiZleba uaryon testis qu-
lebis pesimisturi prognozi, rodesac
mizandasaxulobiT, warmosaxviT, imediT,
pirovnuli siamayiT da intensiuri Zalis-
xmeviT gaaumjobeseben TavianT monacemebs.
albaT, metad mniSvnelovania, gjerodeT
sakuTari Tavis, vidre _ testis Sedegebis.
Sejameba
miuxedavad imisa, rom fsiqologiuri tes-
tireba xSir SemTxvevaSi sasargebloa indivi-
disaTvis, jer kidev aris testebis upasuxis-
mgeblod gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi. kritikosebs
awuxebT iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa testis
Sedegebze dafuZnebuli gadawyvetilebebis
samarTlianoba, testebis vargisianoba saganmanaT-
leblo praqtikis Sesafaseblad da testebis
Sedegebis gamoyeneba adamianTa garkveul kate-
goriebad daxarixebisaTvis.

sakvanZo
sakvanZo sakiTxebi

sakiTxebi
ra aris Sefaseba
fsiqologiur Sefasebas
xangrZlivi istoria aqvs
da dasabams antikuri
CineTidan iRebs. am sferoSi
mniSvnelovani wvlili
Seitana ser frensis gal-
tonma.
Sefasebis instrumenti unda
iyos sando, validuri da
standartizirebuli. sando
sazomi gvaZlevs Sesabamis
Sedegebs. validuri sazomi
afasebs im Tvisebebs, romelTa
gasazomadac Seiqmna testi.

395
 standartizirebuli testis
Catareba da Sedegebis Seja-
meba yovelTvis erTi da
igive gziT xdeba. normebis
arseboba saSualebas gvaZ-
levs, SevadaroT pirovnebis
qulebi igive asakis, sqesis
da kulturis individTa
saSualo maCvenebels.
inteleqtis Sefaseba
XX saukunis oTxmocda-
aTiani wlebis dasawyisSi
safrangeTSi alfred binem
safuZveli Cauyara inte-
leqtis obieqturi testi-
rebis ganviTarebas. qulebi
mocemuli iyo gonebrivi
asakis terminebiT da bav-
Svebis funqcionirebis ar-
sebul dones asaxavda.
aSS-Si termenma Seqmna sten-
ford-bines inteleqtis ska-
la da moaxdina IQ-is cnebis
popularizacia.
veqslerma Seqmna specia-
luri inteleqtis testebi
mozrdilebisTvis, skolam-
deli da saskolo asakis
bavSvebisaTvis.
inteleqtis Teoriebi
IQ-is fsiqometriulma ana-
lizma aCvena, rom zogierT
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
ZiriTad unars, rogoricaa
inteleqtis fluiduri da
kristaluri aspeqti, gar-
kveuli wvlili Seaqvs IQ
qulebSi.
Tanamedrove Teoriebi Za-
lian farTod ganixilaven
da zomaven inteleqts,
msjeloben ra im unarebsa
da insaitebze, romelTac
adamianebi sxvadasxva amo-
canis gadasaWrelad iyene-
ben.
10.3 cxrilSi mocemuli anagramis gadawyveta
1. Laugh 6. Allow
2. Tempt 7. Drive
3. Short 8. Cough
4. Knight 9. Enter
396
396 5. Write 10. Basic
stenbergi ganasxvavebs inte-
leqtis komponentur, empi-
riul da konteqstualur
aspeqtebs.
gardnerma daadgina inte-
leqtis rva tipi, romelic
moicavs da scildeba kidec
standartuli IQ sazomebiT
gazomvad inteleqtis for-
mebs. Tanamedrove kvlevebi
fokusirebulia emociur in-
teleqtze.
inteleqtis politika
Tavdapirvelad inteleqtis
testebi eTnikuri da rasob-
rivi jgufebis Sesaxeb uar-
yofiTi gancxadebebis gasake-
Teblad gamoiyeneboda.
IQ-is maRali memkvidreo-
biTobis gamo zogierTi
mkvlevari garkveuli rasob-
rivi da kulturuli jgufe-
bis dabal Sedegebs maT
Tandayolil arasrulfa-
sovnebas miawers.
araxelsayreli garemo piro-
bebiT da stereotipuli muqa-
riT aixsneba zogierTi jgu-
fis dabali IQ qulebi. gamok-
vleva aCvenebs, rom jgufuri
gansxvavebebi SeiZleba ganpi-
robebuli iyos garemo faq-
torebiT.
SemoqmedebiToba
xSir SemTxvevaSi kreatulo-
bis Sefaseba divergentuli
azrovnebis testebis saSua-
lebiT xdeba.
gansakuTrebiT kreatuli ada-
mianebi midian riskze, gadian
momzadebas da uaRresad mo-
tivirebulni arian.
ar dadasturda kavSiri krea-
tulobasa da SeSlilobas
Soris.
Sefaseba da
sazogadoeba
miuxedavad imisa, rom teste-
bi xSirad sasargeblod
gamoiyeneba momavali Sesru-
lebis winaswarmetyvele-
bisaTvis, maTi Sedegebi ar
unda ganapirobebdes indi-
vidis ganviTarebisa da
cvlilebebis ganxorciele-
bis SesaZleblobis SezRud-
vas.
rodesac Sefasebis Sedegebi
momavalSi gavlenas axdens
individis cxovrebaze, gamo-
yenebuli teqnikebi unda
iyos sando da validuri
rogorc am individTan, ise
_ gamoyenebis mizanTan
mimarTebaSi.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
qronologiuri asaki
kreatuloba
kriteriumis validoba
kristalizebuli inteleqti
divergentuli azrovneba
emociuri inteleqtiQ
TvalsaCino validoba
fluiduri inteleqti
formaluri Sefaseba
memkvidreobiTobis
maCvenebeli
inteleqti
inteleqtis koeficienti (IQ)
Sinagani SeTanxmebuloba
gonebrivi asaki
gonebrivi CamorCeniloba
normebi
paraleluri formebi
prognozirebadi validuroba
fsiqologiuri Sefaseba
fsiqometria
sandooba
SuaSi gaxleCvis sandooba
standartizeba
stereotipuli muqara
test-retestuli sandooba
validoba