Formation evaluation lab.

Environmental Corrections
Group (3)
Muneer Allawi Raheem
Mohammed Katea Khalaf
Ghassan Jassem Karim
Ali Hamid Zghair
Shaker Hammadi Kazem

6/3/2023
Outlines
• Introduction (The purpose of using IP software)
• Environmental corrections
• Procedure to do environmental correction by using IP software
• Results
1-Gamma ray log correction
2-Bulk density log correction
3-Resistivity log correction
4-neutron log correction
• discussion
The purpose of IP software
Environmental Correction
• The main objective of environmental corrections is to correct the
logging measurements to these standard conditions. Environmental
corrections can be large.
• The environmental factors affect logging tool responses , due to the
principle of logging tool .
• and this environmental effect like borehole size, temperature,
pressure, mud properties, ...etc
The following Figure shows an output sample of environmental
correction on the main page of IP software. In this figure, each track
contains the correction of log tool with depth, for example, the neutron
log (NPHI) reading is corrected to a new curve (NPHIC) in track 5.
Procedure to do environmental correction by using IP s

• Open IP software .
• Selection the well .
• Selection of data las file .
• Then , after upload the data we do the correction for each log
devices , by enter the factors that affect on each log .
Gamma ray
• Gamma ray log is subjected to number of effects like: –
• - Tool position in the hole.
• - Hole size.
• - Mud weight.
• - Casing size and weight. (Cased hole)
• - Cement thickness . (Cased hole)
• Since there are innumerable combinations of hole size, mud weight
and tool position, Gamma ray charts are designed to correct their
gamma ray logs back to standard set of conditions.
Gamma ray
• For GR borehole correction is done to correct for: –
• 1.Distance between tool and bore hole wall.
• 2.Density of mud in the borehole
• Gamma ray borehole correction chart from various vendors can be used for this
purpose if it needs to be done manually.The environmental correction charts
provided in the Gamma Ray section of the chart book correct .
• Both the above conditions affect the amount of natural radiation that is measured at
the gamma ray detector.
• Tool diameter and tool position are both important factors to consider when
applying GR environmental corrections . In a hole of given diameter, the amount of
gamma radiation received by a large diameter tool will be greater than that received
by a smaller diameter tool because the amount of mud surrounding the larger tool
is less. Standard gamma tools have an outer diameter of 3-5/8 inches. Furthermore,
if the tool is eccentered, then some gamma rays will be attenuated by the thicker
shield of mud on one side of the tool.
Gamma ray
Gamma ray correction
Figure:- Effect of tool position on incoming gamma ray. As we can see in
above plot, eccentralized tool gets more gamma ray ,without any
interference of mud on one side of tool whereas centralized tool gets
same amount of gamma ray from all around the borehole.

Featured image shows gamma ray borehole correction for different hole
size ,tool diameter , mud weight and tool position. Note more gamma
ray correction is needed if tool is centered.
Bulk density
• The density logs effect by Hole size, formation density, and mud
weight so we need to correction the measurement.
• Charts tend to overcorrect in elliptical boreholes.
• The purpose of bulk log correction is to measurement the bulk density
more accurate and that reflect on the porosity value.
Bulk density
Bulk density correction
Resistivity log
• invasion , borehole and shoulder beds are the most important factors
that affect also temperature and other factors , So it’s needed for ،on
resistivity readings correction and may also be corrected for apparent
dip, anisotropy and surrounding beds in horizontal wells. to obtain
actual reservoir resistivity, it is necessary to correct the resistivity
when drilling fluid invades into the reservoir in practical operations so
that the oil saturation can be calculated properly. the influence of
drilling fluid invasion on reservoir resistivity obviously responds to
some important factors, such as porosity, oil saturation, the pressure
difference between drilling mud column and formation, the mud
filtrate salinity and invasion time.
Resistivity log
Micro spherical focused(MSFL):This device is the most accurate correction device and
therefore the difference in the original and corrected readings is clear it effected by mud
cake thickness, Rxo zone resistivity, mud cake resistivity, and hole size (Corrected
readings become farther apart from the original at a depth of 1095-1099 due to
increased hole size)
Spherically focused (SFLU) : it effected by Mud resistivity, hole size, and tool position.
induction logs : the log requires other corrections due to environmental factors which
affect its response. These factors are skin effect, borehole size, adjacent bed boundary
(shoulders), geometrical factor and depth of invasion.
Hole Size Corrections
The borehole effects due to the current loop in the mud can be corrected by using a special
chart. The size of the correction is insignificant in fresh, resistive muds, but quite
significant in salty, conductive muds.
If an SFL(spherically focused log) is run in conjunction with an induction log, a hole size
correction is also needed
Resistivity log
Resistivity log correction
Neutron log
• - The neutron log is affected by borehole size, temperature and
pressure, formation salinity, mud cake, mud weight, mud type, mud
cake thickness and tool position.
• - The principle of work of the neutron log is to measure the
concentration of hydrogen ion, and for this reason hydrogen has a
great effect on the performance of the probe, and an environmental
correction is required for it. This is important for neutron porosity
instruments whose response to porosity is complex and fragile.
Neutron log
Neutron log correction
Perform environmental corrections on logs

Measurement Effects Comments

Becomes significant as hole size
and mud weight increase; charts
Gamma Mud weight, hole size, and tool position
also available for potassium,
uranium, and thorium curves.

Guard logs Mud resistivity, hole size, and tool position —

Spherically focused Mud resistivity, hole size, and tool position —

Induction Mud resistivity, hole size, and tool position —

Microlaterolog microspherically
focused proximity microguard
Compensated neutron logs
Density logs
Mudcake thickness, Rxo zone resistivity, mudcake Mudcake thickness is difficult to
resistivity, and hole size determine
Charts tend to overcorrect in
Hole size, temperature, pressure, borehole, and
elliptical boreholes; some or all
formation salinity; mud weight, mud type, mudcake
corrections may have been applied
thickness, and tool position
at the time of recording.
Charts tend to overcorrect in
Hole size, formation density, and mud weight
elliptical boreholes
Discussion
• Why do we perform environmental corrections?
• In real world logging ,its not easy to determine true gamma ray, neutron porosity,
bulk density and true resistivity of the un-invaded zone precisely for variety of
reasons. There are various Factors affecting these responses which includes hole
size, mud density, bed thickness, depth of invasion, bore hole mud salinity,
formation pressure , formation salinity, formation temperature, and tool stand
off. Also, uncorrected values of these curves could have strong impact on
formation evaluation and must be corrected before starting evaluation.