RS Social Media Analysis mid sem1

14.Define the term Social Graph.

A social graph is a diagram that illustrates interconnections among people, groups and organizations in a
social network. The term is also used to describe an individual's social network. When portrayed as a
map, a social graph appears as a set of network nodes that are connected by lines.

15.Define the term Amount of Exposure.

The extent to which audience members have encountered specific messages or classes of
messages/media content.

In the context of social media analysis, the term "amount of exposure" typically refers to the number of
times a particular social media post or content has been viewed or reached by users. It is a metric used
to measure the popularity or reach of a particular piece of content on social media platforms such as
Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, or LinkedIn.

For example, on Twitter, the amount of exposure of a particular tweet can be measured by the number
of impressions, which is the number of times the tweet has been seen by users. Similarly, on Instagram,
the amount of exposure of a post can be measured by the number of views or likes it has received.

The amount of exposure metric can be useful for businesses or organizations to track the success of
their social media campaigns and to measure the level of engagement of their audience. It can also be
used to identify popular trends or topics on social media platforms, which can inform marketing
strategies and content creation.

16.Describe the Two-Step Flow Model.

two-step flow model of communication, theory of communication that proposes that interpersonal
interaction has a far stronger effect on shaping public opinion than mass media outlets.

The Two-Step Flow Model is a communication theory that suggests that mass media has a limited direct
effect on the general public. Instead, opinion leaders, who receive information from the media and then
disseminate it to their followers or peers, play a critical role in shaping public opinion. The model
highlights the importance of interpersonal communication and word-of-mouth in the diffusion of
information and the formation of public opinion.

According to the Two-Step Flow Model, mass media has a limited direct effect on the opinions and
attitudes of the general public. Instead, the model proposes that opinion leaders, who are individuals
RS Social Media Analysis mid sem1

with a high degree of influence or expertise in a particular field, play a critical role in shaping public
opinion.

17.Write brief description about SWN, SFN, RN.

SWN, SFN, and RN are terms used in the context of social network analysis, which is a method of studying
social structures and relationships between individuals, groups, or organizations.

1. SWN (Small World Network): A small world network is a type of social network characterized by
a high degree of clustering, meaning that individuals tend to be connected to others who are also
connected to each other. At the same time, the network also has short path lengths, meaning that
it is relatively easy for any two individuals to be connected through a few intermediary
connections. This type of network is often found in social groups or organizations where
individuals have strong ties with others in their immediate social circle but also have weak ties to
people in other circles.

2. SFN (Scale-Free Network): A scale-free network is a type of social network characterized by a few
highly connected nodes, called hubs or connectors, which are linked to many other nodes with
few connections. This type of network is often found in social systems where certain individuals
or organizations have a disproportionately high level of influence or power.

3. RN (Random Network): A random network is a type of social network characterized by a lack of

clustering and a high degree of randomness in connections between nodes. This type of network
is often used as a baseline for comparison with other types of networks and is considered to be
less common in real-world social systems.

18.Describe the properties of a graph i.e. Degree, PageRank, Closeness, Betweenness with proper
diagram.

Closeness centrality indicates how close a node is to all other nodes in the network. It is calculated as
the average of the shortest path length from the node to every other node in the network.

Figure 3.4. A sample network.

Let’s start by computing the average shortest path length of node D. Table 3.1 shows each node and the
length of the shortest path from D.
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Table 3.1. The Shortest Path Lengths from D to each Other Node in the Network

Node Shortest Path from D

A 3 (D–C–B–A)

B 2

C 1

E 1

F 2

G 2

H 1

The average of those shortest path lengths is:

(3+2+1+1+2+2+1)÷7=12÷7=1.71.

Note that we divide by 7 because there are seven other nodes.

Now repeat this for node A. This is shown in Table 3.2.

Table 3.2. The Shortest Path Length from node A to Every Other Node in the Network

Node Shortest Path from A

B 1

C 2

D 3

E 4

F 5

G 5

H 4

Here, the average shortest path length is:

RS Social Media Analysis mid sem1

(1+2+3+4+5+5+4)÷7=24÷7=3.43.

In the case of closeness centrality, or average shortest path length, lower values indicate more central
nodes. Thus, since node D’s closeness centrality is 1.71 and node A’s is 3.43, node D is more central by
this measure.

Betweenness centrality is a centrality measure of a node that acts as a bridge along the shortest path
between two other nodes.

PageRank: The PageRank algorithm measures the importance of each node within the graph, based on
the number incoming relationships and the importance of the corresponding source nodes. PageRank is
an algorithm used by Google Search to rank websites in their search engine results. The basic idea is that
a website's PageRank is proportional to the number and quality of other websites that link to it. In graph
theory terms, PageRank is a measure of the importance of a vertex in a graph.

In graph theory, the degree of a vertex of a graph is the number of edges that are incident to the vertex.

19.Give a brief description of Information flow with a Linear Threshold graph.

Information flow in a Linear Threshold Graph (LTG) refers to how information or influence spreads
through the network based on the activation thresholds of nodes. In an LTG, each node is assigned a
threshold value between 0 and 1, which represents the minimum level of activation needed for the
node to become "active" and pass information or influence to its neighbors.

At the start of the process, some nodes are activated either externally or randomly, and then their
neighbors become activated if the total weight of incoming activations (i.e., the sum of activation levels
multiplied by edge weights) exceeds their individual threshold. This process continues iteratively, with
more and more nodes becoming activated until no more nodes can be activated or a specific stopping
condition is met.

The information flow in an LTG can be used to model various phenomena such as opinion formation,
diffusion of innovations, and spread of diseases. It can also be used to analyze the robustness and
vulnerability of networks to node failures or targeted attacks.

20..Describe the Essentials of Social Graphs.

Social Graphs are an essential component of Social Media Analytics (SMA) and play a significant role in
understanding the structure and dynamics of social networks. Here are some of the key essentials of Social
Graphs in SMA:

1. Nodes: In Social Graphs, nodes represent individual users or entities within a social network.
These nodes can be people, groups, organizations, or any other entity that is part of the social
network.

2. Edges: Edges in Social Graphs represent the connections or relationships between nodes. These
connections can be based on different criteria such as friend/follower relationships, mutual
interests, shared content, etc.
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3. Degree: The degree of a node in a Social Graph refers to the number of edges or connections that
the node has with other nodes. Nodes with high degree are considered to be influential or central
in the network.

4. Density: Density is a measure of the interconnectedness of nodes in a Social Graph. It represents

the proportion of actual connections in the network compared to the total possible connections.

5. Centrality: Centrality measures how central or influential a node is in a Social Graph. There are
various centrality measures, including degree centrality, betweenness centrality, and eigenvector
centrality, which can be used to identify the most important nodes in a network.

6. Clustering: Clustering refers to the tendency of nodes in a Social Graph to form groups or
communities based on shared interests, affiliations, or other factors. Detecting clusters can help
identify sub-communities within a network and understand their behavior.

Overall, Social Graphs are a powerful tool for understanding the structure and dynamics of social networks
and analyzing user behavior within them. They can be used to identify influencers, detect trends and
patterns, and develop targeted marketing and communication strategies.

21.Describe the adoption Categories and Thresholds.

Adoption categories and thresholds are key concepts in Social Media Analytics (SMA) that refer to the
different stages of user adoption of a product, service, or idea within a social network. Here is a brief
description of these concepts:

1. Adoption Categories: Adoption categories are different stages of user adoption of a product,
service, or idea within a social network. These categories are typically represented as a series of
steps or stages, with each stage representing a different level of user engagement or adoption.
Some common adoption categories include:

 Innovators: These are the early adopters who are willing to try new things and take risks.

 Early Adopters: These are the users who adopt a product or idea after the innovators but before
the majority of the population.

 Early Majority: These are the users who adopt a product or idea after it has gained some
traction and popularity.

 Late Majority: These are the users who adopt a product or idea only after it has become widely
accepted.

 Laggards: These are the users who adopt a product or idea very late in the game or not at all.

2. Thresholds: Thresholds refer to the minimum level of user engagement or adoption required to
move from one adoption category to the next. For example, the threshold for moving from the
innovator category to the early adopter category may be a certain percentage of users adopting
the product or idea. Similarly, the threshold for moving from the early adopter category to the
early majority category may be a certain level of social proof or endorsement from other users.
RS Social Media Analysis mid sem1

Thresholds can be used to track the progress of user adoption and identify the key factors that drive
adoption at each stage. They can also be used to develop targeted marketing and communication
strategies that are tailored to the specific needs and preferences of each adoption category. Overall,
adoption categories and thresholds are important tools for understanding user behavior within a social
network and developing effective SMA strategies.

22.Describe the Epidemic Models using real-life examples.

Epidemic models are not only used in public health but also in Social Media Analytics (SMA) to
understand the spread and diffusion of information and ideas within a social network. Here are some
real-life examples of epidemic models in SMA:

1. Viral marketing: Viral marketing is a marketing technique that relies on the spread of
information and ideas through social networks. The diffusion of a viral marketing campaign can
be modeled using epidemic models, such as the SIR model. The model can help marketers
understand the factors that influence the spread of a campaign and predict the number of
people who will be exposed to it over time.

2. Social media trends: Social media trends, such as hashtags, memes, and challenges, can also be
modeled using epidemic models. The model can help identify the key influencers and early
adopters who drive the spread of the trend and predict the number of people who will
participate in it over time. The SEIR model, which accounts for the latency period between
exposure and adoption, can be used to model the spread of trends that require a certain level of
social proof or endorsement from others.

3. Political campaigns: Political campaigns can also be modeled using epidemic models to
understand the spread of ideas and messages within a social network. The SIS model, which
allows individuals to switch between the susceptible and infectious states, can be used to model
the spread of political beliefs and opinions. The model can help identify the key opinion leaders
who drive the spread of a campaign and predict the level of support for a candidate or party
over time.

Overall, epidemic models are valuable tools in SMA for understanding the spread and diffusion of
information and ideas within a social network. By using these models, analysts and marketers can
develop effective strategies for maximizing the reach and impact of their campaigns and messages.

23.Describe the evolution of Random Network.

The evolution of random networks in the context of social media analysis (SMA) can be described as
follows. In the early days of social media, the network structures were relatively simple, with users
following or being followed by a small number of other users. These networks were typically modeled
using the ER model or its variants.

As social media platforms grew in popularity and became more complex, the network structures
became more intricate and diverse. Researchers began to study these networks using more
sophisticated models, such as the small-world and scale-free models, to capture the complex patterns of
connectivity and the emergence of hubs and communities.
RS Social Media Analysis mid sem1

With the advent of machine learning and big data analytics, researchers have been able to extract
insights from social media networks on a much larger scale than before. This has led to the development
of new techniques and models, such as the stochastic block model and the latent space model, which
can capture the heterogeneity and dynamics of social media networks.

Overall, the evolution of random networks in SMA has been driven by the need to understand the
structure and behavior of social media networks, which play a significant role in shaping our social
interactions and information consumption. As social media continues to evolve, so too will the models
and techniques used to study these networks, in order to keep pace with the ever-changing landscape of
online social activity.

24.Give a brief description about Recommendation in Social Media

Recommendation in social media refers to the process of suggesting content, products, or services to
users based on their interests, preferences, and behavior on the platform. This feature is typically
powered by machine learning algorithms that analyze user data, such as search queries, past interactions,
and demographic information, to provide personalized recommendations.

In social media, recommendations can take various forms, such as suggesting friends to connect with,
recommending pages or groups to follow, or recommending content to view or engage with. Social media
platforms use recommendation systems to increase user engagement, retention, and satisfaction by
providing relevant and timely content to users. However, there are also concerns about the potential for
recommendation algorithms to reinforce bias and filter bubbles by limiting exposure to diverse
viewpoints.

25.Write down the Significance of 'SIR' model.

The SIR model is a mathematical model used to study the spread of infectious diseases in a population.
The model divides the population into three categories: susceptible (S), infected (I), and recovered (R).
The significance of the SIR model lies in its ability to provide insights into the dynamics of disease
transmission and help public health officials make informed decisions about disease control measures.

26.Describe the Properties of the SIR Model.

Properties of the SIR model include:

1. Population size: The SIR model assumes a fixed population size. The model does not account for
births, deaths, or migration.

2. Transmission rate: The transmission rate (beta) represents the rate at which infected individuals
transmit the disease to susceptible individuals. The larger the transmission rate, the faster the
disease spreads.

3. Recovery rate: The recovery rate (gamma) represents the rate at which infected individuals
recover and become immune to the disease. The larger the recovery rate, the faster the infected
individuals recover and the smaller the infected population.
RS Social Media Analysis mid sem1

4. Susceptible population: The susceptible population (S) represents individuals who are not
immune to the disease and can become infected if they come into contact with an infected
individual.

5. Infected population: The infected population (I) represents individuals who are currently
infected with the disease and can transmit the disease to susceptible individuals.

6. Recovered population: The recovered population (R) represents individuals who have recovered
from the disease and are immune to further infection.

By modeling the interactions between these three populations, the SIR model can help predict the
spread of a disease over time and estimate the effectiveness of disease control measures such as
vaccination or social distancing. The SIR model has been used extensively in public health research and
policy making to inform decision making during disease outbreaks.

27.Suppose that I was interested in drawing a graph of which large corporations were networked with
one another by having the same persons on their boards of directors. Would it make more sense to use
"directed" ties, or "bonded" ties for my graph? Can you think of a kind of relation among large
corporations that would be better represented with directed ties?

If you are interested in drawing a graph to show which large corporations are networked with one
another based on their boards of directors, using "bonded" ties would make more sense than "directed"
ties. "Bonded" ties, also known as undirected ties, represent symmetric relationships, where both nodes
in the relationship have an equal influence on each other. In the context of corporate boards, if two
large corporations have one or more directors in common, they would be connected by a bonded tie.

However, if you were interested in representing a kind of relation among large corporations that
involves an asymmetric relationship, directed ties may be more appropriate. For example, if one
corporation owns a significant percentage of another corporation's stock, this relationship would be
better represented using directed ties. The direction of the tie would indicate the direction of influence
between the two corporations, with the corporation that owns the stock having more influence over the
corporation whose stock is owned.

In summary, the type of tie you use in your graph depends on the nature of the relationship you are
trying to represent. Bonded ties are appropriate for symmetric relationships, where both nodes in the
relationship have an equal influence on each other, while directed ties are more appropriate for
asymmetric relationships, where one node has more influence over the other.
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51.How does social media influence real-world behaviors of individuals? Identify a behavior that is due
to the usage of a particular social media platform (e.g. Twitter).

Social media can influence real-world behaviors of individuals in various ways, including shaping
attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors. One way social media can influence behavior is by providing social cues
and norms that shape individuals' perceptions of what is appropriate or desirable behavior. Social media
can also provide a platform for social influence, where individuals are influenced by the opinions,
attitudes, and behaviors of their peers and social networks.

For example, a behavior that is influenced by the usage of Twitter is the sharing of news and
information. Twitter is a platform that is designed to facilitate the sharing of information and ideas, and
many individuals use Twitter as a source of news and information. Studies have shown that individuals
who use Twitter are more likely to engage in political discussion and are more likely to participate in
political activities, such as attending political rallies and voting in elections. This is due in part to the
social influence that occurs on Twitter, where individuals are exposed to the opinions and behaviors of
their peers and are more likely to adopt these opinions and behaviors.

Additionally, Twitter has been shown to influence the behavior of public figures and politicians. For
example, politicians may use Twitter to communicate with their constituents, and their behavior on
Twitter can shape public perception of their leadership and policy positions. Twitter can also be used to
mobilize social movements and to influence public opinion on a variety of issues, from social justice to
environmental activism.

Overall, social media platforms like Twitter can have a significant influence on real-world behaviors of
individuals, shaping attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors and providing a platform for social influence and
political mobilization.

52. Depict directed edges and directed graphs with suitable diagrams.

in graph theory, a directed graph (or digraph) is a graph that is made up of a set of vertices connected by
directed edges. A directed graph (or digraph) is a set of nodes connected by edges, where the edges
have a direction associated with them. For example, an arc (x, y) is considered to be directed from x to y,
and the arc (y, x) is the inverted link. Y is a direct successor of x, and x is a direct predecessor of y.
RS Social Media Analysis mid sem1

53.Draw degree distribution plot for social networking sites and justify your answer.
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54.Explain social media landscape with suitable examples.

The social media landscape is diverse and enables people to connect and share in different ways. People
often use social media for different purposes. For example, they may visit one app to get the latest
news, another to make professional connections and another to discover what their favourite celebrities
are doing.

People use social media to share, discover and connect with their community. As you market your
business, if you go where your customers are, you can reach them on the social media that they use
most and you can focus your attention and resources where they will have the most impact.

Twitter

Easy-to-use microblogging technology makes it easy to publish content and build a following

• Trending topics/hashtags (#) originated on Twitter and provide ample opportunities to a brand's
visibility

Twitter's Promoted Products

For larger campaigns, you can leverage the viral power of Twitter's promoted advertising products to
increase brand awareness

Currently only provisioned for US based accounts (or brands with $10K+ monthly budgets), you can do
the following:

 Promote Individual Tweets

 Promote Individual Accounts
 Promote a Trend (SSSSS)

Although it is defined as "paid media", Twitter ads are less obtrusive, more organic, and do not take
away from user experience compared to other forms of advertising.

Other examples are facebook, google+, Instagram ,pinterest etc.

55.What type of problems can be solved using social media and text mining? Explain with suitable
examples.

Social Media Mining is the process of representing, analyzing, and extracting meaningful patterns from
social media data.

Social media and text mining can be used to solve a wide variety of problems, especially those related to
analyzing large volumes of unstructured data and understanding human behavior and sentiment. Here
are a few examples:

1. Customer sentiment analysis: Companies can use social media and text mining to analyze
customer feedback and reviews to understand what customers like and dislike about their
products or services. This can help companies make informed decisions about how to improve
their offerings. For example, a hotel chain could analyze reviews on TripAdvisor to identify areas
where they need to improve their service.
RS Social Media Analysis mid sem1

2. Crisis management: Social media and text mining can be used to monitor social media for signs
of a crisis or potential crisis. For example, during a natural disaster, government agencies could
use social media to identify areas where people are in need of assistance.

3. Political analysis: Political campaigns can use social media and text mining to analyze public
sentiment towards a candidate or an issue. For example, during an election campaign, a political
party could analyze social media data to understand which issues are most important to voters.

4. Brand management: Companies can use social media and text mining to monitor brand
mentions and sentiment on social media. This can help companies identify potential PR issues
and address them before they become major problems. For example, a company could use
social media monitoring to identify a negative trend related to their brand and take action to
address it.

5. Fraud detection: Banks and other financial institutions can use social media and text mining to
detect fraudulent activity. For example, they could use text mining algorithms to identify
suspicious patterns in customer behavior that may indicate fraud.

Overall, social media and text mining can be used to solve a wide variety of problems, from customer
sentiment analysis to crisis management to fraud detection. By leveraging these tools, organizations can
gain valuable insights into human behavior and sentiment, which can inform decision-making and help
them achieve their goals.

56.Explain different types of social media with suitable example.

RS Social Media Analysis mid sem1
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57.Evaluate the importances of opinion, reviews and ratings in social media.

Through social media, potential customers have access to your brand and how it is reviewed by its existing
customers. The reviews increase or decrease the credibility of the product or service in the potential
customer’s mind before they make the decision.

Opinions, reviews, and ratings are all important components of social media that can greatly influence
consumer behavior and decision-making. Here are a few reasons why:

1. Trust: Consumers often trust the opinions and experiences of their peers more than they trust
advertisements or brand messaging. When someone shares their opinion or experience with a
product or service on social media, it can help build trust and credibility with other potential
consumers.

2. Influence: Social media platforms have immense reach and influence, with millions of users
sharing their opinions, reviews, and ratings every day. These can have a significant impact on
consumer behavior, from influencing purchasing decisions to shaping brand perception.

3. Feedback: Reviews and ratings can provide valuable feedback to businesses, helping them
understand what customers like and dislike about their products or services. This can help
RS Social Media Analysis mid sem1

businesses make informed decisions about how to improve their offerings and enhance customer
satisfaction.

4. Discoverability: Positive reviews and ratings can also help businesses get discovered by new
customers on social media platforms. For example, a high rating on a review site like Yelp can
attract new customers who are looking for recommendations for a particular type of business.

5. Reputation management: Negative opinions, reviews, and ratings can be detrimental to a

business's reputation, making it important for businesses to actively monitor and manage their
online presence. Responding to negative feedback in a professional and empathetic way can help
mitigate the impact of negative reviews and ratings.

In conclusion, opinions, reviews, and ratings are important components of social media that can greatly
influence consumer behavior and decision-making. Businesses that understand the importance of these
elements can leverage them to build trust and credibility with consumers, gather valuable feedback,
improve their offerings, and enhance their online reputation.

58.Evaluate different measures for individuals and networks in social media.

Measuring individuals and networks in social media can be important for understanding the impact of
social media on individuals and organizations, as well as for developing effective social media strategies.
Here are a few different measures that can be used to evaluate individuals and networks in social media:

1. Follower count: Follower count is a simple measure of an individual's or organization's popularity

on social media. It is a basic metric that can be used to track growth and engagement over time.

2. Engagement rate: Engagement rate measures the level of interaction an individual or organization
receives on social media. This includes likes, comments, and shares. A high engagement rate
indicates that an individual or organization is creating content that is resonating with their
audience.

3. Sentiment analysis: Sentiment analysis involves using natural language processing and machine
learning techniques to analyze the tone of social media posts. This can help identify whether the
sentiment towards an individual or organization is positive, negative, or neutral.

4. Network centrality: Network centrality measures an individual's or organization's position in a

social network. This can help identify influential individuals or organizations within a network, as
well as the flow of information within a network.

5. Share of voice: Share of voice measures the proportion of conversations about a particular topic
or industry that an individual or organization is participating in. This can help identify
opportunities to increase visibility and engagement within a particular community or industry.

6. Reach: Reach measures the number of people who see an individual's or organization's social
media posts. This can help identify the potential impact of social media content and the
effectiveness of social media strategies.
RS Social Media Analysis mid sem1

In conclusion, there are a variety of measures that can be used to evaluate individuals and networks in
social media. By understanding these measures, individuals and organizations can better understand their
impact on social media and develop strategies to improve their engagement, influence, and reputation.

59.Explain information visualization.

Information visualization is a technique used in social media analysis (SMA) to visually represent complex
data sets and relationships. It involves using graphical representations, such as charts, graphs, and maps,
to make it easier to understand patterns, trends, and relationships within social media data.

Here are a few examples of how information visualization can be used in SMA:

1. Trend analysis: Information visualization can be used to track trends in social media data over
time. For example, a line chart can be used to show the frequency of mentions of a particular
topic or hashtag over time, allowing analysts to identify spikes in activity or changes in sentiment.

2. Network analysis: Information visualization can also be used to analyze social media networks and
relationships. For example, a graph can be used to show the connections between individuals or
groups within a network, allowing analysts to identify key influencers or clusters of activity.

3. Geographic analysis: Information visualization can be used to visualize social media data on a map,
allowing analysts to understand the geographic distribution of activity. For example, a heat map
can be used to show the concentration of mentions of a particular topic or hashtag in different
regions.

4. Sentiment analysis: Information visualization can be used to visualize the sentiment of social
media posts. For example, a pie chart can be used to show the proportion of positive, negative,
and neutral posts related to a particular topic or brand.

Overall, information visualization can be a powerful tool in SMA, allowing analysts to quickly and easily
understand complex data sets and relationships. By presenting data in a visual format, information
visualization can help analysts identify patterns and trends that might be missed in raw data. This can
ultimately lead to better insights and more effective social media strategies.

60.Explain subgraph with suitable diagram.

RS Social Media Analysis mid sem1

61.Explain online social networking with suitable examples.

Online social networking refers to the use of internet-based platforms to build and maintain social
relationships with others. These platforms typically allow users to create profiles, connect with others,
and share content such as photos, videos, and messages. Here are a few examples of popular online social
networking platforms:

1. Facebook: Facebook is one of the most popular online social networking platforms, with over 2.7
billion monthly active users. It allows users to create a profile, connect with friends and family,
and share updates, photos, and videos. Users can also join groups and pages based on their
interests, creating a sense of community around specific topics or activities.

2. Twitter: Twitter is a micro-blogging platform that allows users to share short messages, or
"tweets," with their followers. Users can follow other accounts to receive updates on their
activity, and can engage with others by retweeting, replying to, or liking their tweets. Twitter is
often used for real-time news updates, as well as for engaging in conversations around specific
topics or hashtags.

3. LinkedIn: LinkedIn is a professional networking platform that allows users to create a profile
highlighting their work experience and education. Users can connect with others in their industry,
join groups and communities, and share updates and articles related to their field. LinkedIn is
often used for job searching and recruitment, as well as for networking and building professional
relationships.

4. Instagram: Instagram is a photo and video sharing platform that allows users to share visual
content with their followers. Users can also follow others to receive updates on their activity, and
can engage with others by liking, commenting on, or sharing their posts. Instagram is often used
for sharing personal photos and experiences, as well as for marketing and promoting brands and
products.

Overall, online social networking platforms offer a variety of ways for individuals to connect with others,
build relationships, and share content. These platforms have become an increasingly important part of
modern social life, allowing people to stay connected with friends and family, meet new people, and
engage in conversations around specific topics or interests.

62.Analyze the factors that makes data visualization good.

Online social networking refers to the use of internet-based platforms to build and maintain social
relationships with others. These platforms typically allow users to create profiles, connect with others,
and share content such as photos, videos, and messages. Here are a few examples of popular online
social networking platforms:

1. Facebook: Facebook is one of the most popular online social networking platforms, with over
2.7 billion monthly active users. It allows users to create a profile, connect with friends and
RS Social Media Analysis mid sem1

family, and share updates, photos, and videos. Users can also join groups and pages based on
their interests, creating a sense of community around specific topics or activities.

2. Twitter: Twitter is a micro-blogging platform that allows users to share short messages, or
"tweets," with their followers. Users can follow other accounts to receive updates on their
activity, and can engage with others by retweeting, replying to, or liking their tweets. Twitter is
often used for real-time news updates, as well as for engaging in conversations around specific
topics or hashtags.

3. LinkedIn: LinkedIn is a professional networking platform that allows users to create a profile
highlighting their work experience and education. Users can connect with others in their
industry, join groups and communities, and share updates and articles related to their field.
LinkedIn is often used for job searching and recruitment, as well as for networking and building
professional relationships.

4. Instagram: Instagram is a photo and video sharing platform that allows users to share visual
content with their followers. Users can also follow others to receive updates on their activity,
and can engage with others by liking, commenting on, or sharing their posts. Instagram is often
used for sharing personal photos and experiences, as well as for marketing and promoting
brands and products.

Overall, online social networking platforms offer a variety of ways for individuals to connect with others,
build relationships, and share content. These platforms have become an increasingly important part of
modern social life, allowing people to stay connected with friends and family, meet new people, and
engage in conversations around specific topics or interests.

63.Analyze the factors that makes data visualization good.

Effective data visualization is an important aspect of data analysis and presentation, as it can help to
communicate complex information in a clear and concise way. Here are some of the key factors that
make data visualization good:

1. Clarity: A good data visualization should be easy to understand, with a clear and simple design
that highlights the most important information. It should avoid clutter, unnecessary detail, or
confusing visual elements.

2. Accuracy: Data visualization should be based on accurate and reliable data. It should not
misrepresent or distort the data, and should use appropriate scales, labels, and axes to convey
the information clearly.

3. Relevance: A good data visualization should be relevant to the audience, and should be tailored
to their needs and interests. It should focus on the most important aspects of the data, and
should avoid unnecessary or irrelevant information.

4. Context: A good data visualization should provide context to the data, helping the audience to
understand the significance of the information. It should provide background information,
relevant comparisons, or historical trends to help the audience make sense of the data.
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5. Visual appeal: A good data visualization should be visually appealing, with a design that is
aesthetically pleasing and engaging. It should use color, typography, and imagery in a way that is
visually appealing and reinforces the message of the data.

6. Interactivity: A good data visualization should allow the audience to interact with the data,
providing different views or perspectives on the information. It should allow users to explore the
data in more detail, and to customize the visualization to their own needs and interests.

Overall, a good data visualization should be clear, accurate, relevant, contextual, visually appealing, and
interactive. By following these principles, data analysts and designers can create effective visualizations
that communicate complex information in a clear and engaging way.

64.How can you visualise more than three dimensions in a single chart for visualizing information?

Usually, data is visually represented through a chart using locations in the image (height, width, and
depth). Going beyond three dimensions, we need to make use of other visual cues to add more
information. Some of the most common are:

 Color: A visually appealing and intuitive way to depict both continuous and categorical data.

 Size: Marker size is also used to represent continuous data. Could be applied for categorical data
as well, but since size differences are more difficult to detect than color, it is not the most
appropriate choice for this type of data.

 Shape: Lastly, we have shapes, which are an effective way to represent different classes.

 Animation: Animating the chart can be an effective way to represent additional dimensions of
data over time. For example, a time series chart could use animation to show changes in the
data over multiple time periods.

 Multiple charts: Instead of trying to visualize all the dimensions in a single chart, it may be more
effective to create multiple charts and link them together. For example, a dashboard could
include several charts that show different aspects of the data, with filters or interactions that
allow the user to explore the data in different ways.

Analyze the need of information visualization.

Information visualization is the process of presenting data and information in a visual format, such
as charts, graphs, maps, and other visual representations. There are several reasons why
information visualization is important:

1. Enhances understanding: Humans are visual beings, and we process visual information much
more quickly and effectively than text or numbers. Information visualization can help to make
complex data and information more accessible and understandable, allowing us to spot patterns
and relationships that might be difficult to see in other formats.

2. Facilitates communication: Visualizations can be used to communicate complex information to a

wide audience in a clear and concise way. By using visual cues such as color, shape, and size,
visualizations can help to convey information in a way that is easy to interpret and understand.
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3. Supports decision-making: Visualizations can help decision-makers to identify trends, patterns,

and outliers in the data, which can inform strategic decisions and actions. By visualizing data,
decision-makers can quickly identify key insights and make more informed choices.

4. Increases engagement: Visualizations can make data more engaging and interesting,
encouraging people to explore and interact with the information. By presenting data in a visually
appealing way, visualizations can help to create an emotional connection with the data, which
can lead to greater engagement and retention.

5. Enables exploration: Visualizations can be used to create interactive data experiences that allow
users to explore the data in more detail. By providing tools such as filters, search, and drill-down
capabilities, visualizations can help users to discover new insights and relationships within the
data.

Overall, information visualization is a powerful tool for making data and information more
accessible, understandable, and engaging. By presenting data in a visual format, information
visualization can help to enhance understanding, facilitate communication, support decision-
making, increase engagement, and enable exploration.

65.Evaluate different social media data mining methods with suitable examples.

Social media data mining refers to the process of extracting useful information from social media
platforms, such as Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram. There are several data mining methods that
can be used to analyze social media data. Here are a few examples:

1. Text mining: Text mining is the process of extracting useful information from unstructured text
data, such as social media posts, comments, and reviews. Text mining methods can be used to
analyze sentiment, identify keywords and topics, and extract named entities. For example, text
mining can be used to analyze tweets about a particular product to identify common complaints
or issues.

2. Social network analysis: Social network analysis is the process of analyzing the relationships
between individuals or entities in a social network. Social network analysis can be used to
identify key influencers, map the flow of information, and measure the impact of social media
campaigns. For example, social network analysis can be used to identify the most influential
users in a Twitter network and target them with specific marketing messages.

3. Image and video analysis: Image and video analysis is the process of analyzing visual content,
such as photos and videos, for insights. Image and video analysis methods can be used to
identify objects, faces, and scenes, as well as to analyze sentiment and emotions. For example,
image and video analysis can be used to identify trends in the types of photos and videos that
are being shared on Instagram.

4. Location-based analysis: Location-based analysis is the process of analyzing social media data
based on geographic location. Location-based analysis can be used to identify trends and
patterns in social media activity across different regions, as well as to target local audiences with
specific marketing messages. For example, location-based analysis can be used to identify
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popular tourist attractions based on social media check-ins and target ads to visitors in those
locations.

Overall, social media data mining methods can be used to extract valuable insights and information
from social media platforms. By analyzing social media data, businesses and organizations can gain a
better understanding of their customers, target their marketing efforts more effectively, and make
more informed decisions.

156.What is recommendation in social media?

Recommendation in social media refers to the process of suggesting content, products, or services
to users based on their past behavior, preferences, and interests. Social media platforms use
recommendation algorithms to personalize the user experience by suggesting content that is likely
to be relevant and interesting to each individual user.

Recommendation algorithms use machine learning and data mining techniques to analyze user data,
such as past searches, clicks, likes, and shares, to identify patterns and similarities in user behavior.
Based on these patterns, the algorithm can suggest similar content or products that the user is likely
to be interested in.

For example, on social media platforms like Facebook and Instagram, recommendation algorithms
suggest posts and accounts to follow based on the user's past activity and the activity of their
friends. On e-commerce platforms like Amazon, recommendation algorithms suggest products to
purchase based on the user's browsing and purchase history.

Recommendation in social media can provide several benefits for both users and businesses. For
users, personalized recommendations can save time and make it easier to find content or products
that match their interests. For businesses, recommendation algorithms can increase engagement
and revenue by promoting relevant content and products to users.

157.What is precision and recall?

Precision quantifies the number of positive class predictions that actually belong to the positive
class. Recall quantifies the number of positive class predictions made out of all positive examples in
the dataset.
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