MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY 2.

Get permission – When posting videos or pictures of other people on

your social media account, do not forget to ask for the owner's approval
and of the people who appeared in the video or picture.
Introduction to Media and Information Literacy
3. Think before you click – When posting or sharing on social media,
think first if the information you are going to post or share is accurate,
helpful, informative, nice, and kind to others. Avoid posting or sharing
Media and Information Literacy - necessary skills that let a person
inappropriate, uncomfortable, or rude insights on your account.
interact using different media platforms and get access to information
around the globe.  Critic
 Evaluate
Communication is affected by media and information because of the
 Analyze
advancement of technology and the availability of different
 Comprehend
communication services.
 Think before you click.
Media literacy - highlights the capacity of an individual to understand
4. Keep your password safe – Keep an eye on your account; do not let
the functions of media and determine the relevant use and worth of
others know your password. Update your password often to avoid your
media platforms. This means that an individual knows how to use or
account from being hacked or used by a poser.
manage media accounts or media platforms.
5. Spread positivity – Share positive and uplifting posts to your friends.
Information literacy - the communication or acquiring of data or facts
As much as possible, avoid negativity and hate in your account because
that relate to the use of media information. This involves a careful and
what you post on social media becomes a reflection of yourself.
thoughtful way of gathering information legally, avoiding such pitfalls as
violating intellectual property rights and plagiarism.

Technology literacy - the skill of an individual to manipulate technology
independently or with the assistance of others in using the technology in
an efficient and suitable way. These skills are needed to access
knowledge and communicate information in a legal and ethical manner.
The Evolution of Traditional to New Media
Media - is described as means of communication for people which
includes newspapers, radio, televisions, and the internet.

Pre-Industrial Age (Before 1700s)

Responsible Use of Media and Information
During pre-industrial age, about 4.5 million years ago, the early hominids
1. Ensure personal information safety – Do not display or give away your
discovered fire, developed paper from plants, and built weapons.
personal information on your social media account. When you are using
applications and websites, read first the “terms of use”. It’s wise to take Pre-historic -refers to the time before the existence of written or
a close look and read all the sections thoroughly. recorded history.
  According to archaeologists the Prehistoric Age occurred some
4.5 million years ago or approximately 30,000 years ago.
 Stone Age and Metal Age.
 They are called as such because of the kind of tools that the
prehistoric people used during those time.
 As the tools were relatively crude, archeologist believe that a
system of writing had not yet existed during this era.
 As prehistoric men learned how to sharpen their tools and use
them for hunting, they also acquired the knowledge on how to use
these materials in carving stones.
 Eventually, this paved the way for them to create a system of
writing, which marked the start of the historic period.
 Prehistoric men learned how to etch on caves.
 Prehistoric men drew on caves what they see around them, such
as animals and nature.
During the Stone Age, prehistoric people also used these crude stone
tools to create objects, which are now considered rock art.
Two kinds of rock art during the Stone Age are petroglyphs and
pictographs.
PETROGLYPHS
 can be carvings or engravings in rocks or caves.
PICTOGRAPHS
 represent words or phrases through symbols.
 used to refer to sketches or paintings that usually depict nature,
early people's way of life.
Apart from cave paintings, prehistoric men also created Megalithic Art.
There is no concrete system of writing during the Prehistoric Age, so
people communicated their way of life, beliefs, and other practices
through music and dance.
Industrial Age (1700s - 1930s)
People used the power of steam, developed machine tools, established
iron production, and the manufacturing of various products (including
books through the printing press).
Examples:
 Printing press for mass production (19th century)
The industrial printing press was one of the most influential
inventions of the Age of Revolution. It allowed thousands of
copies of all types of written texts and images to be printed
quickly and cheaply.
 Newspaper- The London Gazette (1640)
The London Gazette is one of the official journals of record of
the British government, and the most important among such
official journals in the United Kingdom, in which certain
statutory notices are required to be published.
 Typewriter (1800)
The first commercial typewriters were introduced in 1874 but
did not become common in offices until after the mid-1880s. The
typewriter quickly became an indispensable tool for practically all
writing other than personal handwritten correspondence.
 Telephone (1876)
On March 7, 1876, Alexander Graham Bell successfully received
a patent for the telephone and secured the rights to the
discovery. Days later, he made the first ever telephone call to
his partner, Thomas Watson.
  Motion picture photography/projection (1890)
In 1890 Dickson unveiled the Kinetograph, a primitive motion
picture camera. In 1892 he announced the invention of the
Kinetoscope, a machine that could project the moving images
onto a screen. In 1894, Edison initiated public film screenings in
recently opened “Kinetograph Parlors.”
 Commercial motion pictures (1913)
Motion picture, also called film or movie, series of still
photographs on film, projected in rapid succession onto a screen
by means of light. Because of the optical phenomenon known as
persistence of vision, this gives the illusion of actual, smooth, and
continuous movement.
 Motion picture with sound (1926)
Innovations in sound-on-film led to the first commercial
screening of short motion pictures using the technology, which
took place in 1923. The primary steps in the commercialization of
sound cinema were taken in the mid- to late 1920s.
 Telegraph
Developed in the 1830s and 1840s by Samuel Morse and other
inventors, the telegraph revolutionized long-distance
communication. It worked by transmitting electrical signals over
a wire laid between stations.
 Punch cards
Punched cards were invented about 1750 for the control of
textile looms, and were adopted for use in Herman Hollerith in
the 1890 US census.
Electronic Age (1930s - 1980s)
The electronic age started when people utilized the power of electricity
that made electronic devices like transistor radio and television work.
 TRANSISTOR (1930)
The transistors ushered in electronic age, and it led to the
creation of other media tool.
 TELEVISION (1941)
 TRANSISTOR RADIO (1947)
A transistor radio is a small portable radio receiver that uses
transistor-based circuitry. Following their development in 1954,
made possible by the invention of the transistor in 1947, they
became the most popular electronic communication device in
history.
 HEWLETT PACKARD 9100A (1968)
Hewlett Packard 9100A is an early compute.
r (or programmable calculator),
 FLOPPY DISK (1970)
Floppy disk is a removable magnetic storage medium. This is used
for moving information between computers, laptops, or other
devices. Some early digital cameras, electronic music instruments
and older computer game consoles use floppy disks.
 APPLE 1 (1976)
 WALKMAN (1980)
originally used for portable audio cassette players.
Information Age (1900s - 2000s)
The information age is a period also known as the digital age. This period
signified the use of the worldwide web through an internet connection.
The Internet paved the way for faster communication and the creation
of social network. People advanced the use of microelectronics with the
invention of personal computers, mobile desires. and wearable technology
Moreover, voice, image, sound, and data are digitalized. We are now living
in the information age.
FUNCTION OF COMMUNICATION MEDIA
1. MONITIRONG FUNCTION. This is to inform the citizens on
what is happening around the world.
2. INFORMATION FUNCTION. This is to educate the audience on
the meaning and significance of the facts.
3. OPINION FUNCTION. This is to provide a platform for public
political discourse. It is to facilitate public option and expression
of dissent.
4. WATCHDOG ROLE OF JOURNALISM. It denounces the
wrongdoing of the government and the private which leads to
increasing of accountability and spearheading positive changes.
5. CHANNEL FOR ADVOCACY OF POLITICAL VIEWPOINTS.
Types of Media
PRINT MEDIA - this type of media paper and ink is reproduced in a printing
process that is traditionally mechanical such as books, newspapers,
magazines, journals, newsletters, and brochures.
Text Media - type of print media which is a simple and flexible format for
conveying ideas, whether handwritten or printed. An important feature of
text media is typography. Typography is the art and technique of arranging
the visual component of the written word. It features textual designs with
optical illusions that improve readability and help convey meaning. Fonts
and alignment are parts of typography.
Visual Media - type of print media that refers to pictures, photos, images,
and graphics used to channel communication using the sense of sight.
Examples of Visual Media
1. Informational Graphics (Infographic) – is a visual representation of
information to understand the high-volume and complex data easily, e.g.,
graphs, charts.
2. Cartoons – a sketch or drawing intended as satire, caricature, or humor,
e.g., comic strip, editorial cartoons in newspapers and magazines.
3. Photography – a photograph is an image created by light captured on a
light-sensitive surface, which is usually photographic film.
BROADCAST MEDIA – a type of media that reaches target audiences using
airwaves as the transmission medium. Examples of broadcast media are
radio and television.
Audio Media - type of broadcast media that uses audio or voice recording
as a medium in the delivery of information. These are devices that appeal to
the auditory sense.
Multimedia - a type of broadcast media concerned with the computer-
controlled integration of text, graphics, drawings, still and moving images
(video), animation, audio, and any other media where every type of
information can be stored, communicated, and handled digitally.
New Media - a term used to integrate the different technologies emerging
on one digital platform to organize and distribute content. Some examples
are podcasts, augmented reality, video games, blogs, and wikis. There are
two common.
Media convergence - refers to the merging of different equipment and tools
for producing and distributing news through digitization and computer
networking.
Legal, ethical, and societal issues in media and information
A. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY (IP)
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), the global forum for
intellectual property services, policy, information, and cooperation,
defined intellectual property as referring to the “creations of the mind,
such as inventions; literacy and artistic works; designs; and symbols,
names, and images used in commerce”
Types of intellectual property
1. COPYRIGHT – It is a legal term used to describe the rights that
creators have over their literary and artistic works.
2. PATENT – It is an exclusive right granted for an invention. It
provides the patent owner with the right to consent on the
invention or a way for others to see it.
3. TRADEMARK – It is a distinguished sign of goods and services of
one enterprise from those of other enterprises.
4. INDUSTRIAL DESIGN – WIPO (2016) defines industrial design
as an ornamental or aesthetic aspect of an item.
5. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS AND APPELLATIONS OF
ORIGIN – These are signs used on products possessing qualities,
a status, or characteristics that are essentially attributable to
that location of origin.
B. FAIR USE
Fair use is a legal principle stating that one can use a copyright work
without a license for the following purposes: commentary, criticism,
reporting, research, and teaching. Furthermore, the copyrighted
material must observe conditions such as
(1) amount and substantiality of the portion taken.
(2) purpose and career of one’s use
(3) nature of the copyrighted work; and
(4) potential market effect (Stim, 2016)
C. NETIQUETTE
One of the pressing problems in the digital age is the lack of basic
manners in using the internet. Seemingly overwhelmed with the liberty
one enjoys in digital media, online users tend to forget that they are still
interacting with real people, although in the virtual world or cyberspace.
To help minimize mistakes, untoward encounters, and unkind experiences
online, understanding and applying the rules in Netiquette is necessary.
Ten core rules of netiquette
By: Virginia Shea
❑ Remember the human.
❑ Adhere to the same standards of behavior online that you follow
in real life.
❑ Know where you are in cyberspace.
❑ Respect other people’s time and bandwidth
❑ Make yourself look good online.
❑ Share expert knowledge.
❑ Keep flame wars under control.
 ❑ Respect other people’s privacy.
❑ Don’t abuse your power.
❑ Be forgiving of other people’s mistakes.
VIRTUAL SELF – is how you present yourself in online platforms.
Whatever you say or do on the internet can be viewed and others can
easily pass judgment without even knowing who you are outside the
virtual environment.
DIGITAL FOOTPRINT – is any data record of the things you do online.
Anything on the Internet with your name creates a trail of data about
you.
DATA PRIVACY – Not only virtual self and digital footprint are
incorporated in netiquette. Respecting and managing data privacy is also
a responsible behavior on the Internet. The respect should be mutual
between the media user and the producer.
DIGITAL DIVIDE – As part of being mannerly towards others online, it
is also helpful to know that not everyone has the same access to high-
speed internet, or even so, regular digital access, or advance digital
knowledge so we are called to be understanding, helpful, and polite to the
digitally disadvantaged.
D. COMPUTER ADDICTION AND CYBERBULLYING
With the growing industry of digital media, many media users have
become vulnerable to improper use of the Internet. Computer addiction
and cyberbullying are not only local problems, but they are globally
prevalent. These issues may come as a result of an intention, or a habit
that has gone worse. If not addressed, these issues could distress one’s
health and relationships.
Media and Information Sources
A. Indigenous Knowledge
 Indigenous knowledge is the distinctive knowledge kept to a
specific group of people. Local knowledge, folk knowledge,
people’s knowledge, traditional wisdom, or traditional science are
other terms used for it.
 Communities generate and transmit this knowledge in certain
periods to be able to adjust to their agricultural, ecological, and
socio-economic environment.
 Indigenous knowledge is “generated through a systematic
process of observing local conditions, experimenting with
solutions, and readapting previously identified solutions to
modified environmental, socio-economic and technological
situations.” It usually becomes the basis of a certain community
for their daily life.
 Indigenous knowledge is transferred from one generation to
another, either orally (oral tradition) or through cultural rituals.
Oral traditions involve legends, folktales, epics, myths, and folk
songs.
B. Library
A library is “a building, room, or organization that has a collection,
especially of books, music, and
Libraries are classified as:
• Public libraries serve cities and towns of all types.
• School libraries serve students from kindergarten to Grade 12.
• Special libraries are in specific environments (e.g., hospitals,
corporations, museums, military, private business).
C. Internet
The Internet is “a global computer network providing a variety of
information and communication facilities, consisting of interconnected
networks using standardized communication protocols.”
Other Classifications of Information Sources
A. Primary Sources of Information: Primary sources refer to “original
materials.” These are materials from a certain period of time that have
not been filtered, modified through analysis, interpretation, or
evaluation.
The following are examples of primary sources of information:
Artifact. It refers to something made or created by humans, such as a
tool or a work of art, especially an object of archaeological interest.
Diary. It is a record with distinct entries organized by date reporting on
daily activities or other periods. It can be personal, which may include a
person's experiences, thoughts, and/or feelings.
Patent. This is the granting of a right to an inventor by a sovereign
authority. This grant affords the inventor exclusive rights to the
patented process, design, or invention for a designated period in
exchange for a comprehensive disclosure of the invention.
Audio/ video recording
B. Secondary Sources of Information: Compared to primary sources,
secondary sources are not easily defined. Generally, written after an
original product, they usually aim to give reflection or analysis. In short,
they are analyses, interpretations, and evaluations of primary sources.
Secondary sources are not proof, but rather explanation on and
discussion of evidence. Secondary sources may be classified as index
type, survey type, and reference type.
• Indexes are typically found as one or more individual volumes at the
end of a set. Examples are index, bibliography, indexing periodicals, and
abstracting periodicals.
• Survey type involves the product of examination or description of
someone or something. Examples are reviews, treatises, and monographs.
• The reference type consists of materials collected from others’ works
such as encyclopedia, dictionary, handbook, manual and critical tables.
C. Tertiary Sources of information: Tertiary sources are commonly
confused with secondary sources. Tertiary sources involve information
that collects and organizes primary and secondary sources. Tertiary
sources include bibliographies of bibliographies, directories, and
yearbooks, guides to literature, and lists of research in progress.
Media and Information Languages
Media and information literacy- involves a full understanding of how
information, signs, symbols, and meanings are being communicated
through various media.
Media language - denotes how media producers make meaning about a
certain medium (advertisement, TV show, film, etc.) they are producing
and how they transfer that meaning to their target audience. It allows
the audience to convey the meaning of the text through its signs and
symbols.
Interpreting the signs and symbols
Denotative meaning - is the literal meaning of the media text.
Connotative meaning - refers to the various interpretations that the
text suggests to the audience which are often associated with their
culture, values, beliefs, etc.
Media Codes and Conventions
Media codes and conventions - are the very foundations of all the
existing media. Media codes commonly have an established meaning,
denotation, or connotation, to the target audience. Meanwhile,
conventions refer to the possible methods in which codes are organized
in a product.
Types of Media Codes
Symbolic codes - include the language, dress or actions of characters,
or iconic symbols that are easily understood.
• Setting is the time and place of the narrative.
• Mise en scene means ‘everything within the frame’.
• Acting. Actors portray characters in media products and
contribute to character development, creating tension or
advancing the narrative
Written codes - are the formal written language used in a media
product. Written codes include printed language which is the text you
can see within the frame and how it is being presented, and also spoken
language, which includes dialogue and song lyrics.
Conventions - are accepted ways of using media codes. Conventions are
closely connected to the audience expectations of a media product.
Different types of conventions include form conventions, story
conventions and genre conventions.
❑ Form conventions are the certain ways we expect types of media
codes to be arranged. For instance an audience expects to
have a title of the film at the beginning, and then
credits at the end.
❑ Story conventions are common narrative structures and
understandings that are common in story telling media products.

• Color has highly cultural and strong connotations. When studying ❑ Genre conventions point to the common use of images,
the use of media product the different aspects to be looked at characters, settings, or themes in a particular type of medium.
are: Dominant color, Contrasting foils, and Color symbolism

Technical codes - include sound, camera angles, types of shots and

lighting.
❑ Camera work - refers to how the camera is operated,
positioned and moved for specific effects.
The audience of the message. The audience refers to the group
of consumers for whom a media message was constructed as well as
anyone else who is exposed to the message. There are two general
types of media audience:

❑ Editing - is the process of choosing, manipulating and
arranging images and sound.
❑ Audio - is the expressive or naturalistic use of sound. The three
aspects of audio are: Dialogue, Sound effects, and Music.
Mass Audience – are the mainstream consumers.
Niche Audience – a small group of influential audience with a unique
taste.

❑ Lighting - is the manipulation of natural or artificial light to

selectively highlight specific elements of the scene. Elements of
lighting include: Quality, Direction, Source, & Color.
The producers of the message. The producers are the people Misuse - many teenagers now a days are more open to their social media
engaged in the process of creating and putting together media accounts like twitter than to their family. Over sharing an information.
content to make a finished media product.

Other stakeholders in the process. Other stakeholders are the

libraries, archives, museums, internet, and other relevant information
providers.

OPPORTUNITY, CHALLENGES AND POWER OF MEDIAN AND

INFORMATION

ECONOMIC - media improves the efficiency of the economy by

providing actors more and better information with which to make
decisions and improving stability.

Educational - students use it in their project; teachers and pre-service

teachers use it to study pedagogy; and research use it for capturing and
examining how learning happens, as they unfold.

Social - technologies that facilitate the creation and sharing of

information, ideas, interests, and other forms of expression through
virtual communities and networks.

Political - politics refers to the use of online social media platforms in

political processes and activities.

Threats - viewing violent media content can enable a person to behave in

a similar manner.

Risks - users just join the bandwagon. they think the contents they see
online like smoking, drinking, and taking drugs are cool so they try it with
their selves. Hackers can still hack your accounts even with tight
security.

Abuse - nowadays, social media is very unhealthy for us. It changes our
lifestyle. And some advice for parents, to always guide their children in
using social media.