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School

Department of Civics and Ethical Education

UNIT SEVEN: INDUSTRIOUSNESS

Group members
1. Ephrata Wondimu
2. Ermishe Alemu
3. Eyosias Fitsum
4. Kudus T/wold
5. Mahlet Girma
6. Miraj Mohammed

Submitted to: Mr. Yohannes B.

Submission date: February 20, 2023
Grade & section:12C
 Table of contents

Lesson 1: Working as Human Necessities

1.Work………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….1
2.Factors affecting job satisfaction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………1
3.Importance of work for personal gain………………………………………………………………………………………………………2
and national development
Lesson 2:Factors determining the world of work
1.Ethical standards in work place………………………………………………………………………………..2
2.sexism……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..3
3.Leisure………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………4
Lesson 3: Work in an International perspective
1.Civilization………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..5
2.Globalization…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….5
Acknowledgment

We were able to complete this job thanks to our earnest efforts. Our efforts have go
ne into thistask. We would like to express our special gratitude to our families for
their capable guidance and support in helping us complete our assignment.
Without their kind support and assistance, it would not have been possible.
Preface
Students in group one of 12C prepared this
assignment.The definition of work, factors affecting
job satisfaction, and the significance of work for individual gain and national develo
pment
are all covered in this assignment's first lesson. Lesson two covers sexism, ethical
standards at work place,
and leisure. The third lesson discusses civilization, globalization, and encouraging fo
reign direct investment. 
We used a variety of sources in this project that were pertinent to our topics, and w
e hope you can learn something from it.
 Lesson 1
Work as Human Necessities
Work is the application of physical prowess and cognitive abilities to produce goods or render
services.To maintain their lives, people engage in both mental and physical activity. Every m
ature and physically capable person has a duty to carry out specific obligations (works). The 
environment in which individuals live has a significant impact on certain types of labor. The 
likelihood of achieving more financial success is higher for those who work longer hours.

Difference between work, job and career

A job is a regular, official activity for which you are paid (in the form of a wage).
It is referred to as a career or an occupation as well. 
You have the option of working full-time (40 hours per week) or part-time (around 25 hours 
per week).
The term "work" is more generic than "job" since "job" relates to a particular occupation or 
profession, whereas "work" describes all general efforts and actions carried out to achieve 
a goal. Work is something that can be done both within and outside of a formal
employment.
Career is an occupation or profession, especially one requiring special training, followed as
one's lifework

Factors affecting job satisfaction

An employee’s overall satisfaction with his job is the overall combination of factors that are
listed below.
Optimal working conditions
The best possible working conditions should be sought for by business.
Favorable working conditions are influenced by things like offering big workspaces rather t
han claustrophobic ones, enough lighting, and cozy workstations. 
Supplying employees with productivity tools, such as updated information technology, to h
elp them complete jobs more quickly also helps to job happiness.

Opportunity for Advancement

Employees are more satisfied with their current job if they see a path available to move
up the ranks in the company and be given more responsibility and along with it higher
compensation.
Workload and stress level
Dealing with a workload that is far too heavy and deadlines that are impossible to reach
can cause job satisfaction to erode for even the most dedicated employee.
Respect from co-workers
Employees seek to be treated with respect by those they work with.
Relationships with supervisors
Effective managers know their employees need recognition and praise for their efforts
and accomplishments.
Financial rewards
 Job satisfaction is impacted by an employee’s views about the fairness of the company
wage scale as well as the current compensation she may be receiving.
 Importance of work for personal gain and national development
A person can reach their career goals through multiple paths. There are multiple benefits
of having a job apart from earning an income. One of the primary benefits of having a job
is the assurance of a regular income. Regular and fixed salaries help you provide for
yourself and your family consistently. Working also develops our personality, As a person
grows older, their professional accomplishments add to their personality. Another benefit
of having a job is that it indicates your responsibility and independence. 
Work helps you to contribute to the national economy. The workforce is a crucial
component of a nation's economy. People with steady jobs and salaries spend regularly on
food, clothing, entertainment and consumer goods. People with jobs may pay taxes
regularly and contribute to a country's internal revenue. Having a job enables you to
contribute directly to a country's economic growth.
Lesson 2
Factors determining the
World work
Ethical standards in work place
Ethics is based on well-founded standards of right and wrong that prescribe what humans
ought to do, usually in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society & fairness.
Ethical standards are values that that are important in building a smooth working
environment.
Some of the ethical standards are:

Obey the Law

The regulations that govern commercial activity contain a significant amount of society's ov
erall sense of good and wrongThe minimum ethical standards for running your business ar
e to keep your professional activities within the law.

Know Your Company's and Profession's Ethical Requirements

For the benefit of its members, numerous professional organisations establish comprehen
sive ethical rules. 
Such statements of ethical principles or codes of conduct are present in almost all significa
nt corporations.

General ethical standards that are true for any work are:
  Smoking are not allowed
 Getting to the office on time
 Avoiding corruption and
 Respecting each other

Be Alert to Changing Norms

Society's ethical norms are not static. Behaviors and activities once considered
acceptable might become unacceptable in time.

A few examples of such changes are:

 Gender pay equity

 Black Lives Matter
 Livable wages
 Protection of religious expression
 Greening business activities
 Internet privacy
 Trolling on social media

Remember the Golden Rule

When in doubt, the Golden Rule, which is the cornerstone of ethical conduct, is a great appr
oach to distinguish between good and wrong actions: treat others as you would like to be tr
eated.

 Some professions have their own ethical standards that must be followed
strictly for the proper functioning of their jobs.

One of the issues that has affected the world is:

Sexism

Sexism is the word that describes discrimination based on sex.Sexism in the work
place can occur in many ways that must be addressed to create a fair, professional
environment for millions of women.

 Sexism can take many different forms, some of which are given below.
1. Limit participation based on gender
Being involved is not always simple, especially if you are minority.
Some women may experience this in workplaces where the majority of their cowork
 ers are men. They can feel ignored, imagine they won't be taken into consideration, 
or believe their ideas are worthless and not worth the effort to put them.

2. The glass ceiling

The glass ceiling is a reality for certain women that is supported by data. because
there are no references, this leads to a sense of helplessness. By holding the view th
at it cannot be shattered in any way, no glass ceiling can be broken. In order to prov
e that one is a strong candidate for the position for which one is applying, one must 
seek out allies, highlight the harm that this phenomena causes to employees and bu
sinesses, and use facts, assertiveness, and persuasion.

3. Working mothers’ guilt

Both guilt and workplace sexism are not examples of the same thing, but the latter
might result in regrets that are stronger than they ought to be.
When we have kids, it's not uncommon for us to feel bad about leaving them to go b
ack to work or to feel like we're stealing too much time from them to focus on our jo
bs. Since that women generally bear a greater burden for providing for and attendin
g to their children than do males, this guilt may be amplified in the case of women.

4. Mansplaining or the infantilization of women

For whatever reason, some males believe that women are not mature or perceptive 
enough to understand certain situations when they arise. The causes men to
engage in “mansplaining,”which is a form of sexism in the workplace where a man
explains something to a women in a paternalistic and condescending manner.

5. Sexual harassment at work

It is a form of abuse that involves verbal or physical acts of a sexual nature that
frighten, offend, demean, or put pressure on the victim, who is typically a women
rather than a man
Hence, it would be among the most forceful instances of addressing sexism at work.
 
6. Judging by clothing or general appearance
Even when there are good comments about how they seem, the attention shifts to h
ow they look rather than how they work when their appearance comes up frequentl
y in discussion.
7. Gender pay gap
Since their job is not valued as it should be or because they believe that asking for a 
certain amount will not be taken into consideration, many people have inevitable di
 fficulties while negotiating their salaries. Sometimes they are not up to speed on the 
pay scale for their position.

Leisure

Nonetheless, there is broad agreement that there are three main ways to think about leisur
e: leisure as time, leisure as an activity, and leisure as a state of mind.

 Leisure as a time

According to this definition, leisure is time spent without commitments, paid or unpaid
employment, and duties necessary for existing(sleeping, eating). Remaining time is
for leisure. Some contendthat it is a productive use of downtime. However, only a small por
tion of time spent away from work is actually free from other obligations that are essential 
for survival, like sleeping and eating. While many people may view free time as all nonworki
ng hours, this is not the case.

 Leisure as Activity
Leisure activities include everything people do in their free time that is not related to emplo
yment or involves no life sustaining activities like sleeping or housecleaning. 
Reading for enjoyment, practicing meditation, creating art, and engaging in sports are just a 
few examples of leisure activities that we engage in for a variety of reasons, such as relaxati
on, competitiveness, or personal development.
 Leisure as state of mind
The definition of leisure as a state of mind is far more subjective because it takes into acco
unt the individual's experience of an activity, in contrast to the definitions of leisure as time 
or activity. When deciding whether an experience qualifies as leisure or not, factors includin
g perceived freedom, intrinsic motivation, perceived competence, and good affect are cruci
al. An individual’s perceived freedom is their capacity to select the experience or activity
they wish to engage in while remaining free from other obligations and acting
independently of others.
A component of perceived freedom is the absence of external barriers to involvement. 
Intrinsic motivation, the second prerequisite for leisure as a state of mind, denotes that the 
person is motivated to participate from within.The event produces a personal sense of
happiness, delight, and gratification for the person without being influenced by outside
circumstances( such as other people or a reward). 
To define leisure as a state of mind, perceived competence is also essential. 
The term "perceived competence" refers to people's perceptions of their own skill levels an
d how well they match the level of difficulty of an activity. The relationship between perceiv
ed competence and satisfaction is significant, and for participation to be effective, the skill-
to challenge ration needs to be suitable.
 Lesson 3
Work in an international
Perspective
Civilization
A society or community that is based on culture and knowledge is said to be civilized.
A nation or state must update its culture and knowledge through education in order to bec
ome more civilized. We may advance our civilization by working hard and using this knowle
dge as a foundation.
Globalization
The term "globalization" refers to the rising interdependence of the economies, cultures,an
d inhabitants of the world as a result of crossborder trade in products and services, technol
ogy, and flows of capital, people, and information.
Positive impacts of globalization
 Global market
This is one of globalization's positive benefits.It entails encouraging countries to
specialize and generate an abundance of commodities for their domestic
market. market.  
 Cross cultural management
Every nation has its own unique culture. The way certain group of people behave
as well as their values and beliefs are all related to their culture. It 
is difficult to combine all cultures into one global one.  Before globalization, many
countries would not allow females to acquire education, and even if they did, they
were supposed to do jobs such as teaching or nursing. 
 Reducing the gap between the rich and the poor
The wealth gap has significantly narrowed as a result of globalization.
There has been a significant separation between these tribes for many centuries, 
a distance that seemed to grow wider every year. Poor people now have access t
o job opportunities thanks to globalization.
 Competition
It's beneficial for businesses to compete. Without it, businesses would not introd
uce certain firsts in international trade. It is the primary cause of both price
reduction and improvements in the caliber of goods and services
Industries in certain industrialized nations were influence by competition to find 
lowcost labor and raw materials to lower prices.

 Investments
People in industrialized nations like investing their money in successful firms ove
r keeping it in banks. They work hard to make a living online since investments e
nsure they will make money without putting in much effort.
 Advanced technology
 Globalization has led to the development of advanced technology.
Dueto slow public communication and data transport, advancements were const
antly needed. Several inventors have made an effort to advance technology in or
der to meet the needs of contemporary civilization.
 Legal effects
People may now learn about what is happening in other nations thanks to
globalization. Even that take place
in foreign nations are covered by media outlets. As a result, international mediat
ors may be able to settle numerous conflicts. Intergovernmental tribunals appre
hend and punish those who violate human rights.

Negative impacts of globalization

 Terrorism
In the majority of industrialized nations, it is a serious issue people travel widely
as a result of global integration. Some of them relocate abroad for career, study, tra
vel, family visits, and hospital services. Yet not all of them are completely truthful. Se
veral terrorists entered a foreign nation on a labor visa with the secret intention of c
arrying out a terrorist act. Because they can't trust their neighbors, citizens have bee
n afraid of this issue. Tragically, terrorists seduce locals and young people into thinki
ng they are acting morally by recruiting them. Because of this, there is tension, mistr
ust, and dread in society.
 Job insecurity
Due to globalization, there are many people seeking employment all over the world.
Employers take advantage of cheap labor.
 Price instability
A key impact of globalization of business is price instability. People start
businesses abroad where they can find cheap labor and raw supplies. They can redu
ce production expenses and market their products at a profit.
 Currency fluctuations
With the US dollar, international trade buys and sells goods. Daily dollar price
fluctuations in emerging nations lead to an unbalanced economy and unusual price
s for goods and services. IGOs have the biggest an impact on national currencies.
 Increased lifestyle disease
The consumption of processed foods and the use of pesticides in crop planting to
shorten the length of growth and boost profits are both products of globalization.
Animals like cows are fed chemicals in order to boost their milk production or weigh
t in order to increase the value of those sold to the meat industry. Chronic diseases 
are becoming more prevalent as a result of increased dietary chemical consumption
. There is a high death rate.
 Promoting Foreign Direct Investment
The Ethiopian government has developed a strategy to draw foreign direct investment in
an effort to match the nation’s development plans with those of globalization. This policy
is an important step in opening up the economy to the rest of the globe while also assisting 
the nation in fostering closer ties with other nations. In order to encourage foreign
direct investment into Ethiopia, the following actions have been taken:
 Giving foreign direct investors a tax holiday;
 Remitting part of their profit to their country;
 Leasing land and other resources;
 Providing information on the possible and profitable ventures.
 Glossary
Career:an occupation undertaken for a significant period of a person's life and with opportunities
for progress.
Civilization: the stage of human social and cultural development and organization that is
considered most advanced
Currency fluctuation: the mathematical set of all Relative Fluctuations that were observed
during the currency fluctuation period.
Gender pay gap: the difference between men's and women's pay, based on the average difference
in gross hourly earnings of all employees.
Glass ceiling: an unacknowledged barrier to advancement in a profession, especially affecting
women and members of minorities.
Leisure: time when one is not working or occupied; free time.
Livable wages: a wage sufficient to provide the necessities and comforts essential to an
acceptable standard of living.
Mansplaining: the explanation of something by a man, typically to a woman, in a manner
regarded as condescending or patronizing.
Sexism: prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination, typically against women, on the basis of sex.
Terrorism: the unlawful use of violence and intimidation, especially against civilians, in the
pursuit of political aims.

Tax holiday: is a temporary tax break

 Reference
 https://msomiexpress.wordpress.com/2019/08/04/civics-form-one-
topic-5-work/
 https://hk.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/benefits-of-
having-job
 https://smallbusiness.chron.com/ethical-standards-workplace-
11576.html
 https://ifeelonline.com/en/occupational-health/sexism-in-the-
workplace/
 https://us.humankinetics.com/blogs/excerpt/definitions-of-leisure-play-
and-recreation
 https://smallbusiness.chron.com/factors-affecting-job-satisfaction-
20114.html
 https://www.piie.com/microsites/globalization/what-is-globalization
 https://edusson.com/blog/positive-and-negative-effects-of-
globalization