GEODYNAMICS

VOLCANISM (Volkanisme/Kegunungapian)

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TECTONIC & MAJOR GEOLOGIC PROCESS

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MAJOR VOLCANISM & TECTONIC SETTING

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Magma generation in Spreading Center

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VOLKANISME & PEMEKARAN LANTAI SAMUDERA

UMUR LANTAI SAMUDRA

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Magma generation in Subduction

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Magma generation in Subduction (Si-Rich)

Partial : Oceanic Crust, Upper Mantle, Lower Continental Crust

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Simple & Complex Ocean-Ocean Subduction

Simple; Volcanism
Tongan, South Pacific

Complex; Volcanism,
Metamorphism, Granitic Intrusion
Japan Arc

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HOT SPOT (Mantle Plume)

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Geology ITB
HOT SPOT VOLCANOES AHH-08
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Mantle Plume in the Continent

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BACK-ARC BASIN
Pemekaran Busur Belakang (Back-Arc Spreading)

Moores & Twiss, 1995

F. 4.20

Spreading ridge transform

Mariana, Izu Bonin, Tonga-Kermadec

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BACK-ARC BASIN
Pemekaran Busur Belakang (Back-Arc Spreading)

Moores & Twiss, 1995

Disordered spreading
New Hebrides, Solomon

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BACK-ARC BASIN
Pemekaran Busur Belakang (Back-Arc Spreading)

Moores & Twiss, 1995

Diffuse Intrusion & Extrusion

Japan Sea
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Magma Generation vs Depth

Andesitic Magma >> 100 km, subduction angle

determines Arc-Trench spacing
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Trench Migration & Subducted Plate

Motion forces migration Cooling and pulling down

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Struktur Thermal & Peleburan Pada Subduksi

ƒ Litosfer yang dingin menyebabkan penurunan

isotherm pada daerah slab-trench dan peninggian
pada daerah busur.
ƒ Peleburan dipengaruhi oleh kandungan air pada
sedimen pada lempeng yang menunjam, panas
akibat “ductile shearing” sepanjang bagian atas
lempeng menunjam.

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Struktur Thermal & Peleburan Pada Subduksi

Depresi isothermal di lempeng yang menunjam

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Struktur Thermal & Peleburan Pada Subduksi

Peleburan pada kontinen ke arah batholit

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Struktur Thermal & Peleburan Pada Subduksi

Aliran panas mantel panas kearah tunjaman panas

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Distribusi Gunungapi (Busur Volkanik)

ƒ Jarak antara pusat volkanik umumnya ± 70

km; jalur sumber magma linear, interval
tergantung pada viskositas magma dan mantel
dan ketebalan lapisan yang melebur.
ƒ Ketidakteraturan distribusi segmentasi dari
pusat volkanik disebabkan karena ; bentuk
permukaan yang bergelombang, permukaan
yang tersesarkan atau sudut penunjaman yang
rendah.

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Distribusi Gunungapi (Busur Volkanik)

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Ocean-Continent Subduction

Convergence >> Active Continental Margin

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Ocean-Continent Subduction

Deformation, Mountain Building >> OROGENESIS

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Arc-Continent Collision

Arc-Continent convergence >> change of Subduction

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Present-day volcanoes
mainly Smithsonian data

Current volcanic
activity largely
subduction-
related

From Hall (2005) AHH-08

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VOLCANOES (Gunung Api)

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VOLCANOES

Lava Plateau (basalt floods)

Ash Cones

Maar Shield Volcano

Strato
Caldera Plug

Geology ITB
Volcanic Product AHH-08
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VOLCANOES

Type of Eruption
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VOLCANOES

Eruption
Stromboli

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VOLCANOES

Geology ITB
Vesuvius Eruption AHH-08
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VOLCANOES

Hot Spot, Hawaian

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GEODYNAMICS

VOLCANOES

Submarine
Eruption

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GeologyITB
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GEODYNAMICS

VOLCANOES

Caldera
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GEODYNAMICS

VOLCANOES

Tengger-Bromo

Caldera
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GeologyITB
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GEODYNAMICS

VOLCANOES

Rinjani-Lombok
Caldera
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Geology
GeologyITB
ITB
GEODYNAMICS

VOLCANOES

Ijen

Caldera
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GeologyITB
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GEODYNAMICS

VOLCANOES

Geology ITB
Krakatoa Eruption AHH-08
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Geology ITB
GEODYNAMICS

VOLCANOES

Krakatoa Eruption
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Geology
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ITB
GEODYNAMICS

VOLCANOES

Geology ITB
St Helen Eruption AHH-08
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Geology ITB
GEODYNAMICS
VOLCANOES

Geology ITB
St Helen Eruption AHH-08
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Geology ITB
GEODYNAMICS

VOLCANOES

Guatemala
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Geology
GeologyITB
ITB
GEODYNAMICS

VOLCANOES

Geology ITB
Guatemala AHH-08
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Geology ITB
GEODYNAMICS

VOLCANOES

Geology ITB
Guatemala AHH-08
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Geology ITB
GEODYNAMICS

VOLCANOES

Geology ITB
Monitoring AHH-08
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GEODYNAMICS

VOLCANOES

Monitoring
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Geology
GeologyITB
ITB